Risks and Influences of Climate Hazards for Agro-Pastoral Development and Strategies Adopted by Agro-Pastoralist Communities in the Bougouni District, Mali

In the southwest of Mali, pastoral resources play an important role in the production and reproduction of livestock. These pastoral resources are very sensitive to climatic hazards and negatively affected their availability in quantity and quality. The main objective of this study was to analyze the risks and influences of climate hazards on pastoral resources and the strategies taken by agropastoralists to cope with them. To achieve this objective, meteorological data trends from 1950 to 2022 were analyzed. The socio-economic data were collected through a semi-structured survey administered to 404 head households, from focus groups through discussion with local stakeholders by using climatic risks matrix. The results obtained indicate a concordance between agropastoralists perception on climate change and meteorological observations concerning the decrease of rainfall (−213 mm;63.3%), the increase of maximum and minimum temperature (+1.33˚C, +1.24˚C;93.1%), and the increase of wind speed (+0.59 m/s;97%) over the past 70 years. Respondents noted a deterioration in the conditions of pastoral resources due to climatic hazards compared to the last 40 years (44.8% for watering points;23.5% for pastures;63.1% for salty lands). Agro pastoralists have adopted measures that allow them to be resilient. These include the collection and storage of crop residues (49.5%), regular watering of animals (39.6%), changing of animals rhythms driving (35.9%), protection of pruning species (31.7%), and concerted reforestation (37.9%). Climatic risk-related hazards constitute a real threat to pastorals resources in the district of Bougouni.

Spatial pattern and mechanisms of farmland abandonment in Agricultural and Pastoral Areas of Qingzang Plateau

With the rapid development of social economy and urban−rural integration,the phenomenon of farmland aban-donment worldwide has proved to be one of the main trends of land use and land cover change(LUCC),and profoundly affected the rural landscape and regional ecological environment.Restricted by the natural environ-ment,economic development and backward agricultural technology,the phenomenon of farmland abandonment is also common in the Qingzang Plateau(QP).Therefore,this paper adopted the spatial autocorrelation method to analyze the spatial pattern of abandonment in the agricultural and pastoral areas of the Qingzang Plateau(APA−QP)in 2017,and the geographically weighted regression(GWR)model to explore the effects of geograph-ical resources,socio-economic development and location conditions on farmland abandonment.This study found that:1)From 2015 to 2017,the abandoned farmland area in the APA−QP was approximately 18.23×10^(4)ha,with an overall abandonment rate of 15.18%.On the whole,it showed the distribution characteristics of“strong in the south and weak in the north,strong in the east and weak in the west”.2)There were positive spatial correlation between both abandoned area and abandonment rate in the APA−QP,showing“concave”and“convex”patterns,respectively,mainly concentrated in the Huang−shui Valley and the Southeast Tibet;while in the western and northern regions,the degree of abandonment was relatively low.3)Farmland abandonment in the APA−QP was mainly driven by the geographical environment changes and farmers’decision−making on farmland utilization.There was significant spatial heterogeneity on farmland abandonment associated with the impact of geographical resources,socio−economics and location conditions.The geographical resource factors had a positive impact on the abandonment,and were strongly constrained by natural geographic conditions such as altitude and slope.The farmland resources in the Qingzang Plateau are limited,but are of strategic significance for the sustainable development of agriculture in the whole Qingzang Plateau.In order to realize the rational distribution of agricul-ture and animal husbandry and the sustainable utilization of farmland resources in the plateau region,land use strategies should be implemented according to regional differences and regional advantages in order to ensure the ecological environment security of Qingzang Plateau.

Functional Positioning of Pastoral Complex in the Context of Rural Revitalization Strategy:A Case Study of Pavlo Eco Valley in Gaoan City of Jiangxi Province

As a new form of industry proposed in the context of the rural revitalization strategy,the pastoral complex has sprung up under the support of various policies.However,there are also various problems in the development of pastoral complex.The functional positioning of pastoral complex is not proper and there is serious homogeneous problem.These greatly restrict the development of pastoral complex.This study,taking the rural revitalization strategy as the background,analyzed the functional positioning of pastoral complex from production,ecology,and living.Besides,taking Pavlo Eco Valley in Gaoan City of Jiangxi Province as an example,it studied its functional positioning and came up with pertinent recommendations for its further development.

Employment Satisfaction and Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Expansion Theory by the Pastoral Care Department

The author decided to explore Maslow’s theory of needs within a Catholic hospital in which 80%of the medical and service staff are non-Christians.The requirements to be focused on include a vision of medical care and service in accordance with the values and mission of Catholicism,and in the context of the highest level of attachment of employees to Cardinal Tien Hospital.The author also wondered whether there was evidence of a shift in employee needs for a sense of meaning in the workplace.If so,how should,or could,the organization and its leaders respond to it?

