The Future Trend of E-Mobility in Terms of Battery Electric Vehicles and Their Impact on Climate Change: A Case Study Applied in Hungary

The transportation sector is responsible for 25% of the total Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, whereas 60.6% of this sector represents small and medium passenger cars. However, as noted by the European Union Long-term strategy, there are two ways to reduce the amount of CO2 emissions in the transportation sector. The first way is characterized by creating more efficient vehicles. In contrast, the second way is characterized by changing the fuel used. The current study addressed the second way, changing the fuel type. The study examined the potential of battery electric vehicles (BEVs) as an alternative fuel type to reduce CO2 emissions in Hungarys transportation sector. The study used secondary data retrieved from Statista and stata.com to analyze the future trends of BEVs in Hungary. The results showed that the percentage of BEVs in Hungary in 2022 was 0.4% compared to the total number of registered passenger cars, which is 3.8 million. The simple exponential smoothing (SES) time series forecast revealed that the number of BEVs is expected to reach 84,192 in 2030, indicating a percentage increase of 2.21% in the next eight years. The study suggests that increasing the number of BEVs is necessary to address the negative impact of CO2 emissions on society. The Hungarian Ministry of Innovation and Technologys strategy to reduce the cost of BEVs may increase the percentage of BEVs by 10%, resulting in a potential average reduction of 76,957,600 g/km of CO2 compared to gasoline, diesel, hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), and plug-in hybrid vehicles (PHEVs).

Study on ultracapacitor-battery hybrid power system for PHEV applications

For the battery only power system is hard to meet the energy and power requirements reasonably, a hybrid power system with uhracapacitor and battery is studied. A Topology structure is analyzed that the uhracapacitor system is connected with battery pack parallel after a bidirectional DC/DC converter. The ultracapacitor, battery and the hybrid power system are modeled. For the plug-in hybrid electric vehicle （PHEV） application, the control target and control strategy of the hybrid power system are put forward. From the simulation results based on the Chinese urban driving cycle, the hybrid power system could meet the peak power requirements reasonably while the battery pack＇ s current is controlled in a reasonable limit which will be helpful to optimize the battery pack＇ s working conditions to get long cycling life and high efficiency.

Parameters matching and optimization of parallel hybrid electric vehicle powertrain

Aiming at the development of parallel hybrid electric vehicle （PHEV） powertrain, parameter matching and optimization are presented, According to the performance of PHEV, the optimization range of engine, motor, driveline gear ratio and battery parameters are determined. And then a two-level optimization problem is formulated based on analytical target cascading （ATC）. At the system level, the optimization of the whole vehicle fuel economy is carried out, while the tractive performance is defined as the constraints. The optimized parameters are cascaded to the subsystem as the optimization targets. At the subsystem level, the final drive and transmission design are optimized to make the ratios as close to the targets as possible. The optimization result shows that the fuel economy had improved significantly, while the tractive performance maintains the former level.

Energy Control of Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles Using Model Predictive Control With Route Preview

The paper proposes an adoption of slope,elevation,speed and route distance preview to achieve optimal energymanagement of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles(PHEVs).Theapproach is to identify route features from historical and real-time traffic data,in which information fusion model and trafficprediction model are used to improve the information accuracy.Then,dynamic programming combined with equivalent con-sumption minimization strategy is used to compute an optimalsolution for real-time energy management.The solution is thereference for PHEV energy management control along the route.To improve the system's ability of handling changing situation,the study further explores predictive control model in the real-time control of the energy.A simulation is performed to modelPHEV under above energy control strategy with route preview.The results show that the average fuel consumption of PHEValong the previewed route with model predictive control(MPC)strategy can be reduced compared with optimal strategy andbase control strategy.

OPTIMAL TORQUE CONTROL STRATEGY FOR PARALLEL HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLE WITH AUTOMATIC MECHANICAL TRANSMISSION

In parallel hybrid electrical vehicle （PHEV） equipped with automatic mechanical transmission （AMT）, the driving smoothness and the clutch abrasion are the primary considerations for powertrain control during gearshift and clutch operation. To improve these performance indexes of PHEV, a coordinated control system is proposed through the analyzing of HEV powertrain dynamic characteristics. Using the method of minimum principle, the input torque of transmission is optimized to improve the driving smoothness of vehicle. Using the methods of fuzzy logic and fuzzy-PID, the engaging speed of clutch and the throttle opening of engine are manipulated to ensure the smoothness of clutch engagement and reduce the abrasion of clutch friction plates. The motor provides the difference between the required input torque of transmission and the torque transmitted through clutch plates. Results of simulation and experiments show that the proposed control strategy performs better than the contrastive control system, the smoothness of driving and the abrasion of clutch can be improved simultaneously.

