Hypoglycemic mechanism of Tegillarca granosa polysaccharides on type 2 diabetic mice by altering gut microbiota and regulating the PI3K-akt signaling pathwaye

Type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)is a complex metabolic disease threatening human health.We investigated the effects of Tegillarca granosa polysaccharide(TGP)and determined its potential mechanisms in a mouse model of T2DM established through a high-fat diet and streptozotocin.TGP(5.1×10^(3) Da)was composed of mannose,glucosamine,rhamnose,glucuronic acid,galactosamine,glucose,galactose,xylose,and fucose.It could significantly alleviate weight loss,reduce fasting blood glucose levels,reverse dyslipidemia,reduce liver damage from oxidative stress,and improve insulin sensitivity.RT-PCR and Western blotting indicated that TGP could activate the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/protein kinase B signaling pathway to regulate disorders in glucolipid metabolism and improve insulin resistance.TGP increased the abundance of Allobaculum,Akkermansia,and Bifidobacterium,restored the microbiota abundance in the intestinal tracts of mice with T2DM,and promoted short-chain fatty acid production.This study provides new insights into the antidiabetic effects of TGP and highlights its potential as a natural hypoglycemic nutraceutical.

亮氨酸通过PI3K-AKT信号通路促进牛成肌细胞的增殖

旨在探究外源补充亮氨酸(Leu)对牛成肌细胞增殖的影响及其作用机理。本试验以牛成肌细胞为研究对象,利用CCK-8法和EdU染色法检测不同浓度的Leu对牛成肌细胞增殖的影响,确定Leu的最佳添加浓度;以最佳浓度Leu为处理组、0 mmol·L^(-1)Leu为对照组进行转录组测序(RNA-Seq),筛选Leu调控牛成肌细胞增殖的关键通路。利用qRT-PCR验证关键通路中的关键调控基因,并通过添加抑制剂进行进一步验证。结果显示,添加Leu可提高牛成肌细胞活力,其中0.5 mmol·L^(-1)Leu显著提高成肌细胞活力和EdU阳性率(P<0.05)。Leu组和对照组差异表达基因有1290个,其中688个上调,602个下调。KEGG富集分析,所注释的309个上调基因涉及47条显著富集通路,其中与骨骼肌生长发育相关通路中最为显著的是PI3K-AKT信号通路,包含34个上调基因。随机挑选PIK3 R1、FOXO3、IRS1、RPTOR、MTOR和MET等6个差异表达基因进行qRT-PCR验证,结果与RNA-Seq一致。添加PI3K-AKT信号通路中PI3K的抑制剂LY294002后,阻断了Leu对牛成肌细胞增殖的促进作用。综上所述,Leu可通过PI3K-AKT信号通路促进牛成肌细胞的增殖。

大黄糖络丸通过调控PI3K-Akt/NF-κB信号通路减轻糖尿病大鼠大血管炎症反应

目的:基于磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶(PI3K)-蛋白激酶B(PKB/Akt)/核因子κB(NF-κB)信号通路,探讨大黄糖络丸(RSP)防治Zucker糖尿病肥胖(ZDF)大鼠大血管炎症反应的作用机制。方法:15只雄性ZDF(fa/+)大鼠作为对照组;高脂饲料诱导成模的75只雄性ZDF(fa/fa)大鼠随机分为模型组,高、中、低剂量RSP组,以及二甲双胍组,每组15只。药物干预12周后,处死大鼠,分离血清,检测高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、甘油三酯(TG)和总胆固醇(TC)水平;ELISA法检测大鼠血清CD4、白细胞介素6(IL-6)和肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)含量;HE染色观察大鼠腹主动脉组织病理改变;免疫组化染色检测腹主动脉中单核细胞趋化蛋白1(MCP-1)蛋白表达;RT-qPCR检测大鼠腹主动脉中PI3K、Akt和NF-κB p65的mRNA表达;Western blot观察腹主动脉组织中PI3K、Akt、p-Akt、p-IκB和NF-κB p65蛋白水平。结果:与模型组相比,RSP显著降低糖尿病大鼠空腹血糖及LDL-C、TG和TC水平(P<0.05),升高HDL-C水平(P<0.05或P<0.01),显著降低血清炎症介质表达,IL-6、TNF-α和CD4水平显著下降(P<0.05或P<0.01),腹主动脉组织病理学损伤程度显著减轻,腹主动脉中PI3K、Akt和NF-κB p65的mRNA及蛋白水平,以及MCP-1、p-Akt和p-IκB蛋白水平均显著降低(P<0.05或P<0.01)。结论:RSP可降糖调脂并减轻糖尿病大鼠大血管炎症损伤,其机制可能与抑制PI3K-Akt/NF-κB信号通路活化、减轻炎症反应有关。

