Rock avalanches are generally difficult to prevent and control due to their high velocities and the extensive destruction they cause.However,barrier structures constructed along the path of a rock avalanche can partia...Rock avalanches are generally difficult to prevent and control due to their high velocities and the extensive destruction they cause.However,barrier structures constructed along the path of a rock avalanche can partially mitigate the magnitudes and consequences of such catastrophic events.We selected a rock avalanche in Nayong County,Guizhou Province,China as a case to study the effect of the location and height of a retaining wall on the dynamic characteristics of rock avalanche by using both actual terrain-based laboratory-model tests and coupled PFC3D-FLAC3D numerical simulations.Our findings demonstrate that a retaining wall can largely block a rock avalanche and its protective efficacy is significantly influenced by the integrity of the retaining wall.Coupled numerical simulation can serve as a powerful tool for analyzing the interaction between a rock avalanche and a retaining wall,facilitating precise observations of its deformation and destruction.The impact-curve characteristics of the retaining wall depend upon whether or not the rock avalanche-induced destruction is taken into account.The location of the retaining wall exerts a greater influence on the outcome compared to the height and materials of the retaining wall,while implementing a stepped retaining-wall pattern in accordance with the terrain demonstrates optimal efficacy in controlling rock avalanche.展开更多
The operation of a shield tunnel boring machine(TBM)in a high-strength hard rock stratum results in significant cutter damage,adversely affecting the thrust and torque of the cutter head.Therefore,it is very important...The operation of a shield tunnel boring machine(TBM)in a high-strength hard rock stratum results in significant cutter damage,adversely affecting the thrust and torque of the cutter head.Therefore,it is very important to carry out the research on the stress characteristics and optimize the cutter parameters of cutters break high-strength hard rock.In this paper,the rock-breaking performance of cutters in an andesite stratum in the tunnel of Qingdao Metro Line No.8 was investigated using the discrete element method and theoretical analysis.The rock-breaking processes of a disc cutter and wedge tooth cutter were simulated by software particle flow code PFC^(3D),and the rock-breaking degree,stress of the cutter,and rock-breaking specific energy were analyzed.The rock damage caused by the cutter in a specific section was divided into three stages:the advanced influence,crushing,and stabilizing stages.The rock-breaking degree and the tangential and normal forces of the wedge tooth cutter are larger than that of the disc cutter under the same conditions.The disc cutter(wedge tooth cutter)has the highest rock-breaking efficiency at a cutter spacing of 100 mm(110 mm)and a penetration depth of 8 mm(10 mm),and the rock-breaking specific energy is 11.48 MJ/m^(3)(12.05 MJ/m^(3)).Therefore,two types of cutters with different penetration depths or cutter spacing should be considered.The number of teeth of wedge tooth cutters can be increased in hard strata to improve the rock-breaking efficiency of the shield.The research results provide a reference for shield cutterhead selection and cutter layout in similar projects.展开更多
Pre-existing discontinuities change the mechanical properties of rock masses,and further influence failure behavior around an underground opening.In present study,the failure behavior in both Inner and Outer zones aro...Pre-existing discontinuities change the mechanical properties of rock masses,and further influence failure behavior around an underground opening.In present study,the failure behavior in both Inner and Outer zones around a circular opening in a non-persistently jointed rock mass under biaxial compression was investigated through numerical simulations.First,the micro parameters of the PFC^(3D) model were carefully calibrated using the macro mechanical properties determined in physical experiments implemented on jointed rock models.Then,a parametrical study was undertaken of the effect of stress condition,joint dip angle and joint persistency.Under low initial stress,the confining stress improves the mechanical behavior of the surrounding rock masses;while under high initial stress,the surrounding rock mass failed immediately following excavation.At small dip angles the cracks around the circular opening developed generally outwards in a step-path failure pattern;whereas,at high dip angles the surrounding rock mass failed in an instantaneous intact rock failure pattern.Moreover,the stability of the rock mass around the circular opening deteriorated significantly with increasing joint persistency.展开更多
渗流是引起土石混合填料中细颗粒流失,致使土体结构变化引起路基变形及失稳的关键因素。采用自行研发的颗粒流失试验装置,对不同级配的土石混合填料进行渗流试验,监测渗流作用下填料的透水质量、细颗粒流失量和沉降量的变化过程,分析土...渗流是引起土石混合填料中细颗粒流失,致使土体结构变化引起路基变形及失稳的关键因素。采用自行研发的颗粒流失试验装置,对不同级配的土石混合填料进行渗流试验,监测渗流作用下填料的透水质量、细颗粒流失量和沉降量的变化过程,分析土体结构演变过程;采用PFC^(3D)(Particle Flow Code in 3D)对细颗粒流失过程进行数值模拟,分析填料孔隙和粒径动态变化特性。研究结果表明:透水质量和细颗粒流失率可以反映土石混合填料结构对水分的敏感程度。填料骨架结构对水分的敏感程度越低,可及时有效地排出水分,渗流对结构的破坏越小。渗流条件下土石混合填料的结构演化过程可分为细颗粒快速流失、骨架重塑和相对稳定3个阶段,其中骨架重塑阶段是引起其结构演化的关键阶段。细颗粒快速流失阶段,每小时透水量增长速率较快,细颗粒大量流失,沉降量很小;骨架重塑阶段,每小时透水量变化速率减缓,细颗粒流失量减少,但骨架结构重组导致颗粒产生明显的相对位移,沉降量增长较快;相对稳定阶段,每小时透水量变化缓慢,沉降量基本保持不变。颗粒流失数值模拟的过程表明细颗粒组分的迁移引起填料孔隙率产生变化,致使土体结构发生改变。上述结果表明,在所研究的几种填料中,n=0.55级配下土石混合填料的骨架结构最稳定,对水分的敏感性最弱。展开更多
基金Hunan Provincial key Laboratory of key Technology on Hydropower Development Open Research Fund (PKLHD202203)
文摘Rock avalanches are generally difficult to prevent and control due to their high velocities and the extensive destruction they cause.However,barrier structures constructed along the path of a rock avalanche can partially mitigate the magnitudes and consequences of such catastrophic events.We selected a rock avalanche in Nayong County,Guizhou Province,China as a case to study the effect of the location and height of a retaining wall on the dynamic characteristics of rock avalanche by using both actual terrain-based laboratory-model tests and coupled PFC3D-FLAC3D numerical simulations.Our findings demonstrate that a retaining wall can largely block a rock avalanche and its protective efficacy is significantly influenced by the integrity of the retaining wall.Coupled numerical simulation can serve as a powerful tool for analyzing the interaction between a rock avalanche and a retaining wall,facilitating precise observations of its deformation and destruction.The impact-curve characteristics of the retaining wall depend upon whether or not the rock avalanche-induced destruction is taken into account.The location of the retaining wall exerts a greater influence on the outcome compared to the height and materials of the retaining wall,while implementing a stepped retaining-wall pattern in accordance with the terrain demonstrates optimal efficacy in controlling rock avalanche.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.51608521,51809264)Beijing Municipal Major Achievements Transformation and Industrialization Projects of Central Universities(Grant No.ZDZH20141141301)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant No.2023ZKPYLJ06).
