Hypoglycemic mechanism of Tegillarca granosa polysaccharides on type 2 diabetic mice by altering gut microbiota and regulating the PI3K-akt signaling pathwaye

Type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)is a complex metabolic disease threatening human health.We investigated the effects of Tegillarca granosa polysaccharide(TGP)and determined its potential mechanisms in a mouse model of T2DM established through a high-fat diet and streptozotocin.TGP(5.1×10^(3) Da)was composed of mannose,glucosamine,rhamnose,glucuronic acid,galactosamine,glucose,galactose,xylose,and fucose.It could significantly alleviate weight loss,reduce fasting blood glucose levels,reverse dyslipidemia,reduce liver damage from oxidative stress,and improve insulin sensitivity.RT-PCR and Western blotting indicated that TGP could activate the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/protein kinase B signaling pathway to regulate disorders in glucolipid metabolism and improve insulin resistance.TGP increased the abundance of Allobaculum,Akkermansia,and Bifidobacterium,restored the microbiota abundance in the intestinal tracts of mice with T2DM,and promoted short-chain fatty acid production.This study provides new insights into the antidiabetic effects of TGP and highlights its potential as a natural hypoglycemic nutraceutical.

Downregulation of Serum PTEN Expression in Mercury-Exposed Population and PI3K/AKT Pathway-Induced Inflammation

Objective This study investigated the impact of occupational mercury(Hg) exposure on human gene transcription and expression, and its potential biological mechanisms.Methods Differentially expressed genes related to Hg exposure were identified and validated using gene expression microarray analysis and extended validation. Hg-exposed cell models and PTEN lowexpression models were established in vitro using 293T cells. PTEN gene expression was assessed using qRT-PCR, and Western blotting was used to measure PTEN, AKT, and PI3K protein levels. IL-6 expression was determined by ELISA.Results Combined findings from gene expression microarray analysis, bioinformatics, and population expansion validation indicated significant downregulation of the PTEN gene in the high-concentration Hg exposure group. In the Hg-exposed cell model(25 and 10 μmol/L), a significant decrease in PTEN expression was observed, accompanied by a significant increase in PI3K, AKT, and IL-6 expression.Similarly, a low-expression cell model demonstrated that PTEN gene knockdown led to a significant decrease in PTEN protein expression and a substantial increase in PI3K, AKT, and IL-6 levels.Conclusion This is the first study to report that Hg exposure downregulates the PTEN gene, activates the PI3K/AKT regulatory pathway, and increases the expression of inflammatory factors, ultimately resulting in kidney inflammation.

Spi1 regulates the microglial/macrophage inflammatory response via the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway after intracerebral hemorrhage

Preclinical and clinical studies have shown that microglia and macrophages participate in a multiphasic brain damage repair process following intracerebral hemorrhage.The E26 transformation-specific sequence-related transcription factor Spi1 regulates microglial/macrophage commitment and maturation.However,the effect of Spi1 on intracerebral hemorrhage remains unclear.In this study,we found that Spi1 may regulate recovery from the neuroinflammation and neurofunctional damage caused by intracerebral hemorrhage by modulating the microglial/macrophage transcriptome.We showed that high Spi1expression in microglia/macrophages after intracerebral hemorrhage is associated with the activation of many pathways that promote phagocytosis,glycolysis,and autophagy,as well as debris clearance and sustained remyelination.Notably,microglia with higher levels of Soil expression were chara cterized by activation of pathways associated with a variety of hemorrhage-related cellular processes,such as complement activation,angiogenesis,and coagulation.In conclusion,our results suggest that Spi1 plays a vital role in the microglial/macrophage inflammatory response following intracerebral hemorrhage.This new insight into the regulation of Spi1 and its target genes may advance our understanding of neuroinflammation in intracerebral hemorrhage and provide therapeutic targets for patients with intracerebral hemorrhage.

MicroRNA (let-7b-5p)-targeted DARS2 regulates lung adenocarcinoma growth by PI3K/AKT signaling pathway

