Ethyl acetate fraction of Sargassum pallidum extract attenuates particulate matter-induced oxidative stress and inflammation in keratinocytes and zebrafish

Objective:To evaluate the effect of the ethyl acetate fraction derived from Sargassum pallidum extract against particulate matter(PM)-induced oxidative stress and inflammation in HaCaT cells and zebrafish.Methods:HaCaT cells and zebrafish were used to evaluate the protective effects of the ethyl acetate fraction of Sargassum pallidum extract against PM-induced oxidative stress and inflammation.The production of nitric oxide(NO),intracellular ROS,prostaglandin E_(2)(PGE_(2)),and pro-inflammatory cytokines,and the expression levels of COX-2,iNOS,and NF-κB were evaluated in PM-induced HaCaT cells.Furthermore,the levels of ROS,NO,and lipid peroxidation were assessed in the PM-exposed zebrafish model.Results:The ethyl acetate fraction of Sargassum pallidum extract significantly decreased the production of NO,intracellular ROS,and PGE_(2) in PM-induced HaCaT cells.In addition,the fraction markedly suppressed the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and inhibited the expression levels of COX-2,iNOS,and NF-κB.Furthermore,it displayed remarkable protective effects against PM-induced inflammatory response and oxidative stress,represented by the reduction of NO,ROS,and lipid peroxidation in zebrafish.Conclusions:The ethyl acetate fraction of Sargassum pallidum extract exhibits a protective effect against PM-induced oxidative stress and inflammation both in vitro and in vivo and has the potential as a candidate for the development of pharmaceutical and cosmeceutical products.

黄牛毛藓(Ditrichum pallidum)抑菌效果的生物测定

为了研究苔藓植物的抑菌效果,以山东省内分布较广泛、生物量较大的黄牛毛藓(Ditrichum pal-lidum)为试验材料,用分光光度法对黄牛毛藓水浸提液进行抑菌作用的初步研究。结果显示,黄牛毛藓对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌、变形杆菌均有不同程度的抑制作用,抑制强度表现为大肠杆菌>金黄色葡萄球菌>变形杆菌。作为我国重要药用苔藓植物的一种,黄牛毛藓的抑菌效果对不同的供试细菌均表现出一定的抑制作用,在有害生物防治和疾病的治疗方面具有一定的应用价值。

Construction of the Eukaryotic Expression Vector for Outer Membrane Protein Tp92 from Treponema pallidum and Its Preliminary Study on the Immune Responses in New Zealand Rabbits

To construct the recombinant plasmid of eukaryotic expression containing Tp92 gene from Treponema pallidum and study its immunogenicity in New Zealand white rabbits. Tp92 gene was amplified from the genomic DNA of T. pallidum by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and subcloned into appropriate site of pcDNA3.1(+) vector. After identification by sequencing and restrictive enzyme digestion, the recombinant plasmid was transfected into HeLa cells using liposome, and the expressed protein was identified by immunocytochemistry and Western blotting. After verifying that the Tp92 antigen gene fragment could be expressed in HeLa cells, 100?μg of recombinant plasmids [pcDNA3.1(+)-Tp92], 100 μg of control plasmids [pcDNA3.1(+)] or 0.5 ml PBS buffer were administered in 3 groups of New Zealand white rabbits (6 rabbits/group), and the booster immunizations were employed at 2-week interval for 3 times. ELISA assay was used for the quantitative detection of the specific antibody in the sera of rabbits, and the proliferation response of spleen cells was detected by MTT assay. It was found that the target gene Tp92 segment about 2103 bp was obtained, and the DNA sequence of Tp92 gene constructed in pcDNA3.1 (+) vector was consistent with the published nucleotide sequence. The homologies of the nucleotide and putative amino acid sequences of Tp92 gene between T.pallidum subsp. pallidum Nichols and various pathogenic treponeme strains were 95.5%-100%. The analysis of immunocytochemistry and Western blotting showed that Tp92 gene segment constructed in pcDNA3.1(+) vector could express a fusion protein with a calculated molecular mass of 77 kDa in HeLa cells and the expressed protein could react with positive blood serum from syphilis patient. The specific antibody IgG titers were observed and the highest titer was 1∶1024 in rabbits after 3 times with pcDNA3.1(+)-Tp92. The proliferation response of spleen cells were significantly higher than that of rabbits injected with pcDNA3.1(+) ( P <0.05). The successful expression of the eukaryotic expression plasmid of Tp92 gene from T. pallidum was obtained in eukaryotic system and strong responses of humoral and cellular immunity was evoked by DNA vaccine of pcDNA3.1(+)-Tp92 in rabbits thus establishing a solid basis for the future studies in the biological activities and for the development of the syphilis DNA vaccine.

