Two new diarylheptanoids from the pericarps of Juglans regia L.

Two new cyclic diarylheptanoids juglanin A （1） and juglanin B （2） were isolated from the pericarps of Juglans regia L. Their structures were elucidated by various spectroscopic methods including 2D NMR techniques （COSY, HMQC, HMBC, NOESY） and HR-ESIMS.

Difference in volatile profile between pericarp tissue and locular gel in tomato fruit

Aroma, a complex mixture of volatile compounds, plays an important role in the perception and acceptability of tomato products by consumers. Numerous studies have reported volatile profiles in tomatoes based on measurement of the whole fruit or pericarp tissue, however, little is understood regarding the volatile compositions in the inner tissues. The objective of this study was to investigate the differences in volatile profile between pericarp tissue and Iocular gel in tomato fruit. Based on HS-SPME-GC-MS analysis, totally 42 volatile compounds were detected in FL 47 and Tasti-Lee tomato fruits. Regardless of cultivars, a substantial higher concentration of total volatile compounds was observed in pericarp than that in/ocular gel, associated with higher levels of aldehydes, hydrocarbons, and nitrogen compounds. Pericarp tissue possessed higher levels of cis-3-hexenal, hexanal, heptanal, octanal, nonanal, cymene, terpinolene, undecane, dodecane, 2-phenylethanol, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, 2-methylbutyl acetate, 1-nitro-pentane, and 1-nitro-2-phenylethane, while the abundances of 2-methylpropanal, butanal, 2-methylbutanal, 2-methyl-2-butenal, 2-methylpropanol, 3-methylbutanol, 2-methylbutanol, and 2-butanone were higher in Iocular gel. Principal component analysis （PCA） and cluster analysis using GC-MS and electronic nose （E-nose） data discriminated the two tissues.

Construction of Near Isogenic Lines for Pericarp Color and Evaluation on Their Near isogenicity in Rice

The inheritance of purple pericarp was studied through genetic analysis using F2, BC1F1 and F3 from a cross between a purple pericarp rice variety Zixiangnuo and a white pericarp rice variety Chunjiangnuo 2. Seven pairs of near isogenic lines （NILs） for pericarp color of rice were further constructed. Genetic analysis indicated that the purple pericarp was controlled by two complementary genes （Pb and Pp）. Agronomic trait analysis and polymorphism analysis using SSR markers on these seven pairs of NILs were used in the evaluation of near-isogenicity. No significant differences in agronomic traits were found except 1000-grain weight between the NILs. The polymorphic SSR markers for the parents were only detected in target segments of the five pairs of NILs different in Pb, which revealed the ideal near isogenicity of them. However, for the two pairs of NILs different in Pp, the polymorphic markers for the two parents were detected as well as in non-targeted segments of chromosomes 11 and 12, respectively.

A Study on the Ultrasonic Extraction and Antioxidant Activity of Lychee Pericarp Polysaccharides

The aim was to optimize ultrasonic extraction conditions and study antioxidant activities of lychee pericarp polysaccharides. The effects of extraction temperature,time,ultrasonic power,solid-liquid ratio on polysaccharides yield were investigated by single-factor experiment and orthogonal experiment to obtain optimum extraction conditions; the antioxidant activities of lychee pericarp polysaccharides were evaluated by the total antioxidant activity. Optimum extraction process was under extraction temperature of 80 ℃,extraction time of 2. 5 h,ultrasonic power of 180 W,solid-liquid ratio of 1∶ 25 g / m L; the total antioxidant activity was increased with the increasing concentration of polysaccharides. The extraction process is simple and efficient. The extraction rate of lychee pericarp polysaccharides with antioxidant activities is high.

Validation of the Red Pericarp Gene from 419 Rice Landraces in Guangxi via Genome-wide Association Studies

Rice has different colors of pericarp, such as red, white and black. Red rice pericarp is rich in proanthocyanins, which have antioxidant properties and are beneficial to human health. In the present study, we analyzed the red-pericarp gene Rc of 419 rice landraces in Guangxi by genome-wide association study （GWAS）, and validated that the Rc gene regulated the red periearp trait in flee. By analyzing the genomie DNA of 97 red-pericarp flee eultivars, we identified two new alleles in C139 and C323. Then, the exons of Rcc＇9 and Rcc were sequenced with Sanger method, and the results demonstrated that the natural mutations within Re ene resulted in the two alleles Rcc and Rcc.