Background:The aberrant intraellular expression of a mitochondrial aspartyl tRNA synthetase 2(DARS2)has been reported in human cancers.Nevertheless its critical role and detailed mechanism in lung adenocarcinoma(LUAD)remain unexplored.Methods:Initially,The Cancer Genome Atlas(TCGA)based Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis(GEPIA)database (http:/gepia.cancer-pku.cn/)was used to analyze the prognostic relevance of DARS2 expression in LUAD.Further,cell counting kit(CCK)8,immunostaining,and transwell invasion assays in LUAD cell lines in vitro,as well as DARS2 silence on LUAD by tumorigenicity experiments in wivo in nude mice,were performed.Besides,we analyzed the expression levels of p-PI3K(phosphorylated Phosphotylinosital3 kinase),PI3K,AKT(Protein Kinase B),p-AKT(phosphorylated Protein Kinase B),PCNA(proliferating cell nudear antigen),cleaved-caspase 3,E cadherin,and N-cadherin proteins using the Westem blot analysis.Results:LUAD tissues showed higher DARS2 expression compared to normal tissues.Upregulation of DARS2 could be related to Tumor-Node-Metastasis(TNM)stage,high lymph node metastasis,and inferior prognosis.DARS2 silence decreased the proliferation,migration,and invasion abilities of LUAD cells.In addition,the DARS2 downregulation decreased the PCNA and N-cadherin expression and increased cleaved:caspase 3 and E cadherin expressions in LUAD cells,coupled with the inactivation of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.Moreover,DARS2 silence impaired the tumonigenicity of LUAD in vivo.Interestingly,let:7b-5p could recognize DARS2 through a complementary sequence.Mechanistically,the increased let 7b 5p expression attenuated the promo oncogenic action of DARS2 during LUAD progression,which were inversely correlated to each other in the LUAD tssues Conclusion:In summary,let 7b-5p,downregulated DARS2 expression,regulating the progression of LUAD cells by the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.

Alleviatory effect of isoquercetin on benign prostatic hyperplasia via IGF-1/PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway

We evaluated the effect of isoquercetin(quercetin-O-3-glucoside-quercetin,IQ)as a functional component of Abeliophyllum disistichum Nakai ethanol extract(ADLE)on prostate cell proliferation and apoptosis and its effects on the IGF-1/PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway in benign prostatic hyperplasia(BPH).Metabolites in ADLE were analyzed using UHPLC-qTOF-MS and HPLC.IQ was orally administered(1 or 10 mg/kg)to a testosterone propionate-induced BPH rat model,and its effects on the prostate weight were evaluated.The effect of IQ on androgen receptor(AR)signaling was analyzed in LNCaP cells.Whether IGF-1 and IQ affect the IGF-1/PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway in BPH-1 cells was also examined.The metabolites in ADLE were identified and quantified,which confirmed that ADLE contained abundant IQ(20.88 mg/g).IQ significantly reduced the prostate size in a concentration-dependent manner in a BPH rat model,and significantly decreased the expression of AR signaling factors in the rat prostate tissue and LNCaP cells in a concentration-dependent manner.IQ also inhibited the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway activated by IGF-1 treatment in BPH-1 cells.In BPH-1 cells,IQ led to G0/G1 arrest and suppressed the expression of proliferation factors while inducing apoptosis.Thus,IQ shows potential for use as a pharmaceutical and nutraceutical for BPH.

Myricetin induces M2 macrophage polarization to alleviate renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis in diabetic nephropathy via PI3K/Akt pathway

BACKGROUND Development of end-stage renal disease is predominantly attributed to diabetic nephropathy(DN).Previous studies have indicated that myricetin possesses the potential to mitigate the pathological alterations observed in renal tissue.Never-theless,the precise molecular mechanism through which myricetin influences the progression of DN remains uncertain.AIM To investigate the effects of myricetin on DN and explore its potential therapeutic mechanism.METHODS Db/db mice were administered myricetin intragastrically on a daily basis at doses of 50 mg/kg or 100 mg/kg for a duration of 12 wk.Subsequently,blood and urine indexes were assessed,along with examination of renal tissue pathology.Kidney morphology and fibrosis were evaluated using various staining techniques including hematoxylin and eosin,periodic acid–Schiff,Masson’s trichrome,and Sirius-red.Additionally,high-glucose culturing was conducted on the RAW 264.7 cell line,treated with 25 mM myricetin or co-administered with the PI3K/Akt inhibitor LY294002 for a period of 24 h.In both in vivo and in vitro settings,quantification of inflammation factor levels was conducted using western blotting,real-time qPCR and ELISA.RESULTS In db/db mice,administration of myricetin led to a mitigating effect on DN-induced renal dysfunction and fibrosis.Notably,we observed a significant reduction in expressions of the kidney injury markers kidney injury molecule-1 and neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin,along with a decrease in expressions of inflammatory cytokine-related factors.Furthermore,myricetin treatment effectively inhibited the up-regulation of tumor necrosis factor-alpha,interleukin-6,and interluekin-1βinduced by high glucose in RAW 264.7 cells.Additionally,myricetin modulated the M1-type polarization of the RAW 264.7 cells.Molecular docking and bioinformatic analyses revealed Akt as the target of myricetin.The protective effect of myricetin was nullified upon blocking the polarization of RAW 264.7 via inhibition of PI3K/Akt activation using LY294002.CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that myricetin effectively mitigates kidney injury in DN mice through the regulation of macrophage polarization via the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.