CLINICAL EVALUATION OF FOUR RECOMBINANT TREPONEMA PALLIDUM ANTIGEN-BASED RAPID TESTS IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF SYPHILIS

Objective To assess the sensitivity,specificity,and feasibility of 4 recombinant Treponema pallidum antigen-based rapid tests in the diagnosis of syphilis.Methods A total of 970 outpatients were selected from the Sexually Transmitted Diseases Centre of Peking Union Medical College Hospital.Venous blood was collected and serum was extracted.T.pallidum antibodies in whole blood,anticoagulant whole blood,and serum were detected using 4 recombinant T.pallidum antigen-based rapid tests.T.pallidum haemagglutination test(TPHA) was considered as the gold standard for the detection of T.pallidum specific antibodies in serum.The sensitivities and specificities of four methods were analyzed.Results The sensitivities and specificities of Abbott Determine Syphilis TP test,SD-BIOLINE Syphilis 3.0 test,VISITECT-SYPHILIS test,and Syphicheck-WB test for serum specimens were 100% and 98.9%,95.7% and 98.0%,94.6% and 98.2%,68.1% and 98.9%;for whole blood were 74.1% and 99.5%,87.9% and 99.4%,73.2% and 99.7%,64.7% and 99.7%.The observed sensitivities of the 4 rapid diagnosis tests were not significantly different with TPHA(P>0.05).Conclusions The 4 rapid tests show good performance and characteristics in the diagnosis of syphilis.Furthermore,they are more sensitive for serum specimens than whole blood.

Expression and purification of the recombinant outermembrane protein Tp0453 of Treponema pallidum and its characterization of immuno-competence

To clone and express the recombinant outer membrane protein Tp0453 of Treponema pallidum and to analyze the immuno-reactivity and immunogenicity of the expressed protein, the immuno-dominant epitope of the Tp0453 was amplified from the complete genome of T.pallidum by PCR, subcloned into expression vector pQE32 to generate the recombinant plasmid pQE32/Tp0453, then expressed in E.coli M15 and analyzed by SDS/PAGE and Western blotting. The fusion protein expressed was purified with Ni-NTA affinity chromatography. Its immuno-reactivity was assayed by indirect ELISA, and the immunogenicity was determined by immunization with this fusion protein in New Zealand rabbits. In the present study, a fusion protein of molecular weight about 32 kDa was obtained. As demonstrated by Western blotting, the recombinant protein could react specifically with positive IgG sera of patients with syphilis, and the antibodies against T.pallidum in human sera were successfully detected by indirect ELISA. Both the sensitivity and specificity of ELISA based on the Tp0453 fusion protein as were 100% (30/30) when detected with control sera. In comparison with the results of IgG ELISA with those of TPPA. It was found that the sensitivity of ELISA was 96.8% and the specificity was 100%. The difference of ELISA and TPPA was not significant, and the concordance of results between ELISA and TPPA was 98.2%. In addition, specific humoral responses could be elicited by immunization with the recombinant fusion protein in New Zealand rabbits with a specific antibody titer of 1∶1280 after 3 successive doses of immunization. These results demonstrate that the expressed recombinant fusion protein shows excellent immuno-competence and provide foundation to develop a quick diagnostic kid applied to detect the presence of T.pallidum infections.

