Spi1 regulates the microglial/macrophage inflammatory response via the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway after intracerebral hemorrhage

Preclinical and clinical studies have shown that microglia and macrophages participate in a multiphasic brain damage repair process following intracerebral hemorrhage.The E26 transformation-specific sequence-related transcription factor Spi1 regulates microglial/macrophage commitment and maturation.However,the effect of Spi1 on intracerebral hemorrhage remains unclear.In this study,we found that Spi1 may regulate recovery from the neuroinflammation and neurofunctional damage caused by intracerebral hemorrhage by modulating the microglial/macrophage transcriptome.We showed that high Spi1expression in microglia/macrophages after intracerebral hemorrhage is associated with the activation of many pathways that promote phagocytosis,glycolysis,and autophagy,as well as debris clearance and sustained remyelination.Notably,microglia with higher levels of Soil expression were chara cterized by activation of pathways associated with a variety of hemorrhage-related cellular processes,such as complement activation,angiogenesis,and coagulation.In conclusion,our results suggest that Spi1 plays a vital role in the microglial/macrophage inflammatory response following intracerebral hemorrhage.This new insight into the regulation of Spi1 and its target genes may advance our understanding of neuroinflammation in intracerebral hemorrhage and provide therapeutic targets for patients with intracerebral hemorrhage.

Hypoglycemic mechanism of Tegillarca granosa polysaccharides on type 2 diabetic mice by altering gut microbiota and regulating the PI3K-akt signaling pathwaye

Type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)is a complex metabolic disease threatening human health.We investigated the effects of Tegillarca granosa polysaccharide(TGP)and determined its potential mechanisms in a mouse model of T2DM established through a high-fat diet and streptozotocin.TGP(5.1×10^(3) Da)was composed of mannose,glucosamine,rhamnose,glucuronic acid,galactosamine,glucose,galactose,xylose,and fucose.It could significantly alleviate weight loss,reduce fasting blood glucose levels,reverse dyslipidemia,reduce liver damage from oxidative stress,and improve insulin sensitivity.RT-PCR and Western blotting indicated that TGP could activate the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/protein kinase B signaling pathway to regulate disorders in glucolipid metabolism and improve insulin resistance.TGP increased the abundance of Allobaculum,Akkermansia,and Bifidobacterium,restored the microbiota abundance in the intestinal tracts of mice with T2DM,and promoted short-chain fatty acid production.This study provides new insights into the antidiabetic effects of TGP and highlights its potential as a natural hypoglycemic nutraceutical.

紫癜肾煎剂对过敏性紫癜性肾炎大鼠PI3K/AKT及HIF-1α/VEGFA信号通路的影响

目的 观察紫癜肾煎剂对过敏性紫癜性肾炎(Henoch Schonlein purpura nephritis, HSPN)模型大鼠的治疗作用,并基于PI3K/AKT和HIF-1α/VEGFA信号通路探讨其作用机制。方法 随机选7只SD大鼠分为正常对照组,其余大鼠应用“BSA+LPS+CCL4”联合干姜建立HSPN大鼠模型,12周后随机抽取正常对照组和造模组的大鼠各1只,取肾组织固定包埋,采用免疫荧光检测造模组大鼠肾组织中IgA沉积并伴有蛋白尿,正常组无上述表现,提示造模成功。将造模成功的HSPN大鼠模型随机分模型组、紫癜肾煎剂低、高剂量(6.10、24.40 g/kg)组和西药(3.93 mg/kg)组,每组6只。给药结束后,采用溴甲酚紫法测定尿蛋白浓度,计算24 h尿蛋白定量;各组大鼠肾组织病理和免疫荧光检测;采用Western blotting法检测SD大鼠肾组织PI3K、AKT、HIF-1α、VEGFA蛋白表达情况。结果 紫癜肾煎剂可以显著降低24 h尿蛋白(P<0.05),减少肾小球系膜区免疫复合物沉积;与模型组比较,中药方组和西药组大鼠肾组织PI3K、AKT、HIF-1α、VEGFA蛋白表达明显降低,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 紫癜肾煎剂能减少HSPN大鼠24 h蛋白尿,改善肾功能及肾组织病理损伤,延缓HSPN病情进展,其机制可能与调控PI3K/AKT和HIF-1α/VEGFA信号通路有关。

Melatonin improves synapse development by PI3K/Akt signaling in a mouse model of autism spectrum disorder