Spi1 regulates the microglial/macrophage inflammatory response via the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway after intracerebral hemorrhage

Preclinical and clinical studies have shown that microglia and macrophages participate in a multiphasic brain damage repair process following intracerebral hemorrhage.The E26 transformation-specific sequence-related transcription factor Spi1 regulates microglial/macrophage commitment and maturation.However,the effect of Spi1 on intracerebral hemorrhage remains unclear.In this study,we found that Spi1 may regulate recovery from the neuroinflammation and neurofunctional damage caused by intracerebral hemorrhage by modulating the microglial/macrophage transcriptome.We showed that high Spi1expression in microglia/macrophages after intracerebral hemorrhage is associated with the activation of many pathways that promote phagocytosis,glycolysis,and autophagy,as well as debris clearance and sustained remyelination.Notably,microglia with higher levels of Soil expression were chara cterized by activation of pathways associated with a variety of hemorrhage-related cellular processes,such as complement activation,angiogenesis,and coagulation.In conclusion,our results suggest that Spi1 plays a vital role in the microglial/macrophage inflammatory response following intracerebral hemorrhage.This new insight into the regulation of Spi1 and its target genes may advance our understanding of neuroinflammation in intracerebral hemorrhage and provide therapeutic targets for patients with intracerebral hemorrhage.

Downregulation of Serum PTEN Expression in Mercury-Exposed Population and PI3K/AKT Pathway-Induced Inflammation

Objective This study investigated the impact of occupational mercury(Hg) exposure on human gene transcription and expression, and its potential biological mechanisms.Methods Differentially expressed genes related to Hg exposure were identified and validated using gene expression microarray analysis and extended validation. Hg-exposed cell models and PTEN lowexpression models were established in vitro using 293T cells. PTEN gene expression was assessed using qRT-PCR, and Western blotting was used to measure PTEN, AKT, and PI3K protein levels. IL-6 expression was determined by ELISA.Results Combined findings from gene expression microarray analysis, bioinformatics, and population expansion validation indicated significant downregulation of the PTEN gene in the high-concentration Hg exposure group. In the Hg-exposed cell model(25 and 10 μmol/L), a significant decrease in PTEN expression was observed, accompanied by a significant increase in PI3K, AKT, and IL-6 expression.Similarly, a low-expression cell model demonstrated that PTEN gene knockdown led to a significant decrease in PTEN protein expression and a substantial increase in PI3K, AKT, and IL-6 levels.Conclusion This is the first study to report that Hg exposure downregulates the PTEN gene, activates the PI3K/AKT regulatory pathway, and increases the expression of inflammatory factors, ultimately resulting in kidney inflammation.

MicroRNA (let-7b-5p)-targeted DARS2 regulates lung adenocarcinoma growth by PI3K/AKT signaling pathway

Background:The aberrant intraellular expression of a mitochondrial aspartyl tRNA synthetase 2(DARS2)has been reported in human cancers.Nevertheless its critical role and detailed mechanism in lung adenocarcinoma(LUAD)remain unexplored.Methods:Initially,The Cancer Genome Atlas(TCGA)based Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis(GEPIA)database (http:/gepia.cancer-pku.cn/)was used to analyze the prognostic relevance of DARS2 expression in LUAD.Further,cell counting kit(CCK)8,immunostaining,and transwell invasion assays in LUAD cell lines in vitro,as well as DARS2 silence on LUAD by tumorigenicity experiments in wivo in nude mice,were performed.Besides,we analyzed the expression levels of p-PI3K(phosphorylated Phosphotylinosital3 kinase),PI3K,AKT(Protein Kinase B),p-AKT(phosphorylated Protein Kinase B),PCNA(proliferating cell nudear antigen),cleaved-caspase 3,E cadherin,and N-cadherin proteins using the Westem blot analysis.Results:LUAD tissues showed higher DARS2 expression compared to normal tissues.Upregulation of DARS2 could be related to Tumor-Node-Metastasis(TNM)stage,high lymph node metastasis,and inferior prognosis.DARS2 silence decreased the proliferation,migration,and invasion abilities of LUAD cells.In addition,the DARS2 downregulation decreased the PCNA and N-cadherin expression and increased cleaved:caspase 3 and E cadherin expressions in LUAD cells,coupled with the inactivation of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.Moreover,DARS2 silence impaired the tumonigenicity of LUAD in vivo.Interestingly,let:7b-5p could recognize DARS2 through a complementary sequence.Mechanistically,the increased let 7b 5p expression attenuated the promo oncogenic action of DARS2 during LUAD progression,which were inversely correlated to each other in the LUAD tssues Conclusion:In summary,let 7b-5p,downregulated DARS2 expression,regulating the progression of LUAD cells by the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.

