磷酸二酯酶7和4(phosphodiesterase 7 and 4,PDE7 and PDE4)作为特异性水解第二信使3',5'-环腺苷酸的蛋白酶,是治疗炎症等相关疾病的重要靶点。本文以37个噻吩并嘧啶酮类PDE7和PDE4双重抑制剂为研究对象,采用比较分子相似性指...磷酸二酯酶7和4(phosphodiesterase 7 and 4,PDE7 and PDE4)作为特异性水解第二信使3',5'-环腺苷酸的蛋白酶,是治疗炎症等相关疾病的重要靶点。本文以37个噻吩并嘧啶酮类PDE7和PDE4双重抑制剂为研究对象,采用比较分子相似性指数分析(Co MSIA),研究其影响化合物抑制活性的特征结构信息。结果表明,这两类抑制剂的Co MSIA的预测能力较强(Rpre2≥0.80)。其影响分子生物活性的共同特征结构主要是:(1)噻吩环上的R_2取代基为疏水场的敏感区域;(2)嘧啶酮环和R_3取代基的链接基益于采用含氢键供体的亲水性基团;(3)噻吩环所在区域益于引入包含氢键供体的基团。研究还发现,PDE7抑制剂的R_1和R_2取代基,分别适宜结合小体积的亲水性基团和大体积的基团。PDE4抑制剂的嘧啶酮环和R3取代基的链接基益于结合正电基团。本研究所得的模型和信息,可为后续新型抑制剂的设计开发提供理论指导。展开更多
A new, specific, rapid and stability indicating reversed phase liquid chro-matographic (RP-LC) method for the determination of process related and degradation related impurities of Apremilast has been developed and va...A new, specific, rapid and stability indicating reversed phase liquid chro-matographic (RP-LC) method for the determination of process related and degradation related impurities of Apremilast has been developed and validated. The degradation study performed in acid, base, oxidative, photolytic, and thermal stressed conditions. Eight process related impurities (Imp-1 to Imp-8) in test sample of Apremilast have been detected by developed RP-LC method. The good chromatographic resolution between the peaks of process related impurities, degradation impurities and Apremilast has been achieved on a Synergi Max-RP 80 A (150 × 4.6 mm ID), 4 μ column. The process and degradation related impurities were characterized by mass spectrometry, 1H NMR and FT-IR spectral data. The method was validated as per ICH guideline and found to be specific, rapid, and stability indicating. The proposed RP-PLC method was successfully applied to the analysis of drug substance samples of Apremilast.展开更多
BACKGROUND： Long-term exposure to drugs of abuse causes an upregulation of the cAMP-signaling pathway in the nucleus accumbens and other forebrain regions, this common neuroadaptation is thought to underlie aspects o...BACKGROUND： Long-term exposure to drugs of abuse causes an upregulation of the cAMP-signaling pathway in the nucleus accumbens and other forebrain regions, this common neuroadaptation is thought to underlie aspects of drug tolerance and dependence. Phosphodiesterase 4 （PDE4） is an enzyme that the selective hydrolyzes intracellular cAMP. It is expressed in several brain regions that regulate the reinforcing effects of drugs of abuse. OBJECTIVE： Here, we review the current knowledge about central nervous system （CNS） distribution of PDE4 isoforms and the effects of systemic and brain-region specific inhibition of PDE4 on behavioral models of drug addiction. METHODS： A systematic literature search was performed using the Pubmed. RESULTS： Using behavioral sensitization, conditioned place preference and drug self-administration as behavioral models, a large number of studies have shown that local or systemic administration of PDE4 inhibitors reduce drug intake and/or drug seeking for psychostimulants, alcohol, and opioids in rats or mice. CONCLUSIONS： Preclinical studies suggest that PDE4 could be a therapeutic target for several classes of substance use disorder. We conclude by identifying opportunities for the development of subtype-selective PDE4 inhibitors that may reduce addiction liability and minimize the side effects that limit the clinical potential of non-selective PDE4 inhibitors. Several PDE4 inhibitors have been clinically approved for other diseases. There is a promising possibility to repurpose these PDE4 inhibitors for the treatment of drug addiction as they are safe and well-tolerated in patients.展开更多
文摘磷酸二酯酶7和4(phosphodiesterase 7 and 4,PDE7 and PDE4)作为特异性水解第二信使3',5'-环腺苷酸的蛋白酶,是治疗炎症等相关疾病的重要靶点。本文以37个噻吩并嘧啶酮类PDE7和PDE4双重抑制剂为研究对象,采用比较分子相似性指数分析(Co MSIA),研究其影响化合物抑制活性的特征结构信息。结果表明,这两类抑制剂的Co MSIA的预测能力较强(Rpre2≥0.80)。其影响分子生物活性的共同特征结构主要是:(1)噻吩环上的R_2取代基为疏水场的敏感区域;(2)嘧啶酮环和R_3取代基的链接基益于采用含氢键供体的亲水性基团;(3)噻吩环所在区域益于引入包含氢键供体的基团。研究还发现,PDE7抑制剂的R_1和R_2取代基,分别适宜结合小体积的亲水性基团和大体积的基团。PDE4抑制剂的嘧啶酮环和R3取代基的链接基益于结合正电基团。本研究所得的模型和信息,可为后续新型抑制剂的设计开发提供理论指导。
文摘A new, specific, rapid and stability indicating reversed phase liquid chro-matographic (RP-LC) method for the determination of process related and degradation related impurities of Apremilast has been developed and validated. The degradation study performed in acid, base, oxidative, photolytic, and thermal stressed conditions. Eight process related impurities (Imp-1 to Imp-8) in test sample of Apremilast have been detected by developed RP-LC method. The good chromatographic resolution between the peaks of process related impurities, degradation impurities and Apremilast has been achieved on a Synergi Max-RP 80 A (150 × 4.6 mm ID), 4 μ column. The process and degradation related impurities were characterized by mass spectrometry, 1H NMR and FT-IR spectral data. The method was validated as per ICH guideline and found to be specific, rapid, and stability indicating. The proposed RP-PLC method was successfully applied to the analysis of drug substance samples of Apremilast.
文摘BACKGROUND： Long-term exposure to drugs of abuse causes an upregulation of the cAMP-signaling pathway in the nucleus accumbens and other forebrain regions, this common neuroadaptation is thought to underlie aspects of drug tolerance and dependence. Phosphodiesterase 4 （PDE4） is an enzyme that the selective hydrolyzes intracellular cAMP. It is expressed in several brain regions that regulate the reinforcing effects of drugs of abuse. OBJECTIVE： Here, we review the current knowledge about central nervous system （CNS） distribution of PDE4 isoforms and the effects of systemic and brain-region specific inhibition of PDE4 on behavioral models of drug addiction. METHODS： A systematic literature search was performed using the Pubmed. RESULTS： Using behavioral sensitization, conditioned place preference and drug self-administration as behavioral models, a large number of studies have shown that local or systemic administration of PDE4 inhibitors reduce drug intake and/or drug seeking for psychostimulants, alcohol, and opioids in rats or mice. CONCLUSIONS： Preclinical studies suggest that PDE4 could be a therapeutic target for several classes of substance use disorder. We conclude by identifying opportunities for the development of subtype-selective PDE4 inhibitors that may reduce addiction liability and minimize the side effects that limit the clinical potential of non-selective PDE4 inhibitors. Several PDE4 inhibitors have been clinically approved for other diseases. There is a promising possibility to repurpose these PDE4 inhibitors for the treatment of drug addiction as they are safe and well-tolerated in patients.
