Design of a Proportional-Integral-Derivative Controller for an Automatic Generation Control of Multi-area Power Thermal Systems Using Firefly Algorithm

Essentially, it is significant to supply the consumer with reliable and sufficient power. Since, power quality is measured by the consistency in frequency and power flow between control areas. Thus, in a power system operation and control,automatic generation control(AGC) plays a crucial role. In this paper, multi-area(Five areas: area 1, area 2, area 3, area 4 and area 5) reheat thermal power systems are considered with proportional-integral-derivative(PID) controller as a supplementary controller. Each area in the investigated power system is equipped with appropriate governor unit, turbine with reheater unit, generator and speed regulator unit. The PID controller parameters are optimized by considering nature bio-inspired firefly algorithm(FFA). The experimental results demonstrated the comparison of the proposed system performance(FFA-PID)with optimized PID controller based genetic algorithm(GAPID) and particle swarm optimization(PSO) technique(PSOPID) for the same investigated power system. The results proved the efficiency of employing the integral time absolute error(ITAE) cost function with one percent step load perturbation(1 % SLP) in area 1. The proposed system based FFA achieved the least settling time compared to using the GA or the PSO algorithms, while, it attained good results with respect to the peak overshoot/undershoot. In addition, the FFA performance is improved with the increased number of iterations which outperformed the other optimization algorithms based controller.

Optimizing PID controller parameters for robust automatic voltage regulator system through indirect design approach-2

Automatic voltage regulators(AVR)are designed to manipulate a synchronous generator’s voltage level automatically.Proportional integral derivative(PID)controllers are typically used in AVR systems to regulate voltage.Although advanced PID tuning methods have been proposed,the actual voltage response differs from the theoretical predictions due to modeling errors and system uncertainties.This requires continuous fine tuning of the PID parameters.However,manual adjustment of these parameters can compromise the stability and robustness of the AVR system.This study focuses on the online self-tuning of PID controllers called indirect design approach-2(IDA-2)in AVR systems while preserving robustness.In particular,we indirectly tune the PID controller by shifting the frequency response.The new PID parameters depend on the frequency-shifting constant and the previously optimized PID parameters.Adjusting the frequency-shifting constant modifies all the PID parameters simultaneously,thereby improving the control performance and robustness.We evaluate the robustness of the proposed online PID tuning method by comparing the gain margins(GMs)and phase margins(PMs)with previously optimized PID parameters during parameter uncertainties.The proposed method is further evaluated in terms of disturbance rejection,measurement noise,and frequency response analysis during parameter uncertainty calculations against existing methods.Simulations show that the proposed method significantly improves the robustness of the controller in the AVR system.In summary,online self-tuning enables automated PID parameter adjustment in an AVR system,while maintaining stability and robustness.

Unified Control Theory from PID to ACPID

To address the challenge of achieving unified control across diverse nonlinear systems, a comprehensive control theory spanning from PID (Proportional-Integral-Derivative) to ACPID (Auto-Coupling PID) has been proposed. The primary concept is to unify all intricate factors, including internal dynamics and external bounded disturbance, into a single total disturbance. This enables the mapping of various nonlinear systems onto a linear disturbance system. Based on the theory of PID control and the characteristic equation of a critically damping system, Zeng’s stabilization rules (ZSR) and an ACPID control force based on a single speed factor have been designed. ACPID control theory is both simple and practical, with significant scientific significance and application value in the field of control engineering.

Feedforward Variable Structural Proportional-Integral-Derivative for Temperature Control of Polymerase Chain Reaction

To track the rapidly changing temperature profiles of thermal cycling of polymerase chain reaction （PCR） accurately, an innovative feedforward variable structural proportional-integral-derivative （FVSPID） controller was developed. Based on the step response test data of the heat block, a reduced first order model was estabfished at different operating points. Based on the reduced model, the FVSPID controller combined a feedforward path with the variable structural proportional-integral-derivative （PID） control. The modified feedforward action provided directly the optimal predictive power for the desired setpoint to speed up the dynamic response. To cooperate with the feedforward action, a variable structural PID was applied, where the P mode was used in the case of the largest errors to speed up response, whereas the PD mode was used in the case of larger errors to suppress overshoot, and finally the PID mode was applied for small error conditions to eliminate the steady state offset. Experimental results illustrated that compared to the conventional PID controller, the FVSPID controller can not only reduce the time taken to complete a standard PCR protocol, but also improve the accuracy of gene amplification.

基于PSO-BP模糊PID的变距取苗机构控制系统设计

为满足番茄、辣椒等蔬菜作物的移栽需