Construction of pastoral complex in Guizhou under the background of rural revitalization

The proposal of rural revitalization strategy has brought new opportunities and driving forces for rural development. The pastoral complex, as a new concept and new goal, is a new breakthrough in the thinking mode of rural development. Promoting the construction of pastoral complex is not only an important measure to effectively solve the problems of agriculture, rural areas and farmers, narrow the gap between urban and rural areas, and promote the modernization of the rural and the agriculture, but also a concrete practice to promote the development of rural green economy. First of all, this paper gives an overview of the rural revitalization strategy and the pastoral complex. Secondly, it analyzes the necessity of the construction of Guizhou pastoral complex. And then, considering the reality in Guizhou, it analyzes the constraints of the construction for pastoral complex. Finally, it makes us think upon the measures to the construction of pastoral complex in Guizhou, and put forward some reasonable suggestions.

Climate Change and Pastoral Economy in Kenya:A Blinking Future

This paper examines the changing climatic scenarios and the associated effects on livestock farming in the arid lands(ASALs)of Kenya which covers over 80%of the country.This study was carried out in the semi-arid Mukogodo Division of Laikipia District.This division received a mean annual rainfall of about 507.8 mm and the main source of livelihood was livestock farming.Questionnaire, structured interview,observation and literature

PASTORAL HUSBANDRY AND CONSERVATION AND UTILIZATION OF RANGELAND RESOURCES IN XINJIANG,GHINA

1. Pastoral husbandry is the basis of animal husbandry in Xingjing Animal husbandry in Xingjing Uygur Autonomous Region is supported by the some57 million ha natural rangeland (Commission for Integrated Servey of Natural Resources(CISNAR), 1989). The rangeland provides feeds for the 33 million heads of grazing animals(48.698 million sheep units) in the region. Natural rangeland takes about 35% of the

Adaptability and Application of Australian Merino Sheep in the Alpine Pastoral Areas

[Objective] The paper was to study the adaptability of Australian Merino sheep in the alpine pastoral areas. [Method]Through introduction of Australian Merino sheep for hybridizing with Gansu alpine fine wool sheep,the improvement effect of offspring was observed. [Result]The introduced Australian Merino sheep had good adaptability in the alpine pastoral areas with good hair quality,strong cold resistance and disease resistance,and they could grow and reproduce healthily in the alpine pastoral areas. The application effect of the ram was outstanding,showing large breeding amount,high conception rate and survival rate.[Conclusion]The improvement effect of offspring of Australian Merino sheep and Gansu alpine fine wool sheep was significant,and the growth performance was improved greatly.

Studies on Methane Emissions from Pastoral Farming in New Zealand

The aim of this paper was to give a basic understanding of studies on methane emissions of New Zealand, as we know the agriculture of New Zealand is pastoral farming, most livestock animals are grazed in pasture, and quantities of methane were released from the digestive tract and animals excreta. In New Zealand some 50% greenhouse gases （GHG） sources are attributed to agriculture and one third is methane from livestock enteric formation. For many years, many researchers have been exploiting the techniques and methods to measure the emission of methane of New Zealand, further more studing the available options to alleviate the methane emissions. Their pioneering work and successful experiences including the determined methods and mitigation strategies are worth learning for scholars around the world. Some of their approaches were not only suitable for New Zealand grazed livestock, but for many other countries, even the animals are intensively bred in pen. The calorimeter/respiration chamber is the most exactly method in present, but it needs expensive equipments and skilled manipulators, so there are still some difficulty in applying this approach extensively in practice. Sulfur hexafluoride （SF6） trace technique is much adopted for grazed livestock evaluating the methane emission, though its veracity was doubted by some researchers, it is still a good option in present for studying the GHG emissions for grazing animals. By measuring the rumen volatile fatty acid （VFA） concentration to estimate the methane emission is a relatively simple approach, it is just only a rough evaluation, and it is unsuitable for exact study, but this method may be used in China for extensively raised ruminant. In present China, the ruminants are fed in an extensively managed state, the diversities of roughage and animals varieties caused difficult to exactly estimate the methane emission. So exploiting the available options is much important for constituting the exhaustive emission inventory. This review just maybe a good reference for researchers to carry out their studies in years and acquired great achievements in methane mitigation area. outline some practical techniques of New Zealand, those this field, after all New Zealand have been persisting many

Pauperizing the pastoral periphery: the marginalization of herding communities in the world's dry lands

Environmental degradation and other socio-economic problems are too often discerned in contemporary pastoral systems in the wake of global economic change. This paper identifies cases where pastoral people respond to external pressures and opportunities in positive ways and adapt to changes. We hope that by doing this a framework of pastoral adaptations can be developed. The first part of this paper focuses on impacts of global economic change, which are mostly negative in nature. Through an extensive literature search in geography, anthropology, range management, and development field, the second part introduces cases that we categorize as positive adaptations.

