The automotive and lubricant industries have been placing increased emphasis on the fuel economy benefits of today′s modern passenger car motor oils.The current ILSAC GF-4 specification has more stringent requirement...The automotive and lubricant industries have been placing increased emphasis on the fuel economy benefits of today′s modern passenger car motor oils.The current ILSAC GF-4 specification has more stringent requirements than previous ILSAC specifications,and the proposed future ILSAC GF-5 specification is looking at further improvements in the lubricant′s fuel economy performance.To address these needs,Afton Chemical has developed correlations between the rheological and frictional properties of oils and fuel economy measured in engine and field tests.In this paper we will present correlations between lubricants′ physical properties and fuel economy measured in vehicles and engine tests.These tools have been used to develop current commercial oils which are being used extensively to meet today′s OEM needs.展开更多
Dendritic cells （DCs） are professional antigen-presenting cells with the ability to induce primary T-cell responses. They are commonly produced by culturing monocytes in the presence of IL-4 and GM-CSF （cells produ...Dendritic cells （DCs） are professional antigen-presenting cells with the ability to induce primary T-cell responses. They are commonly produced by culturing monocytes in the presence of IL-4 and GM-CSF （cells produced in this manner are called conventional DCs）. Here we report the generation of two functionally distinct subsets of DCs derived from programmable cells of monocytic origin （PCMOs） in the presence of IL-3 or tumor necrosis factor alpha （TNF-e）. Monocytes were treated with macrophage colony-stimulating factor （M-CSF） and IL-3 for 6 days and then incubated with IL-4 and IL-3 （for IL-3 DCs） or with IL-4, GM-CSF and TNF-a （for TNF-a DCs） for 7 days. Monocytes were then loaded with tumor lysate （used as antigen）, and poly （I ： C） was added. The maturation factors TNF-e and monocyte conditioned medium （MCM） were added on days 4 and 5, respectively. The phenotypes of the DCs generated were characterized by flow cytometry, and the cells＇ phagocytic activities were measured using FITC-conjugated latex bead uptake. T-cell proliferation and cytokine release were assayed using MTT and commercially available ELISA kits, respectively. We found that either IL-3DCs or TNF-α DCs induce T-cell proliferation and cytokine secretion; the cytokine release pattern showed reduced IL-12/IL- 10 and IFN-γ/IL-4 ratios in both types of DCs and in DC-primed T-cell supernatant, respectively, which confirmed that the primed T cells were polarized toward aTh2-type immune response. We concluded that PCMOs are a new cell source that can develop into two functionally distinct DCs that both induce a Th2-type response in vitro. This modality can be used as a DC-based immunotherapy for autoimmune diseases.展开更多
文摘The automotive and lubricant industries have been placing increased emphasis on the fuel economy benefits of today′s modern passenger car motor oils.The current ILSAC GF-4 specification has more stringent requirements than previous ILSAC specifications,and the proposed future ILSAC GF-5 specification is looking at further improvements in the lubricant′s fuel economy performance.To address these needs,Afton Chemical has developed correlations between the rheological and frictional properties of oils and fuel economy measured in engine and field tests.In this paper we will present correlations between lubricants′ physical properties and fuel economy measured in vehicles and engine tests.These tools have been used to develop current commercial oils which are being used extensively to meet today′s OEM needs.
文摘Dendritic cells （DCs） are professional antigen-presenting cells with the ability to induce primary T-cell responses. They are commonly produced by culturing monocytes in the presence of IL-4 and GM-CSF （cells produced in this manner are called conventional DCs）. Here we report the generation of two functionally distinct subsets of DCs derived from programmable cells of monocytic origin （PCMOs） in the presence of IL-3 or tumor necrosis factor alpha （TNF-e）. Monocytes were treated with macrophage colony-stimulating factor （M-CSF） and IL-3 for 6 days and then incubated with IL-4 and IL-3 （for IL-3 DCs） or with IL-4, GM-CSF and TNF-a （for TNF-a DCs） for 7 days. Monocytes were then loaded with tumor lysate （used as antigen）, and poly （I ： C） was added. The maturation factors TNF-e and monocyte conditioned medium （MCM） were added on days 4 and 5, respectively. The phenotypes of the DCs generated were characterized by flow cytometry, and the cells＇ phagocytic activities were measured using FITC-conjugated latex bead uptake. T-cell proliferation and cytokine release were assayed using MTT and commercially available ELISA kits, respectively. We found that either IL-3DCs or TNF-α DCs induce T-cell proliferation and cytokine secretion; the cytokine release pattern showed reduced IL-12/IL- 10 and IFN-γ/IL-4 ratios in both types of DCs and in DC-primed T-cell supernatant, respectively, which confirmed that the primed T cells were polarized toward aTh2-type immune response. We concluded that PCMOs are a new cell source that can develop into two functionally distinct DCs that both induce a Th2-type response in vitro. This modality can be used as a DC-based immunotherapy for autoimmune diseases.