Autism spectrum disorders are a group of neurodevelopmental disorders involving more than 1100 genes,including Ctnnd2 as a candidate gene.Ctnnd2knockout mice,serving as an animal model of autis m,have been demonstrated to exhibit decreased density of dendritic spines.The role of melatonin,as a neuro hormone capable of effectively alleviating social interaction deficits and regulating the development of dendritic spines,in Ctnnd2 deletion-induced nerve injury remains unclea r.In the present study,we discove red that the deletion of exon 2 of the Ctnnd2 gene was linked to social interaction deficits,spine loss,impaired inhibitory neurons,and suppressed phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase(PI3K)/protein kinase B(Akt) signal pathway in the prefrontal cortex.Our findings demonstrated that the long-term oral administration of melatonin for 28 days effectively alleviated the aforementioned abnormalities in Ctnnd2 gene-knockout mice.Furthermore,the administration of melatonin in the prefro ntal cortex was found to improve synaptic function and activate the PI3K/Akt signal pathway in this region.The pharmacological blockade of the PI3K/Akt signal pathway with a PI3K/Akt inhibitor,wo rtmannin,and melatonin receptor antagonists,luzindole and 4-phenyl-2-propionamidotetralin,prevented the melatonin-induced enhancement of GABAergic synaptic function.These findings suggest that melatonin treatment can ameliorate GABAe rgic synaptic function by activating the PI3K/Akt signal pathway,which may contribute to the improvement of dendritic spine abnormalities in autism spectrum disorders.

Alleviatory effect of isoquercetin on benign prostatic hyperplasia via IGF-1/PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway

We evaluated the effect of isoquercetin(quercetin-O-3-glucoside-quercetin,IQ)as a functional component of Abeliophyllum disistichum Nakai ethanol extract(ADLE)on prostate cell proliferation and apoptosis and its effects on the IGF-1/PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway in benign prostatic hyperplasia(BPH).Metabolites in ADLE were analyzed using UHPLC-qTOF-MS and HPLC.IQ was orally administered(1 or 10 mg/kg)to a testosterone propionate-induced BPH rat model,and its effects on the prostate weight were evaluated.The effect of IQ on androgen receptor(AR)signaling was analyzed in LNCaP cells.Whether IGF-1 and IQ affect the IGF-1/PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway in BPH-1 cells was also examined.The metabolites in ADLE were identified and quantified,which confirmed that ADLE contained abundant IQ(20.88 mg/g).IQ significantly reduced the prostate size in a concentration-dependent manner in a BPH rat model,and significantly decreased the expression of AR signaling factors in the rat prostate tissue and LNCaP cells in a concentration-dependent manner.IQ also inhibited the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway activated by IGF-1 treatment in BPH-1 cells.In BPH-1 cells,IQ led to G0/G1 arrest and suppressed the expression of proliferation factors while inducing apoptosis.Thus,IQ shows potential for use as a pharmaceutical and nutraceutical for BPH.

维生素C与热处理通过PI3K/AKT/HIF-1α通路对肺癌A549细胞增殖的作用

目的探讨维生素C与热处理对肺癌A549细胞的作用及相关机制。方法应用不同浓度的维生素C(终浓度0、1、2、4、8 mmol/L)与不同温度(37℃和41℃)作用于A549细胞,采用CCK8法检测细胞活性,FRASC维生素C检测分析试剂盒Ⅱ检测细胞内总维生素C的浓度;然后分为对照组(37℃,0 mmol/L维生素C)、维生素C组(37℃,8 mmol/L维生素C)、热处理组(41℃,0 mmol/L维生素C)、联合组(41℃,8 mmol/L维生素C)干预24 h,荧光标记2-脱氧葡萄糖(2-NBDG)检测A549细胞葡萄糖摄取量,蛋白质印迹检测GLUT1、GLUT3、PI3K、AKT、p-PI3K、p-AKT、HIF-1α蛋白表达水平,检测结果均应用方差分析及LST-t检验进行统计分析。结果A549细胞活力随维生素C浓度增加而下降(P<0.05),41℃热处理的细胞在维生素C干预后的细胞活力均低于37℃(P<0.05);细胞内总维生素C水平随干预浓度增加而升高,热处理的细胞在2、4、8 mmol/L维生素C干预后,细胞内维生素C水平均高于37℃(P<0.05);分组干预后,与对照组相比,维生素C组、热处理组及联合组的细胞内葡萄糖摄取量均降低(P<0.05),且热处理组低于维生素C组(P<0.05),而联合组又低于维生素C组和热处理组(P<0.05);三个干预组的GLUT1、PI3K、p-PI3K、p-AKT蛋白表达水平均低于对照组(P<0.05),维生素C组的GLUT3、HIF-1α,及联合组的GLUT3、HIF-1α、AKT均低于对照组(P<0.05);联合组的GLUT1、PI3K、p-PI3K蛋白表达水平低于维生素C组(P<0.05),联合组的GLUT3、AKT、p-PI3K、HIF-1α均低于维生素C组和热处理组(P<0.05)。结论维生素C联合热处理显著地抑制A549细胞PI3K/AKT/HIF-1α通路,下调GLUT1和GLUT3的表达,减少细胞内的葡萄糖摄取,抑制A549细胞增殖。

