patched基因在肝细胞癌中的表达及意义

目的探讨patched(Ptc)基因在肝细胞癌(HCC)中的表达及其临床意义。方法采用组织芯片技术和免疫组化(ABC-HRP)法对150例HCC手术切除标本进行Ptc检测,评估Ptc的表达与HCC临床病理的关系。结果150例肝癌组织,脱片9例,141例中39例有高表达(26.6%);25例癌旁肝组织无脱片,阳性表达3例(12.0%)。二者比较有显著性差异(P<0.05)。Ptc阳性表达与HCC的转移、淋巴浸润、包膜形成及细胞分化密切相关(P<0.05)。结论Ptc检测对估计HCC的转移、复发及预后具有意义。

Sonic Hedgehog及其受体Patched在小鼠视交叉发育过程中的表达

在小鼠胚胎发育过程中,胚胎第13d(E13)至15d(E15)是视交叉发育的主要阶段。在本研究中,我们观察了在E13～E15,Sonic Hedgehog(Shh)及其受体Patched(Ptc)在视觉传导通路的表达。结果发现:在视交叉和视束中,Shh在视神经纤维接近中线时表达上调,越过中线后表达下调,并且主要表达在较深的区域。Ptc在E13～E14的视网膜和E14～E15的视束中有表达,但在视交叉中无表达。Ptc,而不是Shh,表达在体外培养的生长锥中。Shh和Ptc在视觉传导通路发育中的表达提示Shh可能在引导视神经生长方面发挥一定作用。

Patched基因在恶性肿瘤中的表达及其临床意义

Shh信号通道在胚胎发育过程中对细胞的生长、发育、增殖和分化意义重大，通道的异常会引起肿瘤的发生Patched基因是Shh信号通道中的一种肿瘤抑制基因。近年来的许多研究发现，Patched基因的异常表达与一些恶性肿瘤的发生发展密切相关，Patched基因可以作为某些恶性肿瘤诊断和评价预后的指标，是某些恶性肿瘤生物治疗的靶标之一。本文就Patched基因在某些恶性肿瘤的表达及其临味意义予以综述。

RT-PCR法研究soni chedgehog基因及其受体patched在小鼠牙胚钟状晚期的表达

目的 :判断sonichedgehog(Shh)基因及其受体patched(Ptc)是否在小鼠牙胚钟状晚期有表达。 方法 :用RT PCR法研究Shh及其受体Ptc在小鼠牙胚钟状晚期的表达。设计Shh及其受体Ptc的PCR引物 ;选取新生鼠第 1天 (P1)、第 3天 (P3)、第 7天 (P7)的牙胚为研究对象 ,提取总RNA。两步法进行RT PCR反应 ,10 g·L- 1 琼脂糖电泳观察。结果 :出生后第 1天、第 3天、第 7天小鼠牙胚RT PCR产物可见Shh、Ptc条带。结论 :Shh及其受体Ptc在小鼠牙胚钟状晚期有表达。

sonic hedgehog及patched基因在角化囊肿中的表达

目的 :了解Shh(Sonichedgehog) ,Bmp - 4,Ptc(patched)基因在角化囊肿中的表达情况 ,明确Shh及其相关基因在角化囊肿发病中的作用。方法 :选取角化囊肿石蜡切片。将Shh ,Bmp 4,Ptc分别转染与大肠杆菌XL 1 Blue ,提质粒 ,线性化质粒 ,体外转录法合成地高辛标记的RNA探针 ,原位杂交检测角化囊肿中Shh ,Bmp 4,Ptc的表达情况。结果 :Shh ,Bmp 4共同表达于角化囊肿上皮细胞 ,胞浆呈强阳性表达 ;Ptc表达于角化囊肿间充质细胞 ,胞浆表达较弱。结论 :Shh ,Bmp 4,Ptc在角化囊肿中都有异常表达 ,提示 (1)角化囊肿的发生与生长发育中的上皮残余有关 ;(2 )Shh与Ptc之间平衡的破坏是发生角化囊肿的条件之一 ;(3)角化囊肿与正常生长发育相似 ,存在Bmp

