On the principles of Parsimony and Self-consistency for the emergence of intelligence

Ten years into the revival of deep networks and artificial intelligence,we propose a theoretical framework that sheds light on understanding deep networks within a bigger picture of intelligence in general.We introduce two fundamental principles,Parsimony and Self-consistency,which address two fundamental questions regarding intelligence:what to learn and how to learn,respectively.We believe the two principles serve as the cornerstone for the emergence of intelligence,artificial or natural.While they have rich classical roots,we argue that they can be stated anew in entirely measurable and computable ways.More specifically,the two principles lead to an effective and efficient computational framework,compressive closed-loop transcription,which unifies and explains the evolution of modern deep networks and most practices of artificial intelligence.While we use mainly visual data modeling as an example,we believe the two principles will unify understanding of broad families of autonomous intelligent systems and provide a framework for understanding the brain.

On the Parsimony of Some Model-Selection Criteria in Econometric Modeling

The preference of a model-selection criterion to simple models can be define as it parsimony. Among the three aspects of the principle of Parsimony Sawyer (1980) expressed. it seems that most studies on this subject are more concerned with the equal-fitting or consistency than with the angmentation rules. In this paper an analytical approach will be developed to check foe compliance of some model-selection criteria with the rules. The most important consequence is the breach of one augmentation rule. Namely. all criteria examined except C2 will make it easier to augment a larger model with a fixed number of variables than to enlarge a smaller model with the same variables.Criterion C2 is found to be of good quality. It will had the exact model among a set of nested alterntives, choose a smaller one when models of equal-fitting are compared, and follow both augmentation rule 1 and rule 2. The results obtained in this paper are generally consistent with those resulting from Sawyer’s simulation approach, while the analytical way developed by the authors be applied under more general condition.

Phylogenetic placement of Cynomorium in Rosales inferred from sequences of the inverted repeat region of the chloroplast genome

Cynomorium is a herbaceous holoparasite that has been placed in Santalales, Saxifragales, Myrtales, or Sapindales. The inverted repeat （IR） region of the chloroplast genome region is slow evolving and, unlike mitochondrial genes, the chloroplast genome experiences few horizontal gene transfers between the host and parasite. Thus, in the present study, we used sequences of the IR region to test the phylogenetic placements of Cynomorium. Phylogenetic analyses of the chloroplast IR sequences generated largely congruent ordinal relationships with those from previous studies of angiosperm phylogeny based on single or multiple genes. Santalales was closely related to Caryophyllales and asterids. Saxifragales formed a clade where Peridiscus was sister to the remainder of the order, whereas Paeonia was sister to the woody clade of Saxifragales. Cynomorium is not closely related to Santalales, Saxifragales, Myrtales, or Sapindales; instead, it is included in Rosales and sister to Rosaceae. The various placements of the holoparasite on the basis of different regions of the mitochondrial genome may indicate the heterogeneous nature of the genome in the parasite. However, it is unlikely that the placement of Cynomorium in Rosales is the result of chloroplast gene transfer because Cynomorium does not parasitize on rosaceous plants and there is no chloroplast gene transfer between Cynomorium and Nitraria, a confirmed host of Cynomorium and a member of Sapindales.

Science writing in the real world

The objective of this contribution is to consider guides to technical writing.Since the professional writes what he does and does what he writes,guides to how you execute the one relate to how you perform the other,so this article is about more than just writing.While there is need for idiosyncrasy and individualism,there are some rules.Documents must have an explicit purpose stated at the outset.By their nature,documents in the applied sciences and business address real-world problems,but elsewhere activity may be laissez faire for which the cost-effectiveness in yielding innovations is contestable.A hallmark of written science and technology is that every statement is capable of being tested and capable of being shown to be wrong,and that methods yield repeatable results.Caution should be observed in requiring authoritative referencing for every notion,partly because of the unsatisfying infinite regress in searching for ultimate sources,and partly to avoid squashing innovation.It is not only the content of messages that matters,but reliability too.Probability theory must be built into design to assure that strong inference can be drawn from outcomes.Research,business and infrastructure projects must substitute the frequent optimistic ’everything goes according to plan’(EGAP) with a more realistic ’most likely development’(MLD) and the risks of even that not happening.A cornerstone of science and technology is parsimony.No description,experiment,explanation,hypothesis,idea,instrument,machine,method,model,prediction,statement,technique,test or theory should be more elaborate than necessary to satisfy its purpose.Antifragility- the capacity to survive and benefit from shocks- must be designed into project and organizational structure and function by manipulating such factors as complexity and interdependent to evade failure in a turbulent and unpredictable world.The role of writing is to integrate these issues,and communicate them so that the stakeholders share a vision before,during and after the project.