Simiao Wan alleviates obesity-associated insulin resistance via PKCε/IRS-1/PI3K/Akt signaling pathway based on network pharmacology analysis and experimental validation

Background:The purpose of the study was to investigatethe active ingredients and potential biochemicalmechanisms of Simiao Wan(SMW)in obesity-associated insulin resistance.Methods:An integrated network pharmacology method to screen the active compoundsand candidate targets,construct the protein-protein-interaction network,and ingredients-targets-pathways network was constructed for topological analysis to identify core targets and main ingredients.To find the possible signaling pathways,enrichment analysis was performed.Further,a model of insulin resistance in HL-7702 cells was established to verify the impact of SMW and the regulatory processes.Results:An overall of 63 active components and 151 candidate targets were obtained,in which flavonoids were the main ingredients.Enrichment analysis indicated that the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway was the potential pathway regulated by SMW in obesity-associated insulin resistance treatment.The result showed that SMW could significantly ameliorate insulin sensitivity,increase glucose synthesis and glucose utilization and reduce intracellular lipids accumulation in hepatocytes.Also,SMW inhibited diacylglycerols accumulation-induced PKCεactivity and decreased its translocation to the membrane.Conclusion:SMW ameliorated obesity-associated insulin resistance through PKCε/IRS-1/PI3K/Akt signaling axis in hepatocytes,providing a new strategy for metabolic disease treatment.

Liqi Huoxue dripping pill protects against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury via the PI3K/Akt/GSK-3β signaling pathway in rats

Background:Liqi Huoxue dripping pill(LQHXDP),a traditional Chinese drug for coronary heart disease,has a protective effect on the heart of rats with myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury(MIRI)in previous studies;however,its mechanism of action remains unclear.The purpose of this study was to investigate the protective mechanism of LQHXDP on MIRI in rats and its relationship with the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.Methods:In this study,Sprague-Dawley rats were pre-infused with LQHXDP(175 mg/kg/d)for 10 days.PI3K inhibitor LY294002(0.3 mg/kg)was intravenously injected 15 minutes before ischemia.The rat model of MIRI was established by ligating the left anterior descending coronary artery.Subsequently,cardiac hemodynamics,serum myocardial injury markers,inflammatory factors,myocardial infarct size,antioxidant indexes,myocardial histopathology,and phosphorylation levels of key proteins of PI3K/Akt signaling pathway were assessed in rats.Results:LQHXDP was found to improve cardiac hemodynamic indexes,reduce serum creatine kinase MB isoenzyme activity and cardiac troponin and heart-type fatty acid binding protein levels,lower serum interleukin-1 beta,interleukin-6 and tumour necrosis factorαlevels,reduce the myocardial infarct size and enhance the antioxidant capacity of myocardial tissue in MIRI rats.Pathological analysis revealed that LQHXDP attenuated the extent of myocardial injury and protected mitochondria from damage in MIRI rats.Immunoblot analysis revealed that LQHXDP increased the expression levels of p-Akt and p-GSK-3βin MIRI rat cardiomyocytes.PI3K inhibitor LY294002 could impair these effects of LQHXDP.Conclusion:LQHXDP attenuated myocardial injury,attenuated oxidative stress injury and reduced inflammatory response in MIRI rats,and its protective effects were mediated by activating of PI3K/Akt/GSK-3βsignaling pathway.