Alleviatory effect of isoquercetin on benign prostatic hyperplasia via IGF-1/PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway

We evaluated the effect of isoquercetin(quercetin-O-3-glucoside-quercetin,IQ)as a functional component of Abeliophyllum disistichum Nakai ethanol extract(ADLE)on prostate cell proliferation and apoptosis and its effects on the IGF-1/PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway in benign prostatic hyperplasia(BPH).Metabolites in ADLE were analyzed using UHPLC-qTOF-MS and HPLC.IQ was orally administered(1 or 10 mg/kg)to a testosterone propionate-induced BPH rat model,and its effects on the prostate weight were evaluated.The effect of IQ on androgen receptor(AR)signaling was analyzed in LNCaP cells.Whether IGF-1 and IQ affect the IGF-1/PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway in BPH-1 cells was also examined.The metabolites in ADLE were identified and quantified,which confirmed that ADLE contained abundant IQ(20.88 mg/g).IQ significantly reduced the prostate size in a concentration-dependent manner in a BPH rat model,and significantly decreased the expression of AR signaling factors in the rat prostate tissue and LNCaP cells in a concentration-dependent manner.IQ also inhibited the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway activated by IGF-1 treatment in BPH-1 cells.In BPH-1 cells,IQ led to G0/G1 arrest and suppressed the expression of proliferation factors while inducing apoptosis.Thus,IQ shows potential for use as a pharmaceutical and nutraceutical for BPH.

cGAMP通过激活PI3K-AKT通路减轻小鼠脑缺血恢复期的损伤

目的 研究cGAMP对小鼠脑缺血恢复期的影响及初步作用机制。方法 采用线栓法制备小鼠大脑中动脉闭塞(MCAO)模型,通过行为学评分和组织病理染色观察cGAMP 对MCAO小鼠恢复期的影响。激光散斑仪器观察cGAMP对MCAO小鼠恢复期的脑血流量的影响,使用苏木精-伊红染色(HE)和尼氏染色(NISSL)观察cGAMP对MCAO小鼠大脑皮层神经元的影响,使用实时荧光定量聚合酶链反应(PCR)检测小鼠大脑皮层中肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)和精氨酸酶1(Arg-1)的表达,使用蛋白免疫印迹法(Western blot)检测小鼠大脑皮层中PI3K、p-PI3K、AKT、p-AKT的表达。结果 行为学观察结果显示,与模型组相比,缺血期的MCAO小鼠经 cGAMP 处理后,行为学评分降低,在提尾测试、平衡木试验和前肢抓地力牵引测试中,其运动功能均显著恢复。HE、NISSL染色中,cGAMP可减轻脑缺血恢复期小鼠神经元损伤。PCR结果表明cGAMP处理可以降低脑缺血恢复期小鼠脑组织TNF-α的表达,升高Arg-1的表达。在Western blot结果中,cGAMP处理能够显著促进PI3K、AKT的磷酸化(P<0.05)。结论 cGAMP 能明显改善脑缺血恢复期小鼠运动功能,可能是通过激活PI3K-AKT通路减轻小鼠脑缺血恢复期的神经元损伤发挥治疗作用。

Myricetin induces M2 macrophage polarization to alleviate renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis in diabetic nephropathy via PI3K/Akt pathway