Climate Change and Pastoral Economy in Kenya:A Blinking Future

The present paper examines the changing climatic scenarios and associated effects on livestock farming （pastoralism） in the arid and semi arid lands （ASAL） of Kenya, which cover over 80 % of the country. The study was carried out in the semi arid Mukogodo Division of Laikipia District in Kenya. This division received a mean annual rainfall of approximately 507.8 nun and the main source of livelihood was pastoralism. Questionnaire, structured interview, observation and literature review were the main methods of data collection. Rainfall was used in delineating changes in climate. Standardized precipitation index （SPI） and Markov process were used in analyzing drought severity and persistence, respectively. Approximately 38% of all droughts between 1975 and 2005 were prolonged and extremely severe, with cumulative severity indices ranging between -2.54 and -6.49. The probability that normal climatic conditions persisted for two or more consecutive years in Mukogodo Division remained constant at approximately 52%. However, the probability of wet years persisting for two or more years showed a declining trend, while persistence of dry years increased with duration. A drying climatic trend was established. This drying trend in the area led to increased land degradation and encroachment of invasive nonpalatable bushes. The net effect on pastoralism was large-scale livestock loss through starvation, disease and cattle rustling. Proper drought monitoring and accurate forecasts, community participation in all government interventions, infrastructural development in the ASAL and allocation of adequate resources for livestock development are some of the measures necessary for mitigating the dwindling pastoral economy in Kenya and other parts of the world.

Planning, Design and Practice of the Pastoral Complex Under the Rural Revitalization Strategy: A Case Study of Guixi Town in Beichuan Qiang Autonomous County

The pastoral complex is a product of urban-rural integrated development, an important way to build beautiful villages, and an important channel for the implementation of the rural revitalization strategy. This paper analyzed the planning and design of the pastoral complex, ranging from the planning and design ideas to the functional layout, and put forward the practical strategy of the pastoral complex planning under the rural revitalization strategy: to innovate the pastoral complex model with the construction of characteristic towns as the carrier; to achieve the goal of rural revitalization with poverty alleviation as the guide; and to enrich the pastoral complex with local culture as the reliance. In this paper, Guixi Town of Beichuan Qiang Autonomous County was selected for research to explore its unique national cultural value and ecological advantages, so as to provide perfect theories for the planning of rural towns and explore a new direction of the construction of beautiful villages.

Estimation of Economic and Ecological Value of Raising Sheep in Pastoral Area

Tibetan sheep is a unique breed of livestock in Alpine pastoral areas,which is one of the main economic pillars of animal husbandry in pastoral areas,in order to analyze and compare the estimated the economic and ecological benefits of Tibetan sheep under different feeding modes,this paper used a simplified model from multiple angles of animal production,economics and Ecology,The results show that:(i)Under the traditional grazing condition,the annual income of raising one ewe is only 23.4 yuan;(ii)Under the high-efficiency breeding mode,the average income of ewes bred by high-efficiency technology was 168 yuan/(head·year),which was 7 times higher than that of ewes under traditional grazing;each lamb could produce an indirect economic benefit of 500 yuan;(iii)The ecosystem service value affected by each Tibetan sheep through grassland was above 150000 yuan.

Pastoral Investigation on the Form and Usage of Local-Style Dwelling Houses in Jiarong Tibetan Traditional Village of Danba County

Under the dual background of rapid development and urbanization, the research is of practical significance for the construction and development of new rural harmonious society on the traditional villages, residential forms and ways of using. The purpose of this study is to learn the characteristics of the local residential forms and their usage, reveal the relationship between these characteristics and villagers’ lifestyles, and grasp the villagers’ evaluation of the satisfaction on living space, by the investigation of 168 questionnaires, 16 families in-depth interviews and survey mapping in the W, Y and Z villages of Suopo Township, Danba County, Sichuan Province. The resulted showed that: 1) Residents have obvious uniform features, mostly 3 - 5 layers of single-family residences, mostly in the area of 400 - 500 m2. The height of the house and the rooms has a relatively fixed modulus. 2) In the survey of the usage of local dwelling houses, it was found that farmers have a fixed model for the use of residential buildings. Most of the living activities are gathered in their own courtyards, and the utilization of the living room is usually limited. The floors above the second floor often have the terrace formed by the retreat to dry the food. There are often more bedrooms for spare, more than 90% of the family of four or more have two or more living rooms. 3) The residential area is embodied in both horizontal and vertical directions: the first floor of the indoor room from the courtyard to the dining room has the property of semi-open and semi-private space, and it is the main place for neighborhood interaction;and the rooms of the second and above are more private. 4) In the long process of life, the form and usage of houses will change with the changes of external factors. The traditional dwelling houses will be built or renovated, accounting for about 36% of the total amount surveyed.