Zuo Gui Wan Promotes Osteogenesis via PI3K/AKT Signaling Pathway:Network Pharmacology Analysis and Experimental Validation

Objective Osteogenesis is vitally important for bone defect repair,and Zuo Gui Wan(ZGW)is a classic prescription in traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)for strengthening bones.However,the specific mechanism by which ZGW regulates osteogenesis is still unclear.The current study is based on a network pharmacology analysis to explore the potential mechanism of ZGW in promoting osteogenesis.Methods A network pharmacology analysis followed by experimental validation was applied to explore the potential mechanisms of ZGW in promoting the osteogenesis of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells(BMSCs).Results In total,487 no-repeat targets corresponding to the bioactive components of ZGW were screened,and 175 target genes in the intersection of ZGW and osteogenesis were obtained.And 28 core target genes were then obtained from a PPI network analysis.A GO functional enrichment analysis showed that the relevant biological processes mainly involve the cellular response to chemical stress,metal ions,and lipopolysaccharide.Additionally,KEGG pathway enrichment analysis revealed that multiple signaling pathways,including the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/protein kinase B(PI3K/AKT)signaling pathway,were associated with ZGW-promoted osteogensis.Further experimental validation showed that ZGW could increase alkaline phosphatase(ALP)activity as well as the mRNA and protein levels of ALP,osteocalcin(OCN),and runt related transcription factor 2(Runx 2).What’s more,Western blot analysis results showed that ZGW significantly increased the protein levels of p-PI3K and p-AKT,and the increases of these protein levels significantly receded after the addition of the PI3K inhibitor LY294002.Finally,the upregulated osteogenic-related indicators were also suppressed by the addition of LY294002.Conclusion ZGW promotes the osteogenesis of BMSCs via PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.

FGF2 promotes the chemotherapy resistance in colon cancer cells through activating PI3K/Akt signaling pathway

Background:To investigate the role of fibroblast growth factor 2(FGF2)in chemotherapy resistance of colon cancer.Methods:An HCT116/5-fluorouracil(5-FU)-resistant cell line was established,and FGF2 levels were detected in a sensitive cell group(HCT116)and a resistant cell group(HCT1116-R)using different methods.Fibroblast growth factor 2 levels in the medium were determined by enzyme-linked immunoassay.The protein expressions of FGF2,fibroblast growth factor receptor 1(FGFR1),and phospho-FGFR1 were assessed by Western blotting,and FGF2 mRNA levels were detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction.Fibroblast growth factor 2 recombinant protein was added to sensitive cells,and FGFR inhibitor AZD4547 was added to resistant cells,and the cell survival rate was determined using the cell counting kit-8 method and the protein expressions of PI3K(phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase),p-PI3K(phospho-PI3K),Akt(protein kinase B),p-Akt(phospho-Akt),mammalian target of rapamycin(mTOR),p-mTOR(phospho-mTOR),Bad(Bcl-xL/Bcl-2-associated death promoter),NF-κB(nuclear factorκB),GSK-3(glycogen synthase kinase-3),FKHR(forkhead box protein O1),and PTEN(phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome ten)were detected by Western blotting.Results:Fibroblast growth factor 2 protein and mRNA expression levels in the HCT116-R group were significantly higher than those in the HCT116 group.Fibroblast growth factor 2 increased the survival rate of HCT116 cells;improved tolerance to 5-FU;upregulated p-PI3K,p-Akt,and p-mTOR;and downregulated Bad.The FGFR inhibitor AZD4547 decreased cell survival rate and tolerance to 5-FU;downregulated p-PI3K,p-Akt,and p-mTOR expression;and upregulated Bad.Conclusions:Fibroblast growth factor 2 promotes chemotherapy tolerance in colon cancer cells by activating the Akt/mTOR and Akt/Bad signaling pathways downstream of PI3K.

XB130 inhibits healing of diabetic skin ulcers through the PI3K/Akt signalling pathway

BACKGROUND Diabetic skin ulcers,a significant global healthcare burden,are mainly caused by the inhibition of cell proliferation and impaired angiogenesis.XB130 is an adaptor protein that regulates cell proliferation and migration.However,the role of XB130 in the development of diabetic skin ulcers remains unclear.AIM To investigate whether XB130 can regulate the inhibition of proliferation and vascular damage induced by high glucose.Additionally,we aim to determine whether XB130 is involved in the healing process of diabetic skin ulcers,along with its molecular mechanisms.METHODS We conducted RNA-sequencing analysis to identify the key genes involved in diabetic skin ulcers.We investigated the effects of XB130 on wound healing using histological analyses.In addition,we used reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction,Western blot,terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferasemediated dUTP nick end labeling staining,immunofluorescence,wound healing,and tubule formation experiments to investigate their effects on cellular processes in human umbilical vein endothelial cells(HUVECs)stimulated with high glucose.Finally,we performed functional analysis to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying diabetic skin ulcers.RESULTS RNA-sequencing analysis showed that the expression of XB130 was up-regulated in the tissues of diabetic skin ulcers.Knockdown of XB130 promoted the healing of skin wounds in mice,leading to an accelerated wound healing process and shortened wound healing time.At the cellular level,knockdown of XB130 alleviated high glucose-induced inhibition of cell proliferation and angiogenic impairment in HUVECs.Inhibition of the PI3K/Akt pathway removed the proliferative effects and endothelial protection mediated by XB130.CONCLUSION The findings of this study indicated that the expression of XB130 is up-regulated in high glucose-stimulated diabetic skin ulcers and HUVECs.Knockdown of XB130 promotes cell proliferation and angiogenesis via the PI3K/Akt signalling pathway,which accelerates the healing of diabetic skin ulcers.