Eukaryotic expression of outer membrane protein Gpd from Treponema pallidum and preliminary studies on its immune response in rabbits

The Gpd gene was amplified from the genomic DNA of Treponema pallidum and cloned into the appropriate site of pcDNA3.1(+) vector. The expression of pcDNA3.1(+)-Gpd in HeLa cells was tested with Western blotting and technology of immunocytochemistry. New Zealand rabbits were immunized with the eukaryotic expression recombinant pcDNA3.1(+)-Gpd. A fusion protein of Gpd with 4.1 kDa has been effectively expressed in HeLa cells, which were detected by Western blotting and the immunocytochemistry techniques. The New Zealand rabbits were able to elicit the specific antibody after immunization with the nucleic acid vaccine. The antibody titer could reach as high as 1∶1024 after 2 weeks of the third injection; and the splenocytes proliferated evidently due to the Gpd protein stimulation. Both the antibody titer and the splenocytes proliferation were higher substantially than those of controls (P<0.01). All above data will contribute to an experimental basis of further study of the biological function of Gpd protein as well as DNA vaccine for syphilis.

Cloning and Expression of the Tpp17 Gene of Treponema pallidum And Clinical Application

Objective: To obtain recombinant Treponema pallidum subsp, pallidum (TP 17KD) lipoprotein in large quantities by amplification and to further purify antigens for laboratory diagnosis of syphilis and development of a syphilis vaccine. Method: The Tppl7 lipoprotein gene was amplified from the TP(strain Nichols), and then it was recombinated into a plasmid pMAL-2c and cloned within E. coli 12-TB1. The host bacteria containing recombinant plasmids were induced with IPTG. The Tpp 17KD lipoprotein gene was amplified by us-ing PCR and positive clones were screened with double digestion and PCR. Recombinant plasmids were transformed into E. coli and the E. coli carrying recombinant plasmids were induced. The expression of TP 17KD was detected by sodium dedecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis(SDS-PAGE) and immunoblot. Results:Gel staining with Coomassie blue G-250 showed that the induced E. coli carrying recombinant plasmid could produce 60KD fusion protein at high levels. Gel scanning showed that 17KD protein expression in E. coli accounted for 10 % of total cellular protein. The recombinant protein antigen reacted with the sera of syphilis patients. Conclusion: Our study lays a cornerstone for developing new techniques of laboratory diagnosis for syphilis and new vaccines. Preliminary clinical application showed that the fusion protein could be used for the diagnosis of syphilis.

The Construction of the Eukaryotic Expression Vector of Glycerophosphodiester Phosphodiesterase Gene from Treponema pallidum and its Expression in Hela Cells

Objective: To construct the recombinant plasmid containing Glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase (Gpd) gene from Treponema pallidum and transfect it into Hela cells to express the encoded outer membrane protein. Methods: The Gpd gene was amplified from the genomic DNA of T.pallidum by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and inserted into cloning vector pUCm-T. The inserted Gpd gene was subcloned into the appropriate site of pcDNA3.1(+) vector. After identification by sequencing and restrictive enzymes digestion, the recombinant plasmid was transfected into Hela cells using liposomes. The expressed protein was identified by immunocytochemistry and Western blot. Results: The target Gpd gene segment was approximately 1059bp. The DNA sequence of the Gpd gene contained in the pcDNA3.1(+) vector was consistent with the published nucleotide sequence. The homology of the nucleotide and putative amino acid sequences of the Gpd gene between T. pallidum subsp. pallidum Nichols and various pathogenic treponemal strains ranged from 98% to 100%. Immunocytochemistry and Western blot analysis showed that the constructed Gpd-pcDNA3.1(+) vector expressed a fusion protein with a calculated molecular mass of 41KDa in Hela cells and that the expressed protein reacted with the sera from syphilis patients. Conclusion: The successful construction and expression of the eukaryotic expression plasmid of the Gpd gene from T.pallidum provide a promising tool to further study the biological activity of T.pallidum and develop a DNA vaccine for syphilis.