食道鳞状细胞癌组织及癌旁组织中sonic hedgehog和patched1的表达

目的在食道鳞状细胞癌和配对癌旁组织中检测sonic hedgehog（SHH）和patched1（PTCH1）的表达。方法选取内蒙古医科大学附属医院胸外科2012~2014年经手术切除、病理科确诊为食道鳞状细胞癌的标本共30例及其癌旁组织,应用免疫组织化学染色方法检测SHH和patched1的表达。结果在30例食道鳞状细胞癌组织中10例（33.3%）PTCH1阳性表达,肿瘤组织中未检测到SHH蛋白的表达,癌旁组织中未见两种蛋白的表达。PTCH1的表达与患者吸烟、饮酒,食道鳞状细胞癌的肿瘤分化、分期,淋巴结转移无关（P〉0.05）。结论 SHH的表达不是激活hedgehog通路的原因。

Patched基因在结肠癌组织中的表达及意义

目的探讨Patched(Ptch)基因在结肠癌组织中的表达及意义。方法应用RT-PCR方法和免疫组织化学对38例结肠癌手术切除的标本进行Ptch基因表达检测,评估Ptch基因表达与结肠癌临床病理的关系。结果癌组织的Patched基因呈高表达,与癌旁组织比较,二者有显著性差异;Ptch基因表达强度与癌的分期密切相关,早期结肠癌的表达强度明显高于进展期癌。结论 Shh信号通路异常的活性状态有可能参与结肠癌的发生过程。Ptch基因检测对评估结肠癌的分期和预后具有重要意义。

Patched/hedgehog信号通路与膀胱肿瘤关系的研究进展

膀胱肿瘤是我国泌尿系统最常见的恶性肿瘤，绝大多数（90％以上）是移行细胞癌，超过70％的移行细胞癌（TCC）在治疗后复发，复发肿瘤中约10％-15％出现恶性程度增加。如果能够明确引起膀胱癌复发的机制，预测膀胱癌复发，将会改进患者的治疗情况。Hedgehog信号通路在胚胎发育中起着重要的作用。控制着细胞的增殖与命运。近年来人们发现许多疾病都与这个信号通路有关。当这个信号通路异常激活时，会引起肿瘤的发生与发展。本文就Patched／hedgehog信号通路与膀胱肿瘤的关系作一综述。

Molecular characterization and expression analysis of Patched 1 gene in the half-smooth tongue sole(Cynoglossus semilaevis)

The signaling molecule hedgehog（Hh） is essential for cellular signaling required for body pattern formation in embryonic and individual development in vertebrate and invertebrates.Patched 1（Ptc1）,a receptor of Hh,mediates the activity of Hh by binging the Hh ligands.In this study,the Ptc1 of half-smooth tongue sole Cynoglossus semilaevis（CsPtc1） was cloned and characterized.The full-length of CsPtc1 cDNA is 5 212 nucleotides（nt）,and encodes a protein with 1 543 amino acid residues.CsPtc1 shared many features with Ptc1 of other telesot species.Real-time quantitative PCR revealed CsPtc1 mRNA expressed in brain,liver,heart,gill,intestines,spleen,gonad and kidney,with expression level in testis significantly higher than in ovary.In testis,hybridization signals were mainly detected in primary spermatocytes,secondary spermatocytes,and sertoli cells,while weak signals were found in oocytes.Correspondingly,the degree of methylation is higher in female than in male and pseudomale.Results indicate that CsPtc1 may be involved in Desert Hedgehog（DHH） maintenance of the male and pseudo-male germ line and spermatogenesis.

CyclinD（-／-）／Patched（＋／-）双基因敲除鼠的构建

目的构建CycD（-／-）／Ptc（＋／-）双基因敲除鼠以验证Hh传导系统与Rb系统的关系。方法应用已有的杂合子CycD基因敲除鼠CycD（＋／-）与杂合子Ptc基因敲除鼠Ptc（＋／-）进行交配繁殖，得到双基因杂合子敲除鼠CycD（＋／-）／Ptc（＋／-），再利用该双基因杂合子敲除鼠进行二次交配繁殖，得到实验组CycD（-／-）／Ptc（＋／-）双基因敲除鼠。结果实验得到了双基因敲除鼠CycD（-／-）／Ptc（＋／-）、双基因杂合子基因敲除鼠CycD（＋／-）／Ptc（＋／-）、CycD单基因敲除鼠CycD（-／-）／Ptc（＋／＋）。结论通过本实验方法得到CycD（-／-）／Ptc（＋／-）双基因敲除鼠，可用于进一步揭示Ptc基因与CycD基因相互影响调控的作用及Hedgehog与Rb信号传导通路在哺乳动物中的相关性。