BACKGROUND Development of end-stage renal disease is predominantly attributed to diabetic nephropathy(DN).Previous studies have indicated that myricetin possesses the potential to mitigate the pathological alterations observed in renal tissue.Never-theless,the precise molecular mechanism through which myricetin influences the progression of DN remains uncertain.AIM To investigate the effects of myricetin on DN and explore its potential therapeutic mechanism.METHODS Db/db mice were administered myricetin intragastrically on a daily basis at doses of 50 mg/kg or 100 mg/kg for a duration of 12 wk.Subsequently,blood and urine indexes were assessed,along with examination of renal tissue pathology.Kidney morphology and fibrosis were evaluated using various staining techniques including hematoxylin and eosin,periodic acid–Schiff,Masson’s trichrome,and Sirius-red.Additionally,high-glucose culturing was conducted on the RAW 264.7 cell line,treated with 25 mM myricetin or co-administered with the PI3K/Akt inhibitor LY294002 for a period of 24 h.In both in vivo and in vitro settings,quantification of inflammation factor levels was conducted using western blotting,real-time qPCR and ELISA.RESULTS In db/db mice,administration of myricetin led to a mitigating effect on DN-induced renal dysfunction and fibrosis.Notably,we observed a significant reduction in expressions of the kidney injury markers kidney injury molecule-1 and neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin,along with a decrease in expressions of inflammatory cytokine-related factors.Furthermore,myricetin treatment effectively inhibited the up-regulation of tumor necrosis factor-alpha,interleukin-6,and interluekin-1βinduced by high glucose in RAW 264.7 cells.Additionally,myricetin modulated the M1-type polarization of the RAW 264.7 cells.Molecular docking and bioinformatic analyses revealed Akt as the target of myricetin.The protective effect of myricetin was nullified upon blocking the polarization of RAW 264.7 via inhibition of PI3K/Akt activation using LY294002.CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that myricetin effectively mitigates kidney injury in DN mice through the regulation of macrophage polarization via the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.

Acalypha australis L.extract inhibits B16 melanoma cell metastasis through PI3K/AKT signaling pathway

Background:Melanoma is a deadly skin tumor resulting from the malignant transformation of melanocytes.It is highly malignant and invasive,with the highest mortality rate among skin cancers.Acalypha australis L.(AAL),a plant with dual medicinal and culinary purposes,is commonly regarded as an edible wild vegetable in southern China.Additionally,AAL has a long history of medicinal use in China,often employed for its hemostatic,anti-diarrheal,and anti-inflammatory properties.Modern pharmacology has demonstrated that AAL possesses functions such as weight loss,antimicrobial activity,antiviral effects,and treatment for ulcerative colitis.However,there is currently no research available regarding its effectiveness and mechanisms of action on melanoma.Methods:In this investigation,we used methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium assay to detect cell viability,transwell assay to detect cell migration and invasion ability,and Western blot assay to detect relevant signaling pathways.Results:The present study reveals that 2 mg/mL AAL effectively suppresses the metastasis of B16 cells,while simultaneously triggering the expression of key apoptosis-related proteins,including Bcl-2,Bax,and cleaved caspased 3.Subsequent investigations demonstrate that AAL exerts this inhibitory effect via the PI3K/AKT signal transduction pathway,as evidenced by the observed deficits in Ras,AKT,p-AKT,and PI3K expression levels.Conclusion:These findings indicated that AAL could be a valuable therapeutic option for reducing the metastatic potential of B16 melanoma cells.