Acalypha australis L.extract inhibits B16 melanoma cell metastasis through PI3K/AKT signaling pathway

Background:Melanoma is a deadly skin tumor resulting from the malignant transformation of melanocytes.It is highly malignant and invasive,with the highest mortality rate among skin cancers.Acalypha australis L.(AAL),a plant with dual medicinal and culinary purposes,is commonly regarded as an edible wild vegetable in southern China.Additionally,AAL has a long history of medicinal use in China,often employed for its hemostatic,anti-diarrheal,and anti-inflammatory properties.Modern pharmacology has demonstrated that AAL possesses functions such as weight loss,antimicrobial activity,antiviral effects,and treatment for ulcerative colitis.However,there is currently no research available regarding its effectiveness and mechanisms of action on melanoma.Methods:In this investigation,we used methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium assay to detect cell viability,transwell assay to detect cell migration and invasion ability,and Western blot assay to detect relevant signaling pathways.Results:The present study reveals that 2 mg/mL AAL effectively suppresses the metastasis of B16 cells,while simultaneously triggering the expression of key apoptosis-related proteins,including Bcl-2,Bax,and cleaved caspased 3.Subsequent investigations demonstrate that AAL exerts this inhibitory effect via the PI3K/AKT signal transduction pathway,as evidenced by the observed deficits in Ras,AKT,p-AKT,and PI3K expression levels.Conclusion:These findings indicated that AAL could be a valuable therapeutic option for reducing the metastatic potential of B16 melanoma cells.

Thymoquinone affects hypoxia-inducible factor-1αexpression in pancreatic cancer cells via HSP90 and PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathways

BACKGROUND Pancreatic cancer(PC)is associated with some of the worst prognoses of all major cancers.Thymoquinone(TQ)has a long history in traditional medical practice and is known for its anti-cancer,anti-inflammatory,anti-fibrosis and antioxidant pharmacological activities.Recent studies on hypoxia-inducible factor-1α(HIF-1α)and PC have shown that HIF-1αaffects the occurrence and development of PC in many aspects.In addition,TQ could inhibit the development of renal cancer by decreasing the expression of HIF-1α.Therefore,we speculate whether TQ affects HIF-1αexpression in PC cells and explore the mechanism.AIM To elucidate the effect of TQ in PC cells and the regulatory mechanism of HIF-1αexpression.METHODS Cell counting kit-8 assay,Transwell assay and flow cytometry were performed to detect the effects of TQ on the proliferative activity,migration and invasion ability and apoptosis of PANC-1 cells and normal pancreatic duct epithelial(hTERTHPNE)cells.Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blot assay were performed to detect the expression of HIF-1αmRNA and protein in PC cells.The effects of TQ on the HIF-1αprotein initial expression pathway and ubiquitination degradation in PANC-1 cells were examined by western blot assay and co-immunoprecipitation.RESULTS TQ significantly inhibited proliferative activity,migration,and invasion ability and promoted apoptosis of PANC-1 cells;however,no significant effects on hTERT-HPNE cells were observed.TQ significantly reduced the mRNA and protein expression levels of HIF-1αin PANC-1,AsPC-1,and BxPC-3 cells.TQ significantly inhibited the expression of the HIF-1αinitial expression pathway(PI3K/AKT/mTOR)related proteins,and promoted the ubiquitination degradation of the HIF-1αprotein in PANC-1 cells.TQ had no effect on the hydroxylation and von Hippel Lindau protein mediated ubiquitination degradation of the HIF-1αprotein but affected the stability of the HIF-1αprotein by inhibiting the interaction between HIF-1αand HSP90,thus promoting its ubiquitination degradation.CONCLUSION The regulatory mechanism of TQ on HIF-1αprotein expression in PC cells was mainly to promote the ubiquitination degradation of the HIF-1αprotein by inhibiting the interaction between HIF-1αand HSP90;Secondly,TQ reduced the initial expression of HIF-1αprotein by inhibiting the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway.