Shh、Patched和PCNA在子宫肌瘤中的表达

目的探讨子宫肌瘤中Sonic hedgehog(Shh)及其受体Patched的表达及与PCNA表达的关系。方法应用免疫荧光染色法检测72例子宫肌瘤组织及对应瘤旁正常组织中Shh、Patched的表达,运用免疫组织化学染色法检测相应标本中PCNA的表达。结果子宫肌瘤中Shh、Patched和PCNA的阳性表达率分别为37.50%、33.33%和87.5%,明显高于瘤旁正常组织的12.5%、8.33%和33.33%(P<0.05)。结论 Shh通路的激活可能通过促进细胞增殖在子宫肌瘤形成过程中起重要作用。

CONSERVATION OF THREE-POINT COMPACT SCHEMES ON SINGLE AND MULTIBLOCK PATCHED GRIDS FOR HYPERBOLIC PROBLEMS

For nonlinear hyperbolic problems, conservation of the numerical scheme is important for convergence to the correct weak solutions. In this paper the conservation of the well-known compact scheme up to fourth order of accuracy on a single and uniform grid is studied, and a conservative interface treatment is derived for compact schemes on patched grids. For a pure initial value problem, the compact scheme is shown to be equivalent to a scheme in the usual conservative form. For the case of a mixed initial boundary value problem, the compact scheme is conservative only if the rounding errors are small enough. For a patched grid interface, a conservative interface condition useful for mesh refinement and for parallel computation is derived and its order of local accuracy is analyzed.

Formation and ecological response of sand patches in the protection system of Shapotou section of the Baotou-Lanzhou railway,China

The development of bare patches typically signifies a process of ecosystem degradation.Within the protection system of Shapotou section of the Baotou-Lanzhou railway,the extensive emergence of bare sand patches poses a threat to both stability and sustainability.However,there is limited knowledge regarding the morphology,dynamic changes,and ecological responses associated with these sand patches.Therefore,we analyzed the formation and development process of sand patches within the protection system and its effects on herbaceous vegetation growth and soil nutrients through field observation,survey,and indoor analysis methods.The results showed that sand patch development can be divided into three stages,i.e.,formation,expansion,and stabilization,which correspond to the initial,actively developing,and semi-fixed sand patches,respectively.The average dimensions of all sand patch erosional areas were found to be 7.72 m in length,3.91 m in width,and 0.32 m in depth.The actively developing sand patches were the largest,and the initial sand patches were the smallest.Throughout the stage of formation and expansion,the herbaceous community composition changed,and the plant density decreased by more than 50.95%.Moreover,the coverage and height of herbaceous plants decreased in the erosional area and slightly increased in the depositional lobe;and the fine particles and nutrients of soils in the erosional area and depositional lobe showed a decreasing trend.In the stabilization phases of sand patches,the area from the inlet to the bottom of sand patches becomes initially covered with crusts.Vegetation and 0-2 cm surface soil condition improved in the erosional area,but this improvement was not yet evident in the depositional lobe.Factors such as disturbance,climate change,and surface resistance to erosion exert notable influences on the formation and dynamics of sand patches.The results can provide evidence for the future treatment of sand patches and the management of the protection system of Shapotou section of the Baotou-Lanzhou railway.

Could natural phytochemicals be used to reduce nitrogen excretion and excreta‑derived N_(2)O emissions from ruminants?

Ruminants play a critical role in our food system by converting plant biomass that humans cannot or choose not to consume into edible high-quality food.However,ruminant excreta is a significant source of nitrous oxide(N_(2)O),a potent greenhouse gas with a long-term global warming potential 298 times that of carbon dioxide.Natural phytochemicals or forages containing phytochemicals have shown the potential to improve the efficiency of nitrogen(N)utilization and decrease N_(2)O emissions from the excreta of ruminants.Dietary inclusion of tannins can shift more of the excreted N to the feces,alter the urinary N composition and consequently reduce N_(2)O emissions from excreta.Essential oils or saponins could inhibit rumen ammonia production and decrease urinary N excretion.In grazed pastures,large amounts of glucosinolates or aucubin can be introduced into pasture soils when animals consume plants rich in these compounds and then excrete them or their metabolites in the urine or feces.If inhibitory compounds are excreted in the urine,they would be directly applied to the urine patch to reduce nitrification and subsequent N_(2)O emissions.The phytochemicals’role in sustainable ruminant production is undeniable,but much uncertainty remains.Inconsistency,transient effects,and adverse effects limit the effectiveness of these phytochemicals for reducing N losses.In this review,we will identify some current phytochemicals found in feed that have the potential to manipulate ruminant N excretion or mitigate N_(2)O production and deliberate the challenges and opportunities associated with using phytochemicals or forages rich in phytochemicals as dietary strategies for reducing N excretion and excreta-derived N_(2)O emissions.