心痛泰含药血清干预PI3K/Akt/HIF-1α通路抑制兔主动脉平滑肌细胞凋亡的作用机制

目的通过生信分析和细胞实验探讨心痛泰含药血清干预PI3K/Akt/HIF-1α对兔主动脉平滑肌细胞(Aortic vascular smooth muscle cell,VSMC)凋亡的作用机制。方法采用ox-LDL诱导实验兔主动脉平滑肌细胞凋亡,构建动脉粥样硬化的细胞模型。采用细胞增殖与活性检测(Cell counting Kit8,CCK8)法筛选心痛泰含药血清最佳作用浓度。在中药药理数据分析平台中收集心痛泰的主要化学成分,通过PubChem数据库收集各活性化合物成分信息,SwissTargetPrediction数据库预测活性化合物相关靶点,通过GeneCards和DisGeNET数据库收集“动脉粥样硬化”、“细胞凋亡”的作用靶点,STRING平台构建蛋白质-蛋白质相互作用(Protein-protein interaction network,PPI)网络,DAVID在线分析GO分析和KEGG分析。VSMC分为空白血清组、模型组、心痛泰含药血清组、磷脂酰肌醇3激酶(Phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase,PI3K)抑制剂(LY294002)组、心痛泰含药血清+LY294002组。分别采用原位末端标记(TdT mediated dUTP Nick End Labeling,TUNEL)法和流式细胞术检测VSMC凋亡,计算凋亡率;聚合酶链式反应(Polymerase chain reaction,PCR)法测定PI3K、丝/苏氨酸蛋白激酶(Phospho-Alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase,Akt)、缺氧诱导因子(Hypoxia-Inducible factor 1-Alpha,HIF-1α)、caspase-3、caspase-9的mRNA表达;蛋白质免疫印迹(Western blot)法测定磷酸化的PI3K(p-PI3K)/PI3K、磷酸化的Akt(p-Akt)/Akt、HIF-1α、cleaved caspase-3、cleaved caspase-9的蛋白表达;细胞免疫荧光法检测VSMC中收缩型特异性标志物α-平滑肌肌动蛋白(α-smooth muscle actin,α-SMA)的荧光定量。结果CCK-8筛选出最佳干预浓度为20%心痛泰中剂量含药血清;TUNEL法和流式细胞术表明,与空白组相比,模型组的VSMC凋亡阳性细胞百分比、早期凋亡率、晚期凋亡率和总凋亡率均明显升高(P<0.01),PI3K、Akt、HIF-1α、caspase-3、caspase-9 mRNA表达明显增加(P<0.01),p-PI3K/PI3K、p-Akt/Akt、HIF-1α、cleaved caspase-3、cleaved caspase-9蛋白表达明显增加(P<0.01),α-SMA明显减少(P<0.01)。与模型组相比,心痛泰含药血清组、LY294002组、心痛泰含药血清+LY294002组的VSMC凋亡阳性细胞百分比、早期凋亡率、晚期凋亡率和总凋亡率均降低(P<0.01或P<0.05),PI3K、Akt、HIF-1α、caspase-3、caspase-9 mRNA表达减少(P<0.01或P<0.05),p-PI3K/PI3K、p-Akt/Akt、HIF-1α、cleaved caspase-3、cleaved caspase-9蛋白表达下调(P<0.01或P<0.05),α-SMA明显增加(P<0.01或P<0.05)。与心痛泰含药血清组比,心痛泰含药血清+LY294002组的VSMC凋亡阳性细胞百分比、早期凋亡率、晚期凋亡率和总凋亡率均无明显差异(P>0.05),PI3K、Akt、HIF-1α、caspase-3、caspase-9的mRNA表达,以及p-PI3K/PI3K、p-Akt/Akt、HIF-1α、cleaved caspase-3、cleaved caspase-9蛋白表达无差异(P>0.05),α-SMA的荧光强度无差异(P>0.05)。结论心痛泰含药血清可能通过下调PI3K/Akt/HIF-1α信号通路及下游的凋亡相关因子,改善ox-LDL诱导的VSMC凋亡,从而达到稳定动脉易损斑块的作用。