Ascophyllum nodosum and Fucus vesiculosus ameliorate restenosis via improving inflammation and regulating the PTEN/PI3K/AKT signaling pathway

Restenosis is a common complication following coronary angioplasty.The traditional use of seaweeds for health benefits has increasingly been explored,however few studies exist reporting its protective effects on the development of restenosis and gut dysbiosis.The aim of this study was to investigate the potential of seaweed extracts(SE) of Ascophyllum nodosum and Fucus vesiculosus in inhibiting intimal hyperplasia in a rat model of restenosis and its underlying mechanisms in macrophages and vascular smooth muscle cells(vSMCs).16S rRNA sequencing was done to investigate the regulatory effect of SE on the gut microbiome of injured rats.As indicated by the results,SE significantly inhibited the progression of intimal hyperplasia in vivo,attenuated inflammation in macrophages and could inhibit the proliferation,dedifferentiation and migration of vSMCs.It was observed through immunoblotting assays that treatment with SE significantly upregulated PTEN expression in macrophages and inhibited the upregulation of PI3K and AKT expression in vSMCs.Meanwhile,according to the 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis,supplementation with SE modulated gut microbiota composition in injured rats.In conclusion,SE could ameliorate intimal hyperplasia by inhibiting inflammation and vSMCs proliferation through the regulation of the PTEN/PI3K/AKT pathway and modulating the gut microbiome.

Mechanism of stilbene glycosides on apoptosis of SH-SY5Y cells via regulating PI3K/AKT signaling pathway

Objective:To investigate the effects of stilbene glycoside(TSG)on okadaic acid-induced apoptosis in human neuroblastoma cells(SH-SY5Y)via the PI3K/AKT pathway.Methods:The optimal concentration of OA was screened by CCK-8 assay,and SH-SY5Y cells were divided into control group,model group,TSG group,LY294002 group and LY294002+TSG group.The proliferation and apoptosis in each group were detected by CCK-8 and TUNEL assays;Western blotting method and real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used to detect the expression of PI3K,P-PI3K(Y607),AKT,P-AKT(Ser473),Bcl-2 and Bax proteins.The relative protein expression was represented by P-PI3K(Y607)/PI3K,P-AKT(Ser473)/AKT and Bcl-2/Bax gray ratio.Results:CCK-8 screened the optimal concentration of OA as 40 nmol/L.Compared with the control group,the model group increased relative cell viability,decreased apoptosis rate,the pathway and apoptotic proteins expression levels of P-PI3K(Y607)/PI3K,P-AKT(Ser473)/AKT and Bcl-2/Bax were decreased,and the mRNA expression levels of PI3K,AKT and Bcl-2 were decreased.Bax mRNA expression level increased(P<0.05);Compared with model group,TSG group increased relative cell viability,decreased apoptosis rate,increased protein expression levels of P-PI3K(Y607)/PI3K,P-AKT(Ser473)/AKT,Bcl-2/Bax,and increased mRNA expression levels of PI3K,AKT,and Bcl-2.Bax mRNA expression decreased(P<0.05),LY294002 group decreased relative cell viability,increased apoptosis rate,P-PI3K(Y607)/PI3K protein expression levels were significantly decreased(P<0.05),P-AKT(Ser473)/AKT and Bcl-2/Bax protein expression levels were significantly decreased,but there was no statistical significance,PI3K,AKT and Bcl-2 mRNA expression levels were decreased,and Bax mRNA expression levels were increased(all P<0.05);Compared with LY294002 group,LY294002+TSG group increased relative cell viability,decreased apoptosis rate,and the protein expression levels of P-PI3K(Y607)/PI3K,P-AKT(Ser473)/AKT and Bcl-2/Bax were increased.The mRNA expression levels of PI3K,AKT,Bcl-2 were increased,Bax was decreased(all P<0.05).Conclusion:Stilbene glycoside may alleviate okadaic acid-induced apoptosis in SH-SY5Y cells by interfering with the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway,which in turn regulates the expression of apoptotic factors such as Bcl-2 and Bax.

益智仁-乌药药对调控PI3K/Akt/mTOR通路介导细胞自噬保护肾小球足细胞的作用机制研究

目的研究益智仁-乌药药对通过调控PI3K/Akt/mTOR信号通路促进足细胞自噬治疗糖尿病肾病(Diabetic Nephropathy,DN)的作用。方法60只造模成功的C57BL/KSJ-db/db(以下简称db/db)小鼠随机分为模型组、二甲双胍组、缬沙坦组、益智仁-乌药药对(低、中、高剂量)组,每组10只;另取10只C57BL/KSJ-db/m(以下简称db/m)小鼠为正常组,正常组和模型组给予生理盐水,治疗组小鼠分别给予相应药物,给药8周后检测小鼠肾脏病理学改变,足细胞自噬体数量、结构及相关蛋白表达。结果与模型组相比,益智仁-乌药药对组可显著减轻糖尿病肾病小鼠肾小球基底膜增厚情况,增加足细胞自噬体数量,显著升高自噬相关蛋白表达(P<0.05),降低PI3K/Akt/mTOR信号通路相关蛋白的表达(P<0.05)。其中益智仁-乌药药对高剂量组各指标改善优于益智仁-乌药低、中剂量组。结论益智仁-乌药药对通过抑制PI3K/Akt/mTOR信号通路激活,提高足细胞自噬水平,减轻足细胞损伤,发挥治疗糖尿病肾病的作用。