Optimizing the Extraction of Anthocyanins from Pitaya(Hylocereus undatus)Pericarp

[Objectives]This study was conducted to confirm the existence of anthocyanins in pitaya(Hylocereus undatus)pericarp and optimize the extraction condition.[Methods]Single-factor tests were carried out on five factors:ethanol concentration,extraction temperature,ultrasonic power,solid-to-liquid ratio and extraction time.Based on the single-factor test results,four factors and three levels of process conditions were optimized by Box-Behnken design test.[Results]Anthocyanins exist in the pericarp of pitaya,and the optimum conditions were extraction temperature 49℃,ultrasonic power 120 W,extracted time 2 h and ethanol concentration 60%.Under these conditions,the average yield of anthocyanins was 80 mg/100g.[Conclusions]This study provides a theoretical basis for the extraction of anthocyanins from the pericarp of red-flesh pitaya.

Preliminary Study on Quality Standard of Pummelo Pericarp from Guangxi

[Objectives]This paper aimed to study the quality standard of pummelo pericarp from Guangxi.[Methods]The medicinal material was identified by microscopy and thin-layer chromatography,and the contents of moisture,total ash,acid-insoluble ash and extract in the medicinal material were determined according to the methods of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia(2010 edition).[Results]The content limits for moisture,total ash,acid-insoluble ash and extract were determined(moisture≤12%;total ash≤6.0%;acid-insoluble ash≤0.6%;water-soluble extract≥43.0%;naringin≥10.00 mg/g).The micro-characteristics of pummelo pericarp were identified,and a thin-layer chromatography identification and content determination method was established.[Conclusions]The established method can provide an experimental basis for the formulation of quality standard for pummelo pericarp.

Morphological Characterization of Brazil Nut Tree (Bertholletia excelsa) Fruit Pericarp

This article presents the overall morphological structure of the Brazil nut tree(Bertholletia excelsa)fruit pericarp,from macro to nano scale.The acquired knowledge would be used for the development of new applications,like using the materials as fillers for biocomposites,or as a hierarchical architecture model for biomimetics.This research was performed using stereo and light microscopy and conventional and force field emission scanning electron microscopy.The pericarp presents three layers:the exocarp,a dark gray,brittle and fragile outer layer;the mesocarp,a beige,dry,rigid,impermeable and fibrous intermediate layer;and the endocarp,an inner layer with similar characteristic as the exocarp,but formed next to the seeds.Morphologically,the exocarp and the endocarp presented minor regions of sclereids,fibers and vascular cell bundles,inside major regions of parenchyma cells.The mesocarp presents a structure of fiber cells regions alternating with sclereids and vascular cells regions,arranged in a composite like arrangement,with the fibers cells bundles acting as randomly oriented disperse phases in a sclereid cells matrix.This arrangement was associated with the mesocarp relative superior proprieties,indicating a great material for using as fillers for biocomposites or in biomimetics applications.

A Comparative Study on the Utilization of Corn Pericarp and Peanut Hull in the Production of Ethanol and the Impact on Food Economics

Corn pericarp and peanut hull (lignocellulosic materials) which are food industry by-products were used as substrates in this study. Alkaline hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) pretreatments at 0%, 2.5% and 5% were used for the removal of lignin. Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation (SSF) and Separate Hydrolysis and Fermentation (SHF) were conducted using Aspergillus niger (strain 201201) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (strain 26603). Aspergillus niger was added on day 1 to all samples with inoculation treatments of S. cerevisiae at one-day intervals (A = Day 1, B = Day 2, C = Day 3 and D = Day 4). Pretreatment with 2.5% H2O2 was more beneficial in the removal of lignin for both substrates. Corn pericarp yielded an ethanol concentration of 22.2 g/L in C and 21.78 g/L in D of 2.5% H2O2 pretreatment. Peanut hull with 2.5% H2O2 pretreatment in D yielded a higher concentration at 10.38 g/L compared to other inoculation treatments. The highest ethanol yielded on a percentage basis for corn pericarp was 45.04% in C of 2.5% H2O2 pretreatment and 24.6% in D of 2.5% H2O2 pretreatment for peanut hull.