The role and research progress of PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in non-traumatic osteonecrosis of the femoral head

Non-traumatic osteonecrosis of the femoral head(NONFH)is one of the most common orthopedic diseases,influenced by multiple signaling pathways and inflammatory factors.The PI3K/AKT signaling pathway is closely related to various biological processes such as apoptosis,autophagy,and metabolism in cells.Increasing evidence suggests that it plays an important role in the development of femoral head necrosis.This paper aims to explore the mechanism of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in the pathogenesis of NONFH by analyzing its regulation of lipid metabolism,cell apoptosis and autophagy,and intravascular coagulation.This study provides new insights for the research of NONFH.

基于PI3K/AKT/HIF-1α信号通路研究易层敷贴缓解TGF-β1诱导的膝骨关节炎大鼠滑膜纤维化的机制

目的探讨易层敷贴对膝骨关节炎(KOA)大鼠滑膜纤维化TGF-β1、α-SMA、COL1A1表达的影响以及对PI3K/AKT/HIF-1α信号通路的调控作用。方法将30只SPF级SD大鼠随机分为空白组、模型组和易层组,膝关节腔注射200 ng转化生长因子-β1重组蛋白(TGF-β1)建立膝关节滑膜纤维化动物模型,2 d 1次,持续3次,造模14 d后给予易层敷贴外用治疗28 d后取滑膜组织。HE和Masson染色观察滑膜病理变化;免疫组化检测滑膜p-PI3K、p-AKT、HIF-1α、TGF-β1、α-SMA、COL1A1的表达水平。提取雄性SD大鼠膝关节成纤维样滑膜细胞(FLSs),以10 ng·mL-1 TGF-β1诱导24 h建立KOA滑膜纤维化细胞模型,易层冻干粉干预24 h,Western blot检测PI3K、p-PI3K、AKT、p-AKT、HIF-1α、TGF-β1、α-SMA、COL1A1的蛋白表达,qPCR检测HIF-1α、TGF-β1、α-SMA、COL1A1 mRNA表达。结果与空白组相比,模型组HE染色滑膜炎加重(P<0.01),Masson染色滑膜纤维化占比显著增加(P<0.01),免疫组化中p-PI3K、p-AKT、HIF-1α、TGF-β1、α-SMA、COL1A1表达均增加(P<0.01);滑膜细胞中p-PI3K/PI3K、p-AKT/AKT、HIF-1α、TGF-β1、α-SMA、COL1A1蛋白表达均升高(P<0.05,P<0.01),HIF-1α、TGF-β1、α-SMA、COL1A1 mRNA表达均上升(P<0.01)。与模型组相比,易层组滑膜炎和滑膜纤维化状况改善,p-PI3K、p-AKT、HIF-1α、TGF-β1、α-SMA、COL1A1的表达均减少(P<0.05,P<0.01);滑膜细胞中p-PI3K/PI3K、p-AKT/AKT、HIF-1α、TGF-β1、α-SMA、COL1A1蛋白表达均降低(P<0.05),HIF-1α、TGF-β1、α-SMA、COL1A1 mRNA表达均下调(P<0.05,P<0.01)。结论易层敷贴通过调控PI3K/AKT/HIF-1α信号通路,降低TGF-β1、α-SMA、COL1A1的表达,有效改善TGF-β1诱导的KOA大鼠滑膜纤维化。

shRNA-interfering LSD1 inhibits proliferation and invasion of gastric cancer cells via VEGF-C/PI3K/AKT signaling pathway