曲唑酮联合百乐眠通过PI3K-AKT信号通路改善老年人慢性失眠伴焦虑抑郁症状的研究

目的研究曲唑酮联合百乐眠通过磷脂酰肌醇3激酶(PI3K)-蛋白激活酶B(AKT)信号通路对老年人慢性失眠伴焦虑抑郁症状的影响。方法前瞻性选取2018年4月至2020年1月河北北方学院附属第一医院收治的138例老年人慢性失眠伴焦虑抑郁症患者,按随机数字表法将其分为对照组和观察组,各69例。对照组口服曲唑酮50 mg/d,观察组在对照组基础上口服百乐眠胶囊2次/d,两组均治疗2个月。比较两组患者各因子表达差异;评估两组患者临床治疗效果;分别于治疗前及治疗2个月后,采用匹兹堡睡眠指数(PSQI)评估受试者睡眠质量;采用汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)评估患者抑郁情况;采用汉密尔顿焦虑量表(HAMA)评估患者焦虑情况。采用酶联免疫吸附试验测定患者血清中肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)和白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)含量;采用蛋白免疫印迹法测定患者外周血单个核细胞中PI3K、AKT和pAKT蛋白表达量;采用荧光定量PCR法测定患者外周血单个核细胞中PI3K和AKT mRNA含量;观察并记录受试者治疗期间不良反应发生情况。结果观察组临床治疗总有效率为94.20%,明显高于对照组(71.01%),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗2个月后,两组患者PSQI、HAMD和HAMA量表评分均较治疗前明显降低,且观察组较对照组降低更显著,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗2个月后,两组患者TNF-α和IL-1β水平均较治疗前明显降低,且观察组患者TNF-α和IL-1β水平较对照组降低更显著,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。患者PSQI、HAMD和HAMA量表评分与信号通路中因子TNF-α和IL-1β均呈正相关(r=0.443、0.447、0.508;r=0.478、0.472、0.492,P<0.05)。治疗2个月后,两组患者PI3K、AKT、pAKT蛋白以及PI3K mRNA和AKT mRNA均较治疗前降低,且观察组均明显低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。观察组不良反应发生率为11.60%,明显低于对照组(28.99%),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论曲唑酮联合百乐眠通过PI3K-AKT信号通路可以明显改善老年人慢性失眠伴焦虑抑郁症状。

鬼针草调节PI3K-Akt信号通路改善急性肺损伤作用的分子机制研究

目的研究鬼针草对脂多糖(LPS)诱导急性肺损伤(ALI)的改善作用及其机制。方法将60只Balb/c小鼠随机分为6组:空白组、模型组、鬼针草(低、中、高剂量)组及阳性药组,腹腔注射LPS诱导ALI模型12 h后进行灌胃给药,建模5 d后处死并分离肺组织,观察组织病理切片及检测相关炎症因子活性,通过网络药理学预测鬼针草改善ALI作用的药效物质基础及潜在的作用机制,采用免疫组织化学方法对相应通路的关键靶点进行验证。结果鬼针草可改善ALI小鼠肺泡间质水肿、肺泡壁增厚等病理损伤,显著抑制肺组织髓过氧化物酶(MPO)及血清TNF-α,IL-1β和IL-6的表达(P<0.05),从而缓解机体的炎症反应。通过网络药理学预测分析,鬼针草治疗ALI的主要活性成分可能为黄酮类化合物中的槲皮素和木犀草素;通过作用于TNF、IL-6、ALB、GAPDH、AKT1、VEGFA、STAT3等靶点,调控PI3K-Akt、TNF、HIF-1等通路来发挥改善ALI的作用。RT-qPCR及免疫组织化学结果显示鬼针草可促进ALI小鼠肺组织Akt的转录及表达(P<0.05)。结论鬼针草对ALI炎症反应具有改善作用,其机制可能为激活PI3K-Akt信号通路来发挥肺保护作用。为鬼针草的进一步开发利用提供了一定的实验基础。

基于PI3K-Akt通路探讨补阳还五汤改善阿司匹林致消化道溃疡的机制

目的探讨补阳还五汤对阿司匹林致消化道溃疡的保护作用及其可能的作用机制。方法将75只大鼠随机分为空白对照组、胃溃疡模型组、补阳还五汤组、血府逐瘀汤组和双抗组,每组15只。除空白组大鼠灌胃等体积生理盐水,其余各组大鼠均灌胃阿司匹林水溶液300 mg/kg,并于灌胃6 h后各给药组分别灌胃相应药物,模型组灌胃等体积生理盐水,每日1次,连续14 d。检测各组大鼠凝血四项功能;运用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)和实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应法(RT-PCR)分别测定各组大鼠血浆中血小板活化因子(PAF)、表皮生长因子(EGF)、磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶(PI3k)、蛋白激酶B(Akt)表达水平及相关mRNA的表达。结果与模型组比较,血府逐瘀汤组与正常组凝血酶时间(TT)时间明显延长(P<0.05);与正常组比较,血府逐瘀汤组和双抗组大鼠血清PAF水平明显提高,各给药组大鼠血清EGF水平明显降低(P<0.05);与模型组相比较,补阳还五汤组、血府逐瘀汤组、双抗组大鼠胃组织PI3k、Akt、PAF mRNA表达水平明显降低,EGF mRNA表达水平明显升高(P<0.05)。结论补阳还五汤联合阿司匹林具有强有力的抗凝作用,且能够抑制细胞因子PAF基因的表达以及胃组织中PI3k-Akt mRNA激活,提高细胞因子EGF的表达,对胃黏膜起到保护作用。