Dynamic Variation and Correlation of Pericarp Tenderness and Component Contents of Super Sweet Corn(sh_(2))in Kernel Development

Data on the mechanism of how pericarp components in fresh sweet corn affect pericarp tenderness are scarce.This study explored variation and correlation of pericarp tenderness and components over time in three inbred lines of sweet corn that were selected for their differences in pericarp tenderness.The three lines presented a curvilinear increase in pericarp tenderness(puncture reading)from 12 to 24 d after pollination(DAP)across two environments,with the means at each time point always in the same order:S33205>T105>PE10.Pericarp tenderness difference at each same time point in two environments over time varied similarly in each of the three inbred lines:increasing first,then dropping after peak,and insignificant at the end.Of the main pericarp components,mean contents were in the order:hemicellulose>cellulose>lignin in both environments at each time point for the three inbred lines.As the pericarp developed,hemicellulose content increased gradually,lignin content varied along a single-peak curve,cellulose content fluctuated around 24%,and pectin and ash contents changed slightly and irregularly.The pericarp of PE10,with the most tender pericarp,accumulated hemicellulose faster than other two lines.Hemicellulose and lignin contents were significantly correlated with pericarp tenderness,and the main components affected pericarp tenderness.

Removal of Pb(Ⅱ) ions from aqueous solutions by litchi pericarp and its leachate

The adsorption capacity of Pb(Ⅱ) on litchi pericarps was investigated as a function of temperature,pH,and adsorbent dose using batch experiments.The experimental data obtained were evaluated using adsorption equilibrium isotherms and a kinetic model.Additionally,the removal of Pb(Ⅱ) in leachate of litchi pericarps was also evaluated.The results show that litchi pericarps exhibit a high adsorption capacity to Pb(Ⅱ),with the maximum removal efficiency occurring at a temperature of 25 ℃,a pH of 6.0-7.0 and an adsorbent dosage of 10 g/L.Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms and the pseudo-second-order kinetic model can all fit the equilibrium adsorption satisfactorily,with correlation coefficients(R^2) of 0.9935,0.9918 and 1.0,respectively.An average removal efficiency of 66.65% is found for Pb(Ⅱ) in leachate of litchi pericarps.

Separation and Purification Process of Total Flavones from Litchi Pericarp by Macroporous Absorption Resin

[Objective] This study aimed to optimize the conditions for purification of total flavones from litchi pericarp by macroporous absorption resin.[Method] The flavones adsorption rates and desorption rates of macroporous absorption resins(AB-8,HPD-600,D101) were compared,and the technological parameters of D101 during the purification process were investigated.[Result] D101 macroporous absorption resin was appropriate for the purification of total flavonoids from litchi pericarp.The optimal technological conditions were selected:the pH of sample solution was 5.0;concentration of sample solution was 4 mg/ml,with a volume of 2.5BV;80% ethanol was used as elution solution,with a volume of 2.0BV.[Conclusion] The content of total flavones achieved 83% after separation by D101 macoporous absorption resin.

火龙果皮花青素生物转化菌株筛选及工艺优化

该研究以火龙果皮粉为发酵基质,采用20种食用真菌进行发酵,通过监测发酵后发酵液中花青素含量的变化,筛选出转化效率高的供试菌株作为火龙果皮发酵菌株,并采用响应面法优化其发酵工艺。结果表明,20种食用真菌中,经蜜环菌(Armillaria mellea)发酵的火龙果皮液中花青素含量最高,其最优发酵工艺为发酵时间5 d、接种量6%、发酵温度25℃、料液比1∶50(g∶mL)。在此优化条件下,发酵液中花青素含量达(2.03±0.02)mg/100 mL,是未经食用真菌转化的11.94倍,表明微生物辅助可有效转化火龙果果皮中花青素。