Study on load performance of electric motor system used in hybrid electric vehicle

The performance of the power assist, global optimization solved by dynamic programming （DP） method, Chery and Insight control strategies are analyzed using the mild parallel hybrid electric vehicle （PHEV） model based on Insight structure. The influence of the four control strategies to the load power of the electric motor system used on parallel hybrid electric vehicle is studied. It is found that 80 percent of the motor load power points are under 1/5 of the electric peak power. The motor load power of the power assist control strategy is distributed in the widest range during generating operation, and the motor load power of the global optimization control strategy has the smallest one.

Applications of Serial-Parallel Compensated Resonant Topology in Wireless Charger System Used in Electric Vehicles

There are lots of factors that can influence the wireless charging efficiency in practice, such as misalignment and air-gap difference, which can also change all the charging parameters. To figure out the relationship between those facts and system, this paper presents a serial-parallel compensated(SPC) topology for electric vehicle/plug-in hybrid electric vehicle(EV/PHEV) wireless charger and provides all the parameters changing with corresponding curves. An ANSYS model is built to extract the coupling coefficient of coils. When the system is works at constant output power, the scan frequency process can be applied to wireless power transfer(WPT) and get the resonant frequency. In this way, it could determine the best frequency for system to achieve zero voltage switching status and force the system to hit the maximum transmission efficiency. Then frequency tracking control(FTC) is used to obtain the highest system efficiency. In the paper, the designed system is rated at 500 W with 15 cm air-gap, the overall efficiency is 92%. At the end, the paper also gives the consideration on how to improve the system efficiency.

Design and Strategy of Series-Parallel Hybrid System Based on BSFC

In this paper,a drive control strategy is developed based on the characteristics of series-parallel plug-in hybrid system.Energy management strategies in various modes are established with the basis on the minimum brake specific fuel consumption(BSFC)curve of engine.The control strategy,which is based on rules and system efficiency,is adopted to determine the entry/exit mechanisms of various modes according to battery state of charge(SOC),required power and required speed.The vehicle test results verify that the proposed control strategy can improve vehicle economy efficiently and makes a good effect on engine control.

Microgrid economic operation considering plug-in hybrid electric vehicles integration

In this paper,the microgrid economic scheduling mathematical model considering the integration of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles(PHEVs)is presented and the influence of different charging and discharging modes on microgrid economic operation is analyzed.The generic algorithm is used to find an economically optimal solution for the microgrid and PHEV owners.The scheduling of PHEVs and the microgrid are optimized to reduce daily electricity cost and the potential benefits of controlled charging/discharging are explored systematically.Constraints caused by vehicle utilization as well as technical limitations of distributed generation and energy storage system are taken into account.The proposed economic scheduling is evaluated through a simulation by using a typical grid-connected microgrid model.

Contemporary Trends in Power Electronics Converters for Charging Solutions of Electric Vehicles

Electrifying the transport sector requires new possibilities for power electronics converters to attain reliable and efficient charging solutions for electric vehicles(EVs).With the continuous development in power electronics converters,the desire to reduce gasoline consumption and to increase the battery capacity for more electric range is achievable for EVs in the near future.The main interface between the power network and EV battery system is a power electronics converter,therefore,there is a considerable need of new power converters with low cost and high reliability for the advance charging mechanism of EVs.The rapid growth in power converter topologies brings substantial opportunities in EV charging process.In view of this fact,this paper investigates the significant aspects,current progress,and challenges associated with several power converters to suggest further improvements in charging systems of EVs.In particular,an extensive analysis of front-end as well as back-end converter configurations is presented.Moreover,the comparative properties of resonant converter topologies along with other DCDC converters are discussed in detail.Additionally,isolated,and non-isolated topologies with soft switching techniques are classified and rigorously analyzed with a view to their respective issues and benefits.It is foreseen that this paper would be a valuable addition and a worthy source of information for researchers exploring the area of power converter topologies for charging solutions of EVs.