BACKGROUND Histone Lysine Specific Demethylase 1(LSD1)is the first histone demethylase to be discovered,which regulates various biological functions by making lysine of histone H3K4,H3K9 and non-histone substrates demethylated.Abnormal regulation of LSD1 is closely related to the occurrence and development of gastric cancer.The change of LSD1 expression level plays an important role in the proliferation and metastasis of gastric cancer cells.The study of its function and mechanism may provide a theoretical basis for early diagnosis and targeted therapy of gastric cancer.AIM To investigate the effect of downregulation of lysine-specific demethylase 1(LSD1)expression on proliferation and invasion of gastric cancer cells and the possible regulatory mechanisms of the VEGF-C/PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.METHODS The LSD1-specific short hairpin RNA(shRNA)interference plasmid was transiently transfected,and expression of LSD1 was downregulated.The cell proliferation ability of LSD1 was observed by CCK-8 assay after downregulating expression of LSD1.Transwell invasion assay was used to observe the change of cell invasion ability after downregulating expression of LSD1.Expression of phosphorylated phosphoinositide 3-kinase(p-PI3K),PI3K,p-AKT,AKT,vascular endothelial growth factor receptor(VEGFR)-3,matrix metalloproteinase(MMP)-2 and MMP-9 in each group was detected by Western blotting.RESULTS The cell proliferation ability of transiently transfected LSD1-shRNA interference plasmid group was significantly lower than that of the control group(P<0.05).Transwell invasion assay showed that the number of cells across the membrane of the LSD1-shRNA transfection group(238.451±5.216)was significantly lower than that of the control group(49.268±6.984)(P<0.01).Western blotting showed that expression level of VEGF-C,p-PI3K,PI3K,p-AKT,AKT,VEGFR-3,MMP-2 and MMP-9 in the LSD1-shRNA group was significantly lower than that in the control group(P<0.05).CONCLUSION Downregulation of LSD1 expression inhibits metastatic potential of gastric cancer cells,and VEGF-C-mediated activation of PI3K/AKT signaling pathway,which may be an important mechanism for inhibiting lymph node metastasis in gastric cancer cells.

Baicalin attenuates blood-spinal cord barrier disruption and apoptosis through PI3K/Akt signaling pathway after spinal cord injury

Baicalin is a natural active ingredient isolated from Scutellariae Radix that can cross the blood-brain barrier and exhibits neuroprotective effects on multiple central nervous system diseases.However,the mechanism behind the neuroprotective effects remains unclear.In this study,rat models of spinal cord injury were established using a modified Allen's impact method and then treated with intraperitoneal injection of Baicalin.The results revealed that Baicalin greatly increased the Basso,Beattie,Bresnahan Locomotor Rating Scale score,reduced blood-spinal cord barrier permeability,decreased the expression of Bax,Caspase-3,and nuclear factorκB,increased the expression of Bcl-2,and reduced neuronal apoptosis and pathological spinal cord injury.SH-SY5 Y cell models of excitotoxicity were established by application of 10 m M glutamate for 12 hours and then treated with 40μM Baicalin for 48 hours to investigate the mechanism of action of Baicalin.The results showed that Baicalin reversed tight junction protein expression tendencies(occludin and ZO-1)and apoptosis-related protein expression(Bax,Bcl-2,Caspase-3,and nuclear factor-κB),and also led to up-regulation of PI3 K and Akt phosphorylation.These effects on Bax,Bcl-2,and Caspase-3 were blocked by pretreatment with the PI3 K inhibitor LY294002.These findings suggest that Baicalin can inhibit bloodspinal cord barrier permeability after spinal cord injury and reduce neuronal apoptosis,possibly by activating the PI3 K/Akt signaling pathway.This study was approved by Animal Ethics Committee of Xi'an Jiaotong University on March 6,2014.

红景天苷通过PI(3)K/Akt激活HIF-1α表达抑制缺氧诱导的心肌细胞凋亡

目的:探讨红景天苷激活HIF-1α表达,抑制缺氧诱导的心肌细胞凋亡的可能的信号通路。方法:将原代培养的心肌细胞分为4组:正常对照组、缺氧组、缺氧+100mg/L红景天苷组、缺氧+100mg/L红景天苷+LY294002组。MTT法测定细胞存活率,Hoechst33258染色、DNA-ladder检测细胞凋亡,通过免疫荧光染色、Western blot检测细胞Akt、磷酸化Akt、HIF-1α的表达。结果:LY294002处理后,红景天苷对缺氧诱导的心肌细胞凋亡的保护作用被明显减弱,细胞存活率明显下降(P<0·01),细胞凋亡比率明显增加(P<0·01),琼脂糖凝胶电泳特异性"ladder"灰度明显加深,磷酸化Akt、HIF-1α2种蛋白表达水平明显降低。结论:红景天苷对缺氧诱导的心肌细胞凋亡的抑制作用,其机制可能是通过PI(3)K/Akt信号通路激活HIF-1α的表达有关。

PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway inhibitors in proliferation of retinal pigment epithelial cells