低共熔溶剂提取荔枝壳中的原花青素及其抗氧化活性

该研究通过建立低共熔溶剂(DES)最佳提取工艺为荔枝壳原花青素的绿色高效制备提供技术支撑。通过比较了4种低共熔溶剂与70%(V/V)乙醇提取对荔枝壳原花青素提取效率、化学构成及ORAC抗氧化活性的影响,确定氯化胆碱-1,3-丁二醇为最佳提取溶剂。HPLC分析表明4种低共熔溶剂与70%(V/V)乙醇提取的荔枝壳原花青素主要成分均为原花青素A2、芦丁、表儿茶素、原花青素B1及山奈酚-3-O-芸香糖苷。进一步通过单因素试验结合正交优化确定了氯化胆碱-1,3-丁二醇提取最佳工艺条件:料液比1:20(g/mL),溶剂摩尔比1:4,溶剂含水量50%(V/V),提取温度60℃,提取时间90 min,在该条件下提取液中的荔枝壳原花青素含量高达5.07 mg PE/mL,是70%(V/V)乙醇提取的1.4倍,其ORAC值及DPPH和ABTS^(+)自由基的IC_(50)值分别为5496.25μmol TE/mL、27.35μg PE/mL和23.82μg PE/mL,均优于70%(V/V)乙醇提取的原花青素(3370.17μmol TE/mL、36.41μg PE/mL和31.56μg PE/mL)(P<0.05),研究结果表明低共熔溶剂在荔枝壳原花青素提取方面具有显著优势。

GABA处理延缓荔枝果皮褐变及与酚类物质变化的关系

荔枝采后极易发生果皮褐变,为研究外源γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)处理对荔枝果皮褐变及酚类物质变化的影响,采用5 mmol/L的GABA溶液浸泡处理荔枝15 min,于(20±1)℃下贮藏6 d,定期取样进行果皮褐变及酚类物质相关生理指标测定。结果表明:GABA处理可以有效延缓荔枝果皮褐变,5 mmol/L GABA处理的荔枝在20℃下贮藏6 d后褐变指数为2.80,显著低于对照组(3.60),同时好果率达36.67%,失重率仅为3.82%。在贮藏期间,GABA处理显著减少荔枝果皮中丙二醛(MDA)积累,抑制多酚氧化酶(PPO),过氧化物酶(POD)和漆酶(LAC)活力,激活苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL),贮藏6 d时GABA处理的荔枝果皮具有较高的总酚(525.93 mg GA/g)、黄酮(14.06 mg rutin/g)和花色苷(0.54∆A/g)物质积累,果皮DPPH自由基清除能力提高。实验结果说明,5 mmol/L GABA处理能抑制酶促褐变的发生,改变酚类物质代谢进程,从而延缓荔枝果皮褐变,改善荔枝采后贮藏品质。

黄瓜嫩果果皮颜色QTL定位与候选基因分析

果皮颜色是黄瓜(Cucumis sativus L.)重要的外观品质性状。以黄瓜嫩果绿色果皮材料CSIVF0254和嫩果白色果皮材料CSIVF0021为亲本,构建F2群体,对黄瓜嫩果果皮颜色基因进行遗传规律分析和基因定位研究。结果表明黄瓜嫩果果皮绿色对白色为不完全显性。2022年春季和秋季均检测到相同的主效位点Qcsc3.1、Qcsc5.1,其中Qcsc3.1被定位到3号染色体标记InDel3842~InDel4076之间,LOD值为17.19和24.92,表型贡献率在36.38%~39.86%之间;Qcsc5.1被定位到5号染色体标记InDel2342~SSR06660之间,LOD值为13.51和23.11,表型贡献率在28.53%~34.19%之间。通过生物信息学和qRT-PCR分析预测到5个候选基因。研究结果为调控果皮颜色基因精细定位及分子标记辅助选择育种奠定了良好的基础。