YBX1 inhibits mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis in ischemic heart through the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway

Background:Myocardial infarction(MI)is associated with higher morbidity and mortality in the world,especially in cold weather.YBX1 is an RNA-binding protein that is required for pathological growth of cardiomyocyte by regulating cell growth and protein synthesis.But YBX1,as an individual RNA-binding protein,regulates cardiomyocytes through signaling cascades during myocardial infarction remain largely unexplored.Methods:In vivo,the mouse MI model was induced by ligating the left anterior descending coronary artery(LAD),and randomly divided into sham operation group,MI group,MI+YBX1 knockdown/overexpression group and MI+negative control(NC)group.The protective effect of YBX1 was verified by echocardiography and triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining.In vitro,mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis was investigated by using CCK8,TUNEL staining,reactive oxygen species(ROS)staining and JC-1 staining in hypoxic neonatal mouse cardiomyocytes(NMCMs).Results:YBX1 expression of cardiomyocytes was downregulated in a mouse model and a cellular model on the ischemic condition.Compared to mice induced by MI,YBX1 overexpression mediated by adeno-associated virus serotype 9(AAV9)vector reduced the infarcted size and improved cardiac function.Knockdown of endogenous YBX1 by shRNA partially aggravated ischemia-induced cardiac dysfunction.In hypoxic cardiomyocytes,YBX1 overexpression decreased lactic dehydrogenase(LDH)release,increased cell viability,and inhibited apoptosis by affecting the expression of apoptosis related proteins,while knockdown of endogenous YBX1 by siRNA had the opposite effect.Overexpression of YBX1 restored mitochondrial dysfunction in hypoxic NMCMs by increasing mitochondrial membrane potential and ATP content and decreasing ROS.In hypoxic NMCMs,YBX1 overexpression increased the expression of phosphorylated phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase(PI3K)/AKT,and the anti-apoptosis effect of YBX1 was eliminated t by LY294002,PI3K/AKT inhibitor.Conclusion:YBX1 protected the heart from ischemic damage by inhibiting the mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis through PI3K/AKT pathway.It is anticipated that YBX1 may serve as a novel therapeutic target for MI.

自拟平衡针灸通过调控PI3K-AKT信号通路及血清GABA水平对老年失眠的治疗作用

目的探讨自拟平衡针灸通过调控磷脂酰肌醇3激酶(PI3K)-蛋白激酶B(AKT)信号通路及血清氨基丁酸(GABA)水平对老年失眠的治疗作用。方法以老年失眠患者120例作为研究对象,按照随机分组原则分为研究组及对照组,各60例。两组均采取阿普唑仑进行治疗,研究组在此基础上联合采取自拟平衡针灸进行治疗,两组均治疗4 w。比较两组治疗效果、临床改善指标、PI3K-AKT信号通路及GABA、多导睡眠监测仪指标、睡眠质量之间的差异。结果研究组治疗总有效率显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。治疗后,两组睡眠潜伏期、睡眠总时间及觉醒次数均显著改善,且研究组睡眠潜伏期、觉醒次数显著低于对照组(P<0.05),睡眠总时间显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。两组PI3K、AKT及GABA均显著改善,且研究组PI3K、AKT显著低于对照组,GABA显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。两组总睡眠时间(TST)、睡眠效率(SE),第一(TS1)、二(TS2)、三(TS3)及四期(TS4)睡眠、快速眼动睡眠时间(REM)、觉醒期时间(WASO)、睡眠潜伏期时间(SL)均显著改善,且研究组以上指标改善均显著优于对照组(P<0.05)。两组日间功能障碍、睡眠质量、睡眠时间、睡眠障碍及入睡时间均显著改善,且研究组日间功能障碍、睡眠质量、睡眠时间、睡眠障碍及入睡时间显著优于对照组(P<0.05)。结论自拟平衡针灸通过调控PI3K-AKT信号通路及血清GABA水平,有效降低局部炎性反应,优化神经系统的递质传递,有效改善患者的治疗效果。