Parsimonious Model for Blood Glucose Level Monitoring in Type 2 Diabetes patients

To establish the parsimonious model for blood glucose monitoring in patients with type 2 diabetes receiving oral hypoglycemic agent treatment. One hundred and fifty-nine adult Chinese type 2 diabetes patients were randomized to receive rapid-acting or sustained-release gliclazide therapy for 12 weeks.

Improved scheme to accelerate support vector regression

The computational cost of support vector regression in the training phase is O （N^3）, which is very expensive for a large scale problem. In addition, the solution of support vector regression is of parsimoniousness, which has relation to a part of the whole training data set. Hence, it is reasonable to reduce the training data set. Aiming at the scheme based on k-nearest neighbors to reduce the training data set with the computational complexity O （kMN^2）, an improved scheme is proposed to accelerate the reducing phase, which cuts down the computational complexity from O （kMN^2） to O （MN^2）. Finally, experimental results on benchmark data sets validate the effectiveness of the improved scheme.

A Novel Parsimonious Neurofuzzy Model Applied to Railway Carriage System Identification and Fault Diagnosis

In this paper, we suggest a novel parsimonious neurofuzzy model realized by RBFNs for railway carriage system identification and fault diagnosis. To overcome the curse of dimensionality resulting from high dimensional input variables, in our developed model the features extracted from the available observations are regarded as the input variables by adopting the higher-order statistics(HOS) technique. Such a constructed model is also applied to a practical railway carriage system, simulation results indicate that the developed neurofuzzy model possesses strong identification and fault diagnosis ability.

Phylogenetic Analysis of RhoGAP Domain-Containing Proteins

Proteins containing an Rho GTPase-activating protein （RhoGAP） domain work as molecular switches involved in the regulation of diverse cellular functions. The ability of these GTPases to regulate a wide number of cellular processes comes from their interactions with multiple effectors and inhibitors, including the RhoGAP family, which stimulates their intrinsic GTPase activity. Here, a phylogenetic approach was applied to study the evolutionary relationship among 59 RhoGAP domain-containing proteins. The sequences were aligned by their RhoGAP domains and the phylogenetic hypotheses were generated using Maximum Parsimony and Bayesian analyses. The character tracing of two traits, GTPase activity and presence of other domains, indicated a significant phylogenetic signal for both of them.

A Predictive,Two-Parameter Model for the Movement of Reservoir Landslides

Monitoring data show that many landslides in the Three Gorges region,China,undergo step-like displacements in response to the managed,quasi-sinusoidal annual variations in reservoir level.This behavior is consistent with motion initiating when the reservoir water level falls below a critical level that is intrinsic to each landslide,with the subsequent displacement rate of the landslide being proportional to the water depth below that critical level.Most motion terminates when the water level rises back above the critical level,so the annual step size is the time integral of the instantaneous displacement rate.These responses are incorporated into a differential equation that is easily calibrated with monitoring data,allowing prediction of landslide movement from actual or anticipated reservoir level changes.Model successes include(1)initiation and termination of the annual sliding steps at the critical reservoir level,producing a series of steps;(2)prediction of variable step size,year to year;and(3)approximate prediction of the shape and size of each annual step.Annual rainfall correlates poorly with step size,probably because its effect on groundwater levels is dwarfed by the 30 m annual variations in the level of the Three Gorges Reservoir.Viscous landslide behavior is suggested.