参附注射液通过调控PI3K-AKT通路对LPS诱导的小鼠肺上皮细胞自噬与凋亡的影响

目的:研究参附注射液对脂多糖(LPS)诱导的小鼠肺上皮细胞MLE-12的保护作用,并进一步探究其对自噬和凋亡的作用及潜在的分子机制。方法:采用LPS处理小鼠肺上皮细胞MLE-12建立脓毒症急性肺损伤(ALI)细胞模型,分为空白对照组、模型组及参附注射液低、中、高浓度组。CCK-8法检测LPS和参附注射液对MLE-12细胞活力的影响;酶联免疫吸附试验检测细胞上清中TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6含量;试剂盒检测细胞内ROS水平;蛋白免疫印迹法检测肺上皮细胞标记蛋白E-cadherin、Occludin、ZO-1,自噬相关蛋白LC3B、Beclin1,凋亡相关蛋白Bax、Bcl-2及PI3K-AKT信号通路相关蛋白的表达;细胞免疫荧光检测细胞内LC3B蛋白表达;流式细胞术检测参附注射液对LPS诱导下MLE-12细胞凋亡的影响。结果:与模型组比较,参附注射液各组MLE-12细胞活力显著升高,TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6分泌及细胞内ROS生成显著降低,E-cadherin、Occludin、ZO-1、Beclin1蛋白表达及LC3BⅡ/LC3BⅠ水平显著升高,p-PI3K/PI3K、p-AKT/AKT水平显著降低,MLE-12细胞凋亡率显著降低(P<0.01)。结论:参附注射液可抑制LPS诱导的炎症因子分泌,减轻氧化应激,改善肺上皮细胞功能,增加细胞保护性自噬,抑制细胞凋亡,其机制可能与调控PI3K-AKT信号通路有关。

PI3K抑制剂林普利塞对弥漫大B细胞淋巴瘤的体外抗肿瘤效应

目的探讨PI3K抑制剂林普利塞(Linperlisib,YY-20394)对弥漫大B细胞淋巴瘤(diffuse large B-cell lymphoma,DLBCL)的抗肿瘤效应及其作用机制。方法采用CCK-8法检测不同浓度YY-20394对SU-DHL-4细胞(GCB亚型)和U2932细胞(ABC亚型)增殖能力的影响,并计算出24 h时药物的IC_(25)、IC_(50)、IC_(75)。采用流式细胞术检测IC_(25)、IC_(50)和IC_(75)浓度YY-20394对SU-DHL-4细胞和U2932细胞凋亡的影响。采用高通量RNA测序技术(RNA-Seq)检测药物作用前后各组细胞基因表达的变化,对差异表达基因进行KEGG信号通路分析和GO富集分析,并且对各组细胞基因表达数据进行GSEA富集分析。结果在YY-20394作用下,SU-DHL-4细胞增殖抑制率和细胞凋亡率增加(P<0.05),但U2932细胞增殖及凋亡能力未发生明显改变(P>0.05)。KEGG和GO富集分析结果显示,YY-20394对SU-DHL-4细胞的抗肿瘤作用涉及多条信号通路,其中PI3K-AKT、MAPK、JAK-STAT等信号通路的活性下调,且可能通过影响醇类物质合成等细胞生物学功能发挥作用;而U2932细胞中未富集到具有显著差异的信号通路。GSEA富集分析显示PI3K-AKT信号通路在SU-DHL-4细胞中的活化水平显著低于U2932细胞。结论PI3K抑制剂YY-20394通过影响PI3K-AKT等肿瘤相关信号通路,对GCB亚型的SU-DHL-4细胞产生抗肿瘤效应,而对ABC亚型的U2932细胞不敏感。

靶向PIK3CA突变的抗肿瘤药物研究进展

PI3K-Akt信号通路作为肿瘤相关十大信号通路之一,在调控肿瘤恶性进展中扮演着重要角色。PIK3CA编码PI3K复合体蛋白催化亚基P110α,是一种典型的致癌突变,对实体瘤的发生和发展至关重要。PIK3CA突变可导致肿瘤对一线抗癌药物产生耐药性,其机制可能与PIK3CA突变激活PI3K-Akt信号通路相关。目前,几种靶向PIK3CA突变的抑制剂在临床研究中取得了一定进展,特别是PI3Kα特异性抑制剂阿培利司已被FDA批准作为PIK3CA突变乳腺癌的治疗药物。本文就PIK3CA突变促进肿瘤药物耐药的机制,以及逆转耐药的治疗策略作一综述,以期更全面了解PIK3CA突变在肿瘤耐药方面的进展以及最新治疗策略。