Detection of Treponema pallidum,Herpes Simplex Virus,and Haemophilus ducreyi from Genital Ulcers by Multiples Polymerase Chain Reaction

Objective: To evaluate the clinical application of multiplex PCR in the detection of Treponema pallidum, Herpes simplex virus (HSV), and Haemophilus ducreyi. Method: Three standard strains were used to set up a multiplex PCR (MPCR) for detecting syphilis, herpes genitalis, and chancroid simultaneously. Samples from 122 patients with genital ulcer disease(GUD) were subjected to MPCR and the results were compared with these of dark-fidd microscopy and TP serology, HSV anligen ELISA,and H. ducreyi culture, Result: In the 122 patients with GUD, MPCR identified 34 casesof T.pallidum infection, 40 cases of HSV infection, and 2 cases of mixed infection of T.pallidum and herpes. No positive results of H. ducreyi were found. The sensitivity of MPCR to T. pallidum and herpes was 100% and 93.3%, respectivdy. The sensitivities of dark-field microscopy and TP serology, HSV antigen ELISA, and H. ducreyi culture was 35.3%, 50% and 100%, respectively. Conclusion: MPCR showed a relatively higher sensitivity for T.pallidum as compared with the routine techniques. Although its sensitivity for HSV was not as good as that of antigen ELISA, it also yielde da high detection rate. MPCR can detect more than one pathogen. It is simple, quick, sensitive, and suitable for clinical use or epidemiological investigation.

酒依赖患者的腹侧苍白球改变及其与复饮的关系

目的:探讨酒依赖患者腹侧苍白球(VP)的体积变化及其与复饮的关系。方法:采用横断面与队列研究相结合的方法,选取符合美国精神障碍诊断与统计手册第4版(DSM-IV)酒精依赖综合征诊断标准的患者33例,在停酒14~28 d内进行头部磁共振成像检查,采用自制调查问卷、临床机构酒精戒断症状评定量表(CIWA)、酒精使用障碍筛查量表(AUDIT)进行评估,采用自制随访问卷评估半年内治疗结局。比较酒依赖组与对照组,复饮组与非复饮组间VP体积。结果:酒依赖组的VP体积小于正常对照组[(1749±492)mm^(3) vs.(2116±189)mm^(3),P<0.05],复饮组的VP体积较非复饮组大[(1956±452)mm^(3) vs.(1555±458)mm^(3),P<0.05]。结论:酒依赖患者的VP可能参与病理性奖赏环路功能,并与复饮有关。

Infectious Disease Update in Obstetrics: A Modern Approach to the Patient with a Positive Screening Test for Syphyilis in Pregnancy

Screening for maternal syphilis has been an essential component of routine antenatal screening tests in most countries for many years. This is not only because of the virulence of the spirochete which causes the infection but also because of its vertical transmission rate and the potential severe adverse complications/morbidity that can result from its transmission to the fetus. Although the incidence of maternal syphilis and its fetal sequalae in low-income countries has been considerable for several years, the disease has been almost non-existent in high income countries with wide antenatal screening coverage and effective treatment programmes for Syphilis. The recent alarming increase in the incidence of maternal syphilis in high income countries has spawned a renewed public health interest in the infection, with several countries updating and strengthening public health guidance in an attempt to stem this dramatic trend. This is a short clinical update for the practising obstetrician on how to manage the antenatal patient with a positive syphilis screening test.