Effects of site preparation methods on soil physical properties and outplanting success of coniferous seedlings in boreal forests

This study assessed the effect of patch scarification and mounding on the physical properties of the root layer and the success of tree planting in various types of forests.This study was conducted on 12 forest sites in taiga forests of the European part of Russia.A total of 54 plots were set up to assess seedling survival;root collar diameter,height,and heigh increment were measured for 240 seedlings to assess growth.In the rooting layer,240 soil samples were taken to determine physical properties.The study showed that soil treatment methods had no effect on bulk density and total porosity in Cladina sites.However,reduced soil moisture was noted,particularly in mounds,resulting in increased aeration.In Myrtillus sites,there were increased bulk density,reduced soil moisture,and total porosity in the mounds.Mounding treatment in Polytrichum sites resulted in reduced soil moisture and increased aeration porosity.In the Myrtillus and Polytrichum sites,patch scarification had no effects on physical properties.In Polytrichum sites,survival rates,heights,and heigh increments of bareroot Norway spruce seedlings in mounds were higher than in patches;however,the same did not apply to diameter.In Cladina and Myrtillus sites,there was no difference in growth for bareroot and containerised seedlings with different soil treatments.Growing conditions and soil types should be considered when applying different soil treatment methods to ensure high survival rates and successful seedling growth.

Unveiling the adaptation strategies of woody plants in remnant forest patches to spatiotemporal urban expansion through leaf trait networks

Background:With the expansion of urban areas,the remnants of forested areas play a crucial role in preserving biodiversity in urban environments.This study aimed to explore the impact of spatiotemporal urban expansion on the networks of leaf traits in woody plants within remnant forest patches,thereby enhancing our understanding of plant adaptive strategies and contributing to the conservation of urban biodiversity.Methods:Our study examined woody plants within 120 sample plots across 15 remnant forest patches in Guiyang,China.We constructed leaf trait networks (LTNs) based on 26 anatomical,structural,and compositional leaf traits and assessed the effects of the spatiotemporal dynamics of urban expansion on these LTNs.Results and conclusions:Our results indicate that shrubs within these patches have greater average path lengths and diameters than trees.With increasing urban expansion intensity,we observed a rise in the edge density of the LTN-shrubs.Additionally,modularity within the networks of shrubs decreased as road density and urban expansion intensity increased,and increases in the average path length and average clustering coefficient for shrubs were observed with a rise in the composite terrain complexity index.Notably,patches subjected to‘leapfrog’expansion exhibited greater average patch length and diameter than those experiencing edge growth.Stomatal traits were found to have high degree centrality within these networks,signifying their substantial contribution to multiple functions.In urban remnant forests,shrubs bolster their resilience to variable environmental pressures by augmenting the complexity of their leaf trait networks.

Scheme Based on Multi-Level Patch Attention and Lesion Localization for Diabetic Retinopathy Grading

Early screening of diabetes retinopathy(DR)plays an important role in preventing irreversible blindness.Existing research has failed to fully explore effective DR lesion information in fundus maps.Besides,traditional attention schemes have not considered the impact of lesion type differences on grading,resulting in unreasonable extraction of important lesion features.Therefore,this paper proposes a DR diagnosis scheme that integrates a multi-level patch attention generator(MPAG)and a lesion localization module(LLM).Firstly,MPAGis used to predict patches of different sizes and generate a weighted attention map based on the prediction score and the types of lesions contained in the patches,fully considering the impact of lesion type differences on grading,solving the problem that the attention maps of lesions cannot be further refined and then adapted to the final DR diagnosis task.Secondly,the LLM generates a global attention map based on localization.Finally,the weighted attention map and global attention map are weighted with the fundus map to fully explore effective DR lesion information and increase the attention of the classification network to lesion details.This paper demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed method through extensive experiments on the public DDR dataset,obtaining an accuracy of 0.8064.