Path of Social Construction in Northwest Sichuan Plateau Pastoral Area

On the basis of main contents of social construction and key points of construction,this paper analyzes features of conditions of northwest Sichuan plateau pastoral area.The social construction at current stage mainly includes social cause in narrow sense,and social management at meso-level.The northwest Sichuan plateau pastoral area is faced with the best policy and development opportunity.However,there are still many weak aspects.Firstly,social structure is not coordinated with economic structure.Secondly,social construction ability of grass-roots government is weak.Thirdly,the ability to respond to public demands is low.Fourthly,there is a big gap in availability of basic public service.Finally,it presents path selection for social construction of northwest Sichuan plateau pastoral area:strengthen social construction ability of grass-roots government;promote social construction with livelihood projects as key projects;boost social construction taking advantage of ecological construction;develop basic public service with the aid of external forces;intensify evaluation system for supervision of social construction works.

Exploration on Innovation in Planning and Design of Pastoral Complex

Based on the background and development of the pastoral complex,it is believed that the pastoral complex is an inevitable trend of the development of modern agriculture and it is the product of agriculture developing to a higher stage following agricultural industrial park,beautiful countryside,characteristic town,and whole area tourism. Combined with many years of planning and design practice of Wuhan Modern Urban Agriculture Planning and Design Institute,this paper summarized ideas of construction and operation of the pastoral complex,and discussed the construction of pastoral complex planning system,in the hope of providing certain reference for planning of pastoral complex in the whole country in the new period. Finally,through the overview of development history and highlight of urban agriculture in Wuhan,it came up with measures and recommendations for development of pastoral complex in Wuhan City.

Narrator,Anti-hero and Tragedy:A Comparative Reading of American Pastoral and Lord Jim

American novelist Philip Roth demonstrated admiration for and intimacy with Joseph Conrad’s works.Testimonies abound of Roth’s direct and oblique references to Conrad’s novels.A close and comparative reading of Roth’s American Pastoral and Conrad’s Lord Jim reveals the intertextuality between the two novels in three aspects:narrative techniques,characterization and the protagonist’s tragedy.By incorporating Conrad’s Lord Jim into the fabric of American Pastoral through intertextuality,Roth rewrites Jim’s story in a new historical and social context,throwing new light on the canonical work and revealing the dilemma and tragedy of American Jewish immigrants in their pursuit of American Dream.

Development Model of Daren Village Pastoral Complex in Ningbo in the Context of Rural Revitalization Strategy

Daren Village in Ningbo has deeply explored the connotation of farming culture,and built an agricultural tourism health care industrial park integrating leisure agriculture,eco-tourism and healthy pastoral using the natural pastoral resources of the park.This pastoral complex achieves the goals of increasing agricultural efficiency and farmers'income and improving rural greening by strengthening industrial revitalization,integrating the"sixth industry"and building an urban-rural integrated development hub.However,in the process of development,there are also some problems,such as single development model,insufficient innovation,lack of brand effect,single financing mode and standardization of services.In view of these problems,this paper provides some scientific and objective guidance for the construction of domestic pastoral complex.

Swede Levov’s Tragic Fall from the “Paradise”: Competing Narrartive Discourses in Philip Roth’s American Pastoral

Philip Roth has often been accused of misogyny.A close and unbiased reading of Roth’s American Pastoral,however,reveals that beneath its surface patriarchal narrative discourse simmers an undercurrent of a female subtext,which engages a dialogue as well as a confrontation with its counterpart.Swede Levov,worshipped as an indestructible,active and masculine semi-god,turns out to be weak,passive and indecisive,while the women belittled by him are actually independent,insightful,wise and proactive.Such patriarchal binary oppositions as male/female,active/passive,strong/weak having been subverted,patriarchal myth and authority represented by Levov has thus been deconstructed and the gender politics has been rectified.Women in the novel win the domination held by the male protagonist Levov,the narrator Nathan Zuckerman.

Research on the Particularity of Poverty in Hulunbeier Pastoral Area and Countermeasures

Pastoral area is a special area in China's rural areas.It has special ecological environment,national culture and geographical location.These special factors also determine the particularity of poverty in pastoral areas.Based on the current situation and particularity of poverty in Hulun Buir pastoral area,this paper analyzes the poverty problem in Hulun Buir pastoral area and provides some suggestions to solve the poverty problem of herdsmen according to the particularity of poverty in pastoral area.