2018-2022年北京市密云区医院孕产妇人类免疫缺陷病毒、梅毒螺旋体、乙型肝炎病毒检测结果分析

目的:分析2018-2022年北京市密云区医院孕产妇人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)、梅毒螺旋体、乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)检测结果。方法:选取2018年1月-2022年12月于密云区医院进行孕产期保健及分娩的孕产妇19 327例作为研究对象,收集并分析孕产妇一般资料及HIV、梅毒螺旋体和HBV初筛结果。结果:19 327例孕产妇中,HIV阳性0例,梅毒螺旋体阳性101例(0.52%),HBV阳性175例(0.91%)。2018-2022年梅毒螺旋体和HBV阳性呈小幅度波动,其中以2021年明显降低。孕产妇梅毒螺旋体、HBV阳性率及构成比均以20~29岁最高,40~45岁最低。结论:2018-2022年北京市密云区医院孕产妇HIV、梅毒螺旋体、HBV阳性率较低,以20~29岁最多,临床应针对此情况采取应对措施,消除艾滋病、梅毒、乙型肝炎的母婴传播。

响应面优化提取海蒿子多酚及其抗氧化和抗糖尿病活性分析

海蒿子是一种可药食两用的褐藻,具有多种功能活性。该研究采用响应面法优化了海蒿子多酚超声辅助提取的工艺,并测定了海蒿子多酚提取物及其萃取组分的总酚含量、抗氧化和抗糖尿病活性。结果表明,响应面优化超声辅助提取的最佳条件为乙醇体积分数8.5%,提取时间55 min,提取温度42℃,超声功率494 W,海蒿子多酚的含量为1.81 mg GAE/g DM。海蒿子粗提物正丁醇相的总酚含量最高,为24.45 mg GAE/g E。生物活性研究表明,二氯甲烷相的DPPH自由基清除能力(49.34μmol TE/g)和ABTS阳离子自由基清除能力(IC_(50)=249.22μg/mL)最强。乙酸乙酯和二氯甲烷相的α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性明显高于阿卡波糖,为其9.61和10.33倍。同时,乙酸乙酯相有最强的DPP-Ⅳ酶抑制活性(IC_(50)=25.83μg/mL),该溶剂能很好地富集海蒿子中的抗糖尿病成分。相关性分析表明,多酚是海蒿子中主要的抗氧化剂,α-葡萄糖苷酶和DPP-Ⅳ酶抑制活性呈高度相关。该研究发现海蒿子多酚作为多靶点抗糖尿病药物或健康食品的潜力很大,可促进海蒿子高附加值产品的开发。

Production of proinflammatory cytokines in the human THP-1 monocyte cell line following induction by Tp0751,a recombinant protein of Treponema pallidum

The tissue destruction characteristic of syphilis infection may be caused by inflammation due to Treponema pallidum and the ensuing immune responses to the pathogen.T.pallidum membrane proteins are thought to be potent inducers of inflammation during the early stages of infection.However,the actual membrane proteins that induce inflammatory cytokine production are not known,nor are the molecular mechanisms responsible for triggering and sustaining the inflammatory cascades.In the present study,Tp0751 recombinant protein from T.pallidum was found to induce the production of proinflammatory cytokines,including TNF-α,IL-1βand IL-6,in a THP-1 human monocyte cell line.The signal transduction pathways involved in the production of these cytokines were then further investigated.No inhibition of TNF-a,IL-1β,or IL-6 production was observed following treatment with the SAPK/JNK specific inhibitor SP600125 or with an ERK inhibitor PD98059.By contrast,anti-TLR2 mAb,anti-CD14 mAb,and the p38 inhibitor SB203580 significantly inhibited the production of all three cytokines.In addition,pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC),a specific inhibitor of NF-κB,profoundly inhibited the production of these cytokines.Tp0751 treatment strongly activated NF-κB,as revealed by Western blotting.However,NF-κB translocation was significantly inhibited by treatment with PDTC.These results indicated that TLR2,CD14,MAPKs/p38,and NF-κB might be implicated in the inflammatory reaction caused by T.pallidum infection.