Deep Global Multiple-Scale and Local Patches Attention Dual-Branch Network for Pose-Invariant Facial Expression Recognition

Pose-invariant facial expression recognition(FER)is an active but challenging research topic in computer vision.Especially with the involvement of diverse observation angles,FER makes the training parameter models inconsistent from one view to another.This study develops a deep global multiple-scale and local patches attention(GMS-LPA)dual-branch network for pose-invariant FER to weaken the influence of pose variation and selfocclusion on recognition accuracy.In this research,the designed GMS-LPA network contains four main parts,i.e.,the feature extraction module,the global multiple-scale(GMS)module,the local patches attention(LPA)module,and the model-level fusion model.The feature extraction module is designed to extract and normalize texture information to the same size.The GMS model can extract deep global features with different receptive fields,releasing the sensitivity of deeper convolution layers to pose-variant and self-occlusion.The LPA module is built to force the network to focus on local salient features,which can lower the effect of pose variation and self-occlusion on recognition results.Subsequently,the extracted features are fused with a model-level strategy to improve recognition accuracy.Extensive experimentswere conducted on four public databases,and the recognition results demonstrated the feasibility and validity of the proposed methods.

Observing eddy dye patches induced by shear instabilities in the surf zone on a plane beach

The effects of surf zone eddy generated by alongshore currents on the deformation and transport of dye are still poorly understood,and related tracer release experiments are lacking.Therefore,a tracer release laboratory experiment was conducted under monochromatic,unidirectional incident waves with a large incident angle(30°)on a plane beach with a 1:100 slope in a large wave basin.A charge-coupled device suspended above the basin recorded the dye patch image.The evolution of eddy dye patch was observed and the transport and diffusion were analyzed based on the collected images.Subsequently,a linear instability numerical model was adopted to calculate the perturbation velocity field at the initial stage.The observation and image processing results show that surf zone eddy patches occurred and were separated from the original dye patches.Our numerical analysis results demonstrate that the structure of the perturbation velocity field is consistent with the experimental observations,and that the ejection of eddy patches shoreward or offshore may be ascribed to the double vortex.

Flora, Structure and Carbon Sequestration of Vegetation in the Southeast of the Mono Biosphere Reserve in Togo Amidst Environmental Challenges

In most Sub-Saharan African countries such as Togo, people’s heavy dependence on ecosystem services is a major factor in accelerating the degradation of natural resources, which are already suffering as a result of climatic factors. This study was initiated to contribute to the sustainable and rational management of forest resources in the south-east of the Mono Biosphere Reserve in Togo. It specifically aims to identify and characterize the flora of the residual forest ecosystems within the reserve through their specific diversity, demographic structure, and carbon sequestration potential. The study was carried out in the forest ecosystems of Avévé. The methodology used was based on the analysis of phytosociological, forestry, ecological, and regeneration inventory data. Overall, the study revealed that the RBMT still has floristically viable habitats, despite the anthropogenic pressures it is subject to revealed a floristic diversity of 160 plant species divided into 52 families and 135 genera. The most represented families are Rubiaceae (29.09%), followed by Fabaceae (27.94%). The most represented species are Mitragyna inermis (Willd.) Kuntze (24.38%), Lecaniodiscus cupanioides Planch. Ex Benth (X) and Lonchocarpus sericeus (Poir.) Kunth (10.93%). The high presence of Mitragyna inermis observed in all the ecological groups identified makes it the characteristic species of the flooded marshy areas of southeast Togo and contributes to the resilience of the ecosystems and populations in the study area. The Shannon index for the formation groups varies between (3.03 and 5.16) bits. Pielou’s equitability varies between (0.43 and 0.63) bits. The overall average density is estimated at 210 stems/ha, with an average diameter of 25.57 ± 21.77 m and an average height of 7.93 ± 3.83 m. The adjustment of the diameter classes of the plant groups to the Weibull distribution gave an “inverted J” shape with coefficient values of less than 1 overall, reflecting the existence of multispecific or uneven-aged stands. Assessment of the horizontal and vertical structure shows a predominance of the shrub layer in all the groups identified. The carbon sequestration potential is 41.89 T/Ha. Despite ongoing anthropogenic pressures, the Mono Biosphere Reserve abounds in a relatively rich diversity of flora, the preservation of which is essential for the survival of biodiversity and even for the riparian population. The data provided by this study would form the basis for sustainable management planning of the forest islands in the biosphere reserve.