重楼皂苷Ⅰ预防给药对心肌缺血再灌注损伤大鼠调节PI3K/AKT信号通路的作用研究

目的 从磷脂酰肌醇-3-激酶(PI3K)/蛋白激酶B(AKT)信号通路探讨重楼皂苷I预防给药对心肌缺血再灌注损伤(MI/IR)大鼠的干预机制。方法 将购买的72只SPF级SD大鼠按照随机数字法分为假手术组、模型组、阿司匹林组、重楼皂苷I低、中和高剂量组,每组12只。分组后即给予相应药物干预2周,2周后构建MI/IR模型。模型构建成功24 h后先采用动物彩色多普勒超声仪检测心脏功能,后处死大鼠收集相关组织采用HE染色观察心肌病理学、TTC法检测心肌梗死面积,试剂盒检测心功能指标[乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、肌酸激酶同工酶MB(CK-MB)和谷草转氨酶(AST),抗氧化指标丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和谷胱甘肽(GSH)],TUNNEL染色检测心肌细胞凋亡特点,Western blot检测心肌PI3K、AKT、B细胞淋巴瘤/因子2(Bcl-2)、Bcl-2相关蛋白(Bax)蛋白表达。结果 假手术组心肌纤维排列整齐、无水肿,模型组有心肌纤维断裂,重楼皂苷I低、中、高剂量组和阿司匹林组明显改善心肌纤维断裂情况。与假手术组相比,模型组大鼠心肌梗死面积、LVEDP、LDH、CK-MB、AST和MDA明显升高(P<0.05),LVDP、+dp/dtmax、-dp/dtmax、SOD和GSH明显降低(P<0.05);相较于模型组,阿司匹林组和重楼皂苷I低、中、高剂量组干预后,心肌梗死面积、LVEDP、LDH、CK-MB、AST和MDA明显降低(P<0.05),LVDP、+dp/dtmax、-dp/dtmax、SOD和GSH则明显升高(P<0.05)。Tunnel染色可见,假手术组几乎没有心肌细胞凋亡,而模型组呈现出明显的大量的细胞凋亡;与模型组相比,阿司匹林组和重楼皂苷I低、中、高剂量组凋亡情况明显好转。此外,与假手术组相比,模型组大鼠心肌PI3K、AKT和Bcl-2蛋白表达均明显降低,Bax明显升高(均P<0.05);相较于模型组,重楼皂苷I低、中、高剂量组以及阿司匹林组PI3K、AKT和Bcl-2蛋白表达均明显升高,Bax蛋白表达明显降低(均P<0.05)。结论 重楼皂苷I对心肌缺血再灌注损伤有一定的预防作用,其作用机理可能与其能够调节PI3K/AKT信号通路有关。

(Pyr1)Apelin-13对布比卡因诱导停搏乳鼠心肌细胞PI3K/Akt通路的干预

目的:探讨Apelin/APJ系统在逆转布比卡因心肌毒性中的作用及机制。方法:提取乳鼠心肌细胞进行原代培养,随机分为4组:空白培养基组(DMSO组)、布比卡因1 mmol/L(Bup组)、(Pyr1)Apelin-132μmol/L组(Apl组)和布比卡因1 mmol/L+(Pyr1)Apelin-132μmol/L组(BAp组)。记录各组细胞基础自主搏动次数后,按照相应分组给药处理6 h。处理完毕后时间记为T0,记录T0至T12不同时间的细胞搏动次数;电镜下观察T12时心肌细胞线粒体形态;比色法检测T12时细胞培养液乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)含量;ELISA检测T12时心肌细胞中Apelin-13浓度;Western blot检测T12时心肌细胞中APJ、PI3K、Akt、p-PI3K、p-Akt蛋白的表达。结果:T0时Bup组全部心肌细胞停止搏动。与DMSO组比较,Bup组细胞搏动次数显著减少(P<0.05),线粒体肿胀空泡化,培养液LDH含量明显上升(P<0.05),心肌细胞中Apelin-13、APJ、p-PI3K和p-Akt蛋白表达均下调(P<0.05)。与Bup组比较,BAp组细胞搏动次数显著增加(P<0.05),线粒体结构明显改善,培养液LDH含量明显下降(P<0.05),心肌细胞中Apelin-13,APJ、p-PI3K和p-Akt蛋白表达均上调(P<0.05)。结论:(Pyr1)Apelin-13可逆转布比卡因诱导的心肌细胞停搏,机制也许与激活PI3K/Akt蛋白磷酸化有关。