文摘The operation of a shield tunnel boring machine(TBM)in a high-strength hard rock stratum results in significant cutter damage,adversely affecting the thrust and torque of the cutter head.Therefore,it is very important to carry out the research on the stress characteristics and optimize the cutter parameters of cutters break high-strength hard rock.In this paper,the rock-breaking performance of cutters in an andesite stratum in the tunnel of Qingdao Metro Line No.8 was investigated using the discrete element method and theoretical analysis.The rock-breaking processes of a disc cutter and wedge tooth cutter were simulated by software particle flow code PFC^(3D),and the rock-breaking degree,stress of the cutter,and rock-breaking specific energy were analyzed.The rock damage caused by the cutter in a specific section was divided into three stages:the advanced influence,crushing,and stabilizing stages.The rock-breaking degree and the tangential and normal forces of the wedge tooth cutter are larger than that of the disc cutter under the same conditions.The disc cutter(wedge tooth cutter)has the highest rock-breaking efficiency at a cutter spacing of 100 mm(110 mm)and a penetration depth of 8 mm(10 mm),and the rock-breaking specific energy is 11.48 MJ/m^(3)(12.05 MJ/m^(3)).Therefore,two types of cutters with different penetration depths or cutter spacing should be considered.The number of teeth of wedge tooth cutters can be increased in hard strata to improve the rock-breaking efficiency of the shield.The research results provide a reference for shield cutterhead selection and cutter layout in similar projects.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (No.2013CB036003)the Graduate Research and Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province (No.CXLX13_943)
文摘Pre-existing discontinuities change the mechanical properties of rock masses,and further influence failure behavior around an underground opening.In present study,the failure behavior in both Inner and Outer zones around a circular opening in a non-persistently jointed rock mass under biaxial compression was investigated through numerical simulations.First,the micro parameters of the PFC^(3D) model were carefully calibrated using the macro mechanical properties determined in physical experiments implemented on jointed rock models.Then,a parametrical study was undertaken of the effect of stress condition,joint dip angle and joint persistency.Under low initial stress,the confining stress improves the mechanical behavior of the surrounding rock masses;while under high initial stress,the surrounding rock mass failed immediately following excavation.At small dip angles the cracks around the circular opening developed generally outwards in a step-path failure pattern;whereas,at high dip angles the surrounding rock mass failed in an instantaneous intact rock failure pattern.Moreover,the stability of the rock mass around the circular opening deteriorated significantly with increasing joint persistency.
文摘渗流是引起土石混合填料中细颗粒流失,致使土体结构变化引起路基变形及失稳的关键因素。采用自行研发的颗粒流失试验装置,对不同级配的土石混合填料进行渗流试验,监测渗流作用下填料的透水质量、细颗粒流失量和沉降量的变化过程,分析土体结构演变过程;采用PFC^(3D)(Particle Flow Code in 3D)对细颗粒流失过程进行数值模拟,分析填料孔隙和粒径动态变化特性。研究结果表明:透水质量和细颗粒流失率可以反映土石混合填料结构对水分的敏感程度。填料骨架结构对水分的敏感程度越低,可及时有效地排出水分,渗流对结构的破坏越小。渗流条件下土石混合填料的结构演化过程可分为细颗粒快速流失、骨架重塑和相对稳定3个阶段,其中骨架重塑阶段是引起其结构演化的关键阶段。细颗粒快速流失阶段,每小时透水量增长速率较快,细颗粒大量流失,沉降量很小;骨架重塑阶段,每小时透水量变化速率减缓,细颗粒流失量减少,但骨架结构重组导致颗粒产生明显的相对位移,沉降量增长较快;相对稳定阶段,每小时透水量变化缓慢,沉降量基本保持不变。颗粒流失数值模拟的过程表明细颗粒组分的迁移引起填料孔隙率产生变化,致使土体结构发生改变。上述结果表明,在所研究的几种填料中,n=0.55级配下土石混合填料的骨架结构最稳定,对水分的敏感性最弱。