糯粳高粱理化性质及小分子代谢物差异分析

该研究以2种糯高粱和2种粳高粱为研究对象,分析比较其籽粒外观颜色、果皮厚度、淀粉结构和小分子代谢物方面的差异。结果表明,2种糯高粱籽粒呈红色,2种粳高粱籽粒呈白色。糯高粱的果皮(果皮层和种皮层)厚度(49.35~78.16μm)显著高于粳高粱(33.39~49.03μm)(P<0.05)。糯高粱的淀粉颗粒主要呈卵圆形且排列疏松,而粳高粱的淀粉颗粒多为不规则且排列紧密。不同高粱品种之间的小分子代谢物组分存在显著差异,鉴定出糯高粱的标志性代谢为物儿茶素,粳高粱的标志性代谢物为5-羟基吲哚-3-乙酸。该研究揭示了糯高粱和粳高粱在果皮厚度、淀粉形态和小分子代谢物方面存在显著差异,有助于区分不同高粱品种,为解析酒粮关系奠定基础。

4种枸橼类柑橘果皮挥发性成分分析

【目的】系统比较4种枸橼类柑橘果皮挥发性成分并筛选差异特征挥发性成分,对利用枸橼类柑橘种质资源及促进柑橘精油产业开发具有重要意义。【方法】采用溶剂萃取结合气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)联用技术对云柠1号柠檬、红柠檬、香水柠檬和香橼果皮的挥发性成分进行测定。【结果】在云柠1号柠檬、红柠檬、香水柠檬和香橼果皮中共检测出85种挥发性成分,依次检测出72种、57种、58种、58种;从总挥发性成分含量看,云柠1号柠檬>香水柠檬>红柠檬>香橼。通过偏最小二乘法判别分析(PLS-DA),可将4种枸橼类柑橘品种有效区分;以VIP≥1,p<0.05为基准,筛选得到12种差异特征挥发性成分,其中云柠1号柠檬果皮中γ-松油烯、β-桧烯、柠檬醛、β-蒎烯、α-蒎烯、橙花醛的含量显著积累;红柠檬果皮中(Z)-α-佛手柑油烯、α-金合欢烯的含量显著积累,其中α-金合欢烯是红柠檬果皮中所特有的;香水柠檬果皮中D-柠檬烯、香茅醛含量显著积累;香橼果皮中香叶醇、紫苏醛含量显著积累。【结论】不同枸橼类柑橘果皮的挥发性成分种类和含量差异显著,其中D-柠檬烯、γ-松油烯、β-桧烯、香茅醛、柠檬醛、香叶醇、(Z)-α-佛手柑油烯、β-蒎烯、α-蒎烯、α-合金欢烯、紫苏醛、橙花醛可作为这4种枸橼类柑橘果皮的差异特征挥发性成分。云柠1号柠檬和香水柠檬香气成分丰富,可作为优异的柑橘香气资源。

基于简单加权分析的花椒果皮DNA快速提取方法比较研究

目的开发和探究适用于花椒基因组DNA的快速提取方法。方法选取8种不同品种的花椒,分别利用3种不同的DNA提取方法,包括一管式植物DNA抽提试剂盒、基于载体的纤维素滤纸提取法和无菌拭子浸入法,进行花椒果皮基因组DNA快速提取,比较不同DNA提取方法在花椒果皮基因组提取中的效果。其中纤维素滤纸提取法和无菌拭子浸入法均通过载体转移进行DNA的快速提取,基于十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide,CTAB)和十二烷基硫酸钠(sodium dodecyl sulfate,SDS)两种不同的裂解液,在3 min以内即可提取DNA并得到聚合酶链式反应(polymerase chain reaction,PCR)扩增体系。通过简单加权(simple additive weighting,SAW)分析,基于PCR扩增能力、提取时间、提取成本、试剂安全性、程序简单性等方面进行综合评分。结果所选的快速提取试剂盒不适用于花椒果皮这类含次生代谢物较多的实验材料,而无菌拭子、纤维素滤纸两种载体提取得到的花椒果皮DNA均可以进行后续的PCR操作,最终CTAB纤维素滤纸法以其低成本、短时间、高扩增效率等优势排名第一。结论本研究探究了适用于花椒果皮基因组DNA的快速提取方法,并且通过SAW分析得出CTAB纤维素滤纸法是最优选择,表明载体转移法可以作为花椒基因组DNA快速提取方法之一,为花椒基因组DNA快速提取提供了参考方案,并为类似动植物基因组DNA的快速提取研究提供了参考。