基于PI3K/Akt通路研究蛇伤胶囊调节血小板活化功能治疗竹叶青蛇伤凝血障碍机制

目的基于PI3K/Akt通路研究蛇伤胶囊调节血小板活化功能治疗竹叶青蛇伤凝血障碍机制。方法24只新西兰大白兔被随机分为正常对照组、模型组、蛇伤胶囊组,每组8只雌雄各半,根据前期研究方法模型组和蛇伤胶囊组以兔耳缘静脉注射0.75 mg/kg竹叶青蛇毒液,建立竹叶青蛇伤兔模型,正常对照组注射等量生理盐水。注射后6 h后予正常对照组和模型组以10 ml/(kg·d)生理盐水灌胃,蛇伤胶囊组予10 ml/(kg·d)蛇伤胶囊所配药液灌胃。以上3组连续灌胃1周后兔耳缘静脉采血5 ml,血小板分离提取后Western blot检测各组血小板细胞PTEN、PI3K、Akt蛋白表达,qPCR检测各组血小板活化指标CD62P mRNA表达。结果与正常对照组相比,模型组血小板细胞PTEN蛋白表达增加(P<0.01),PI3K、Akt蛋白及CD62P mRNA表达减少(P<0.01);与模型组相比,蛇伤胶囊组血小板细胞PTEN蛋白表达减少(P<0.01),PI3K、Akt蛋白及CD62P mRNA表达增加(P<0.01)。结论蛇伤胶囊可通过上调PI3K/Akt通路,改善竹叶青蛇伤导致的血小板活化功能受抑制,从而治疗竹叶青蛇伤凝血障碍。

黄芪影响缺氧微环境中骨髓间充质干细胞增殖活性的PI3K-AKT信号通路分析

基于PI3K/AKT信号通路研究黄芪对缺氧环境中骨髓间充质干细胞(bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells,BMSCs)成骨分化的细胞活性的影响。分别以黄芪冻干粉溶液低、中、高剂量(100、200和300μg·mL^(-1))干预低氧浓度(10%)环境中成骨分化培养的BMSCs,通过高内涵实时成像系统观察BMSCs动态增殖情况及分化代数;进行无标记示踪模拟细胞运动轨迹,分析各组细胞运动速度、位移距离和路程的情况;通过激光共聚焦显微镜观察细胞线粒体膜电位,通过免疫荧光和RT-PCR检测PI3K/AKT信号通路相关蛋白和基因表达水平的变化。结果显示:与对照组相比,10%低氧浓度条件下BMSCs增殖减慢、分化代数减少,运动速度减慢,位移距离和路程减少,线粒体膜电位活性降低,p-PI3K、p-AKT蛋白表达降低,PI3K和AKT基因表达水平降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);与低氧组相比,黄芪冻干粉溶液干预后,能显著维持缺氧环境中BMSCs增殖和分化活性,运动活力升高,线粒体膜电位活性提高,p-JAK2、p-STAT3蛋白和PI3K、AKT基因表达升高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05或0.01)。黄芪可能通过激活PI3K/AKT信号通路维持缺氧条件下BMSCs的增殖活性。

Yes相关蛋白(YAP)通过激活PI3K/AKT通路促进皮肤鳞状细胞癌细胞侵袭和迁移

目的探讨Yes相关蛋白(YAP)在皮肤鳞状细胞癌(cSCC)中表达及与cSCC侵袭和迁移中的作用。方法通过免疫组织化学染色法检测cSCC、鲍温病(BD)、癌旁正常皮肤组织中YAP的表达水平,并分析与临床病理参数之间的关系;利用慢病毒转染构建YAP基因敲低的A431稳定细胞株,利用四甲基罗丹明标记的鬼笔环肽检测A431细胞微丝分布和数量,Transwell TM实验检测细胞侵袭能力,划痕实验检测A431细胞的迁移能力;免疫荧光细胞化学染色法观察敲低YAP后上皮间质转化(EMT)相关标志物上皮钙黏素(E-cadherin)、锌指转录因子Snail的表达;Western blot法检测E-cadherin、Snail、β-catenin、磷脂酰肌醇3激酶(PI3K)、蛋白激酶B(AKT)、磷酸化的蛋白激酶B(p-AKT)、核糖体蛋白S6(S6)、磷酸化S6(p-S6)、4E结合蛋白1(4EBP1)、磷酸化的4EBP1(p-4EBP1)的表达。结果YAP在cSCC和BD中表达显著高于癌旁正常皮肤组织;cSCC中YAP高表达与肿瘤大小、分化程度、侵袭程度密切相关,与患者的性别、年龄、发病部位、形态类型、是否神经脉管侵犯不相关;敲低A431细胞中YAP后,肿瘤细胞的侵袭、迁移能力降低,细胞微丝变细、伪足变少;E-cadherin表达增加,Snail和β-catenin蛋白表达降低,p-AKT、p-S6及p-4EBP1蛋白表达降低。结论YAP在cSCC中高表达,YAP激活PI3K/AKT信号通路促进cSCC的侵袭、迁移及EMT过程。