Treponema pallidum-specific antibody expression for the diagnosis of different stages of syphilis

Background Tp15, Tp17, Tp45, and Tp47 are outer-membrane proteins found in Treponema pallidum, the etiologic agent of syphilis. These proteins are potent antigens and are potential markers for the serological detection of syphilis. The present study analyzed antibodies to these protein antigens （TP-IgM and TP-IgG） in human serum and investigated the expression of these antibodies during different stages of syphilis. Methods Serum samples were collected from 69 subjects （male 45, female 24） diagnosed with syphilis and analyzed by Western blotting for the expression of IgM and IgG against the four protein antigens. Expression levels of the target antibodies were compared during the same stage of syphilis as well as between different stages of this disease. Results In subjects with primary syphilis, the positive rate of Tp45 IgM was higher than that of other TP-IgM. Tp15 IgM was detected only in subjects with tertiary syphilis. Similarly, the seroprevalence of Tp45 IgG in primary syphilis was higher than for other TP-IgG. No target TP-IgM was detected in subjects with latent syphilis. In subjects with secondary syphilis, the expression level of Tp15 IgG （138.73±20.16） was higher than for other target TP-IgG. In subjects with tertiary syphilis, all target TP-IgG were detected. In subjects with tertiary or latent syphilis, the expression levels of Tp45 IgG （121.33±11.04 and 110.10±40.19, respectively） were higher than those of other target TP-IgG. The expression levels of all Tp-lgM were similar before or after anti-syphilis treatment. In comparison, the expression levels of all TP-IgG decreased compared with the pre-treatment levels, and this decrease was statistically significant （both P 〈0.05） for Tp17 IgG and Tp47 IgG. Conclusions After Treponema pallidum infection, Tp45 IgM appeared first and Tp15 IgM occurred during later stages. The positive rates of all TP-IgG increased with the duration of this disease. Anti-syphilis treatment reduced the expression levels of Tp17 IgG and Tp47 IgG. Larger-scale studies are required to further validate the value of Tp15, Tp17, Tp45, and Tp47 as markers for the early detection of primary and latent syphilis.

Seroreactivity and immunogenicity of Tp0965, a hypothetical membrane protein of Treponema pallidum

Background Treponema pallidum （T. pallidum） subsp, pallidum is the causative agent of syphilis. Analysis of recombinant antigens of T. pallidum led to the identification of potential candidate antigens for vaccine development and syphilis serodiagnosis. Tp0965 was predicted to be a membrane fusion protein and was found to be reactive with infected human sera in previous studies, but the results were controversial. In this research, the antigenicity and immunoreactivity of recombinant protein Tp0965 were assessed. Methods T. pallidum subsp, pallidum （Nichols strain） was propagated and isolated and the genomic DNA was extracted. The Tp0965 gene was amplified by polymerase chain reaction （PCR）. Then the recombinant protein Tp0965 was expressed in Escherichia coli and purified by nickel-nitrilotriacetic acid （Ni-NTA） purification system. The reactivities of protein Tp0965 were examined by immunoblot analysis and indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The antisera against protein Tp0965 were obtained by immune rabbits and the immunogenicity of antisera were detected by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results Recombinant protein Tp0965 was expressed successfully in vitro. Immunoblot assay showed that the recombinant protein Tp0965 could be recognized by human syphilitic sera of all stages. Indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay showed there were only 4 of 74 human syphilitic sera that failed to show reactivity to recombinant antigen Tp0965, and lack of reactivity of Tp0965 to all 28 uninfected sera. A low titer of antiserum against Tp0965 in immune rabbits could be detected after the third time of immunization. Conclusions The recombinant antigen Tp0965 shows excellent sensitivity for the reactivity with sera from syphilitic individuals at all stages. The results also demonstrate a potential application for the serodiagnosis of syphilis.