AIM: To determine whether the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway is activated in proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) in homo-sapiens. METHODS: The retina of controls and patients with PVR were collected and their levels of PI3K, phospho-AKT, phospho-mTOR, phospho-p70S6k and phospho-4EBP-1 were determined by Western blot. The cultured human retinal pigment epithelial cell line D407 was treated with a specific mTOR inhibitor, rapamycin (RAPA) or a PI3K inhibitor, LY294002, of various concentrations and durations. Cell morphology was observed by phase contrast microscopy and the proliferation and apoptosis of treated cells were determined by MTT assay and flow cytometry. RESULTS: Levels of PI3K, phospho-AKT, phospho-mTOR, phospho-P70S6K and phospho-4EBP1 was increased in the retina in PVR (P <0.05). In D407 cells, both RAPA and LY294002 significantly inhibited cell proliferation and cell cycle progression, and promoted apoptosis (P <0.05); morphologically, the cells became smaller. Both RAPA and LY294002 reduced levels of phospho-AKT, phospho-mTOR, phospho-p70S6k and phospho-4EBP1 expression (P <0.05). RAPA, but not LY294002, had no significant effect on PI3K expression. CONCLUSION: PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway is highly activated in the retinal pigment epithelial cells of PVR. The inhibitors of PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway, RAPA and LY294002, could inhibited the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway by reducing the levels of phosphorylation of mTOR pathway components.

Scoparone inhibits pancreatic cancer through PI3K/Akt signaling pathway

BACKGROUND Pancreatic cancer is a highly malignant tumor of the gastrointestinal system whose emerging resistance to chemotherapy has necessitated the development of novel antitumor treatments.Scoparone,a traditional Chinese medicine monomer with a wide range of pharmacological properties,has attracted considerable attention for its antitumor activity.AIM To explore the potential antitumor effect of scoparone on pancreatic cancer and the possible molecular mechanism of action.METHODS The target genes of scoparone were determined using both the bioinformatics and multiplatform analyses.The effect of scoparone on pancreatic cancer cell proliferation,migration,invasion,cell cycle,and apoptosis was detected in vitro.The expression of hub genes was tested using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction(qRT-PCR),and the molecular mechanism was analyzed using Western blot.The in vivo effect of scoparone on pancreatic cancer cell proliferation was detected using a xenograft tumor model in nude mice as well as immunohistochemistry.RESULTS The hub genes involved in the suppression of pancreatic cancer by scoparone were obtained by network bioinformatics analyses using publicly available databases and platforms,including SwissTargetPrediction,STITCH,GeneCards,CTD,STRING,WebGestalt,Cytoscape,and Gepia;AKT1 was confirmed using qRT-PCR to be the hub gene.Cell Counting Kit-8 assay revealed that the viability of Capan-2 and SW1990 cells was significantly reduced by scoparone treatment exhibiting IC50 values of 225.2μmol/L and 209.1μmol/L,respectively.Wound healing and transwell assays showed that scoparone inhibited the migration and invasion of pancreatic cancer cells.Additionally,flow cytometry confirmed that scoparone caused cell cycle arrest and induced apoptosis.Scoparone also increased the expression levels of Bax and cleaved caspase-3,decreased the levels of MMP9 and Bcl-2,and suppressed the phosphorylation of Akt without affecting total PI3K and Akt.Moreover,compared with the control group,xenograft tumors,in the 200μmol/L scoparone treatment group,were smaller in volume and lighter in weight,and the percentages of Ki65-and PCNA-positive cells were decreased.CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that scoparone inhibits pancreatic cancer cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo,inhibits migration and invasion,and induces cycle arrest and apoptosis in vitro through the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.

PI3K/Akt信号通路及HIF-1α在胃癌中的表达

目的:探讨PI3K、p-Akt及低氧诱导因子-1α(hypoxiainduciblefactor-1a,HIF-1α)在胃癌、癌旁和远癌组织中的表达。方法:收集胃癌切除术患者胃癌、癌旁及远癌组织标本,应用免疫组化法检测PI3K、p-Akt、HIF-1α蛋白的表达。结果:PI3K、p-Akt、HIF-1α蛋白在胃癌组织中表达最强(其灰度值分别为176.3±11.3,158.6±20.1,157.5±12.3),在远癌组表达最弱(196.9±7.4,192.3±8.3,194.2±5.3),在癌旁组表达介于上述两组之间(187.9±5.1,173.9±14.3,176.0±7.4),三组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。HIF-1α的表达与PI3K、p-Akt呈正相关(r=0.662,0.674)(P<0.05)。结论:PI3K、p-Akt、HIF-1α在胃癌组织中高表达,且HIF-1α表达与PI3K、p-Akt表达呈正相关。