基于PI3K/Akt/p53信号通路探讨白花蛇舌草乙酸乙酯萃取物诱导急性髓系白血病细胞凋亡的作用

目的通过评估白花蛇舌草乙酸乙酯萃取物(EAEHDW)对磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶(PI3K)/蛋白激酶B(Akt)/p53信号通路传导调节作用,探讨其抑制急性髓系白血病M2型(AML-M2)细胞株Kasumi-1增殖及诱导凋亡的机制。方法利用乙酸乙酯从白花蛇舌草中萃取制备得到EAEHDW,高效液相色谱串联质谱装置检测样品纯度。设置空白组,将浓度分别为0.02 mg/mL、0.04 mg/mL、0.06 mg/mL、0.08 mg/mL、0.10 mg/mL的EAEHDW加入对数生长期的Kasumi-1细胞株,采用MTT法检测不同浓度EAEHDW作用不同时间后Kasumi-1细胞存活率,采用Annexin V/PI流式细胞术检测不同浓度EAEHDW作用24 h后Kasumi-1细胞凋亡情况,采用Western blot法检测不同浓度EAEHDW(0.02 mg/mL、0.04 mg/mL、0.06 mg/mL)作用24 h后Kasumi-1细胞中含半胱氨酸的天冬氨酸蛋白水解酶(Caspase)家族蛋白及PI3K/Akt/p53信号传导通路蛋白表达情况。结果不同浓度的EAEHDW干预后,细胞存活率较空白组明显降低,细胞凋亡率较空白组明显升高,且细胞存活率随着作用时间的延长和药物浓度的增加而下降越明显,细胞凋亡率随着药物浓度的增加而升高越明显,差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.05);不同浓度的EAEHDW作用于Kasumi-1细胞后,细胞中多聚ADP核糖聚合酶(PARP)、Caspase-3、Caspase-8、Caspase-9、细胞色素C(Cyto-C)、p53蛋白相对表达量均明显升高(P均<0.05),Akt、磷酸化Akt(p-Akt)、鼠双微染色体2(MDM2)、磷酸化MDM2(p-MDM2)蛋白相对表达量均明显降低(P均<0.05)。结论EAEHDW可明显抑制髓系白血病Kasumi-1细胞增殖并诱导其凋亡,其机制可能与影响Caspase家族蛋白表达和抑制PI3K/Akt/p53信号通路导致p53激活有关。

布比卡因通过PI3K/AKT/mTOR通路对膀胱癌细胞凋亡和铁死亡的影响

目的 探讨布比卡因对膀胱癌细胞凋亡和铁死亡的影响及其机制。方法 常规培养人膀胱癌细胞(T24和5637)和人尿路上皮细胞(SV-HUC-1),MTT实验检测布比卡因细胞毒性,筛选合适处理浓度,将T24和5637细胞分为对照组、0.25、0.5和1 mmol/L布比卡因组、布比卡因+铁死亡激动剂(Erastin)组、布比卡因+铁死亡抑制剂(Fer-1)组细胞和布比卡因+PI3K激动剂(740Y-P)组。采用流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡率,相应试剂盒检测Fe^(2+)、丙二醛(MDA)、谷胱甘肽(GSH)和活性氧(ROS)水平,Western blot检测Bcl-2、Bax、细胞色素C、xCT、GPX4和磷脂酰肌醇3/蛋白激酶B/哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(PI3K/AKT/mTOR)相关蛋白表达。结果 0.25、0.5、1、2、4、8、16 mmol/L布比卡因均可明显抑制T24和5637细胞的活性(P<0.001),选择仅对癌细胞有毒性的0.25、0.5和1 mmol/L布比卡因进行后续研究。与对照组比较,随着布比卡因浓度增加,T24和5637细胞凋亡率、Fe^(2+)、ROS和MDA水平逐渐升高,GSH水平逐渐降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.001);与1 mmol/L布比卡因组比较,布比卡因+Erastin组Fe^(2+)水平升高,而布比卡因+Fer-1组降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。Western blot结果显示,与对照组比较,布比卡因组细胞色素C蛋白表达增高,Bax/Bcl-2、xCT、GPX4表达,以及PI3K p85α/PI3K、p-AKT(Thr308)/AKT、p-AKT(Ser473)/AKT和p-mTOR(Ser2448)/mTOR比值降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。验证实验结果显示,与对照组比较,布比卡因+740Y-P组细胞活力和GSH水平升高,Fe^(2+)水平和细胞色素C蛋白表达降低(P<0.001)。结论 布比卡因可通过抑制PI3K/AKT/mTOR信号通路激活诱导膀胱癌细胞凋亡和铁死亡。