基于PI3K-Akt信号通路的清带汤对大肠癌细胞增殖的影响

目的通过体内外实验观察清带汤对大肠癌细胞增殖的抑制作用,并通过网络药理学、分子对接技术和实验探讨其可能的机制。方法体外培养人大肠癌HCT116、LoVo、HT29细胞和正常人肠上皮NCM460细胞,加入不同浓度(10、20、40、80、160μg/mL)清带汤冻干粉干预48 h,CCK-8法检测细胞增殖;建立人大肠癌HCT116细胞荷瘤裸鼠模型,将裸鼠随机分为对照组和清带汤组(11.6 g/kg),给药21 d后观察裸鼠瘤体生长情况;采用网络药理学预测清带汤治疗大肠癌有效成分、核心靶点及相关通路,利用分子对接技术分析清带汤有效成分与核心靶点的结合能力;Western blot检测清带汤干预后HCT116和LoVo细胞PI3K-Akt信号通路相关蛋白表达,q PCR检测HCT116、LoVo细胞及裸鼠肿瘤组织PI3K-Akt信号通路相关基因表达。结果清带汤(20、40、80、160μg/mL)对HCT116、LoVo、HT29细胞增殖有显著抑制作用(P<0.05,P<0.01),而对NCM460细胞无明显影响。与对照组比较,清带汤组裸鼠皮下移植瘤体积和质量显著降低(P<0.05)。网络药理学和分子对接结果显示,清带汤抑制大肠癌可能与PI3K-Akt信号通路有关。Western blot结果显示,与对照组比较,清带汤组HCT116、LoVo细胞p-AKT和p-mTOR蛋白表达均明显降低(P<0.05,P<0.01);qPCR结果显示,与对照组比较,清带汤组HCT116、LoVo细胞及裸鼠肿瘤组织PI3K-Akt信号通路下游基因CDK2、BCL-2和MCL-1表达均显著降低(P<0.05,P<0.01)。结论清带汤能有效抑制人大肠癌细胞增殖及荷瘤裸鼠瘤体生长,其机制与调控PI3K-Akt信号通路、抑制癌细胞增殖有关。

Melatonin improves synapse development by PI3K/Akt signaling in a mouse model of autism spectrum disorder

Autism spectrum disorders are a group of neurodevelopmental disorders involving more than 1100 genes,including Ctnnd2 as a candidate gene.Ctnnd2knockout mice,serving as an animal model of autis m,have been demonstrated to exhibit decreased density of dendritic spines.The role of melatonin,as a neuro hormone capable of effectively alleviating social interaction deficits and regulating the development of dendritic spines,in Ctnnd2 deletion-induced nerve injury remains unclea r.In the present study,we discove red that the deletion of exon 2 of the Ctnnd2 gene was linked to social interaction deficits,spine loss,impaired inhibitory neurons,and suppressed phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase(PI3K)/protein kinase B(Akt) signal pathway in the prefrontal cortex.Our findings demonstrated that the long-term oral administration of melatonin for 28 days effectively alleviated the aforementioned abnormalities in Ctnnd2 gene-knockout mice.Furthermore,the administration of melatonin in the prefro ntal cortex was found to improve synaptic function and activate the PI3K/Akt signal pathway in this region.The pharmacological blockade of the PI3K/Akt signal pathway with a PI3K/Akt inhibitor,wo rtmannin,and melatonin receptor antagonists,luzindole and 4-phenyl-2-propionamidotetralin,prevented the melatonin-induced enhancement of GABAergic synaptic function.These findings suggest that melatonin treatment can ameliorate GABAe rgic synaptic function by activating the PI3K/Akt signal pathway,which may contribute to the improvement of dendritic spine abnormalities in autism spectrum disorders.