CLIA、RPR、TPPA检测血清中梅毒螺旋体抗体的价值分析

目的 分析化学发光免疫测定法(CLIA)、快速血清反应素试验(RPR)、梅毒螺旋体明胶颗粒凝集试验(TPPA)检测血清中梅毒螺旋体抗体的结果。方法 100例疑似梅毒患者血清样本为研究对象,均采用CLIA、RPR、TPPA进行检测,并以重组免疫印迹法(RIBA)检测结果为金标准,分析三种检测方式的检测结果 ,并比较三种检测方式的诊断效能。结果 CLIA检出阳性59例,阴性41例。RPR检出阳性73例,阴性27例。TPPA检出阳性59例,阴性41例。CLIA诊断准确率为69.00%(69/100),敏感度为68.92%(51/74),特异度为69.23%(18/26);RPR诊断准确率为97.00%(97/100),敏感度为97.30%(72/74),特异度为96.15%(25/26);TPPA诊断准确率为77.00%(77/100),敏感度为74.32%(55/74),特异度为84.62%(22/26)。RPR的诊断准确率、敏感度显著高于CLIA、TPPA(P<0.05);RPR的特异度高于CLIA(P<0.05);CLIA与TPPA的诊断准确率、敏感度、特异度差异较小(P>0.05)。结论 RPR在梅毒螺旋体抗体的临床诊断中具有更佳的诊断准确率,可为梅毒患者的治疗提供可靠的诊疗依据。

2014—2023年HIV/AIDS患者与梅毒螺旋体共感染的文献计量学与可视化分析

目的通过对近10年HIV/AIDS患者与梅毒螺旋体共感染的相关报道文献的可视化分析,了解该领域的研究热点和未来趋势。方法以Web of Science Core Collection数据库作为数据源,检索2014-2023年HIV/AIDS患者合并感染梅毒螺旋体的相关文献,使用VOSviewer和CiteSpace对相关文献进行可视化分析。结果共有81个国家,1171家机构进行了相关研究,其中美国、中国、英国研究者发文较多,且合作紧密,发达国家是研究主力。关键词聚类中流行病学、孕妇、产前护理、神经梅毒、眼梅毒、男男性行为人群等反映了研究热点,其中男男性行为人群、眼梅毒是未来研究趋势。结论近10年HIV/AIDS患者合并梅毒螺旋体感染的研究热点从合并感染的流行病学、对神经梅毒的诊断逐渐转变至对眼梅毒及男男性行为人群的关注。

Projections from D2 Neurons in Different Subregions of Nucleus Accumbens Shell to Ventral Pallidum Play Distinct Roles in Reward and Aversion

The nucleus accumbens shell(NAcSh) plays an important role in reward and aversion. Traditionally, NAc dopamine receptor 2-expressing(D2) neurons are assumed to function in aversion. However, this has been challenged by recent reports which attribute positive motivational roles to D2 neurons. Using optogenetics and multiple behavioral tasks, we found that activation of D2 neurons in the dorsomedial NAcSh drives preference and increases the motivation for rewards, whereas activation of ventral NAcSh D2 neurons induces aversion. Stimulation of D2 neurons in the ventromedial NAcSh increases movement speed and stimulation of D2 neurons in the ventrolateral NAc Sh decreases movement speed. Combining retrograde tracing and in situ hybridization, we demonstrated that glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons in the ventral pallidum receive inputs differentially from the dorsomedial and ventral NAcSh. All together, these findings shed light on the controversy regarding the function of NAcSh D2 neurons, and provide new insights into understanding the heterogeneity of the NAcSh.

Effects of fibroblast transplantation into the internal pallidum on levodopa-induced dyskinesias in parkinsonian non-human primates

Recent studies have shown that fibroblast transplantation can modify the activity of basal ganglia networks in models of Parkinson＇s disease. To determine its effects on parkinsonian motor symptoms, we performed autologous dermal fibroblast transplantation into the internal pallidum （GPi） in two parkinsonian rhesus monkeys with stable levodopa- induced dyskinesias （LIDs）. Levodopa responses were assessed every week after transplantation for three months. A reduction of between 58% and 64% in total LIDs on the contralateral side was observed in both animals. No clear LID changes were observed on the ipsilateral side. These effects lasted the entire 3-month period in one monkey, but declined after 6-8 weeks in the other. The antiparkinsonian effects of levodopa did not diminish, The results of this pilot study indicate that fibroblast transplantation into the GPi may have beneficial effects on LIDs and warrant further investigation for potential therapeutic use.