FBXO38通过PI3K-Akt信号通路调控眼部黑色素瘤增殖

目的·研究F-box蛋白38(F-box only protein 38,FBXO38)对眼部黑色素瘤增殖的作用以及潜在的调控通路。方法·使用FBXO38短发夹RNA(short hairpin RNA,shRNA)和FBXO38过表达质粒构建FBXO38敲低以及过表达的人皮肤黑色素瘤A375和葡萄膜黑色素瘤OMM2.3细胞系,并通过实时荧光定量PCR(quantitative real-time PCR,qRT-PCR)和Western blotting在转录和蛋白水平验证FBXO38的敲低和过表达效率。通过克隆形成实验、BrdU免疫荧光染色和CCK8细胞增殖实验,探究FBXO38对黑色素瘤细胞增殖的影响。使用肿瘤基因组图谱计划数据库(The Cancer Genome Atlas,TCGA),分析FBXO38高表达和低表达组中的差异表达基因,并进行京都基因与基因组数据库(Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes,KEGG)通路富集,揭示与FBXO38相关的信号通路。进一步通过CCK8细胞增殖实验检测信号通路抑制剂对不同FBXO38表达量细胞的抑制率。同时通过qRT-PCR和Western blotting,验证在敲低FBXO38之后该通路是否激活。结果·qRT-PCR和Western blotting验证A375和OMM2.3细胞系中的FBXO38的mRNA及蛋白质表达水平,发现与对照组相比敲低组的FBXO38表达水平下降,与野生型相比过表达组的FBXO38的表达水平提高(P<0.05)。克隆形成实验、BrdU免疫荧光染色和CCK8细胞增殖实验显示,敲低FBXO38显著增强A375和OMM2.3细胞的增殖能力(P<0.05),反之过表达FBXO38抑制A375和OMM2.3细胞增殖(P<0.05)。KEGG通路富集分析显示,在皮肤黑色素瘤和葡萄膜黑色素瘤中,FBXO38的表达影响磷脂酰肌醇3激酶/蛋白激酶B(phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B,PI3K-Akt)通路激活。与对照组相比,PI3K抑制剂LY294002和mTOR1抑制剂Everolimus对FBXO38敲低组的抑制率显著提升(P<0.05),对FBXO38过表达组的抑制率则显著下降(P<0.05)。Western blotting结果显示,敲低FBXO38之后,与PI3K-Akt通路相关的PTEN、P21和P53蛋白水平下降,而MDM2蛋白水平上升。qRT-PCR结果显示在FBXO38敲低细胞中P53转录水平显著下降(P<0.05),而MDM2转录水平显著上升(P<0.05)。结论·FBXO38通过PI3K-Akt信号通路参与调控眼部黑色素瘤细胞的增殖。

Zuo Gui Wan Promotes Osteogenesis via PI3K/AKT Signaling Pathway:Network Pharmacology Analysis and Experimental Validation

Objective Osteogenesis is vitally important for bone defect repair,and Zuo Gui Wan(ZGW)is a classic prescription in traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)for strengthening bones.However,the specific mechanism by which ZGW regulates osteogenesis is still unclear.The current study is based on a network pharmacology analysis to explore the potential mechanism of ZGW in promoting osteogenesis.Methods A network pharmacology analysis followed by experimental validation was applied to explore the potential mechanisms of ZGW in promoting the osteogenesis of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells(BMSCs).Results In total,487 no-repeat targets corresponding to the bioactive components of ZGW were screened,and 175 target genes in the intersection of ZGW and osteogenesis were obtained.And 28 core target genes were then obtained from a PPI network analysis.A GO functional enrichment analysis showed that the relevant biological processes mainly involve the cellular response to chemical stress,metal ions,and lipopolysaccharide.Additionally,KEGG pathway enrichment analysis revealed that multiple signaling pathways,including the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/protein kinase B(PI3K/AKT)signaling pathway,were associated with ZGW-promoted osteogensis.Further experimental validation showed that ZGW could increase alkaline phosphatase(ALP)activity as well as the mRNA and protein levels of ALP,osteocalcin(OCN),and runt related transcription factor 2(Runx 2).What’s more,Western blot analysis results showed that ZGW significantly increased the protein levels of p-PI3K and p-AKT,and the increases of these protein levels significantly receded after the addition of the PI3K inhibitor LY294002.Finally,the upregulated osteogenic-related indicators were also suppressed by the addition of LY294002.Conclusion ZGW promotes the osteogenesis of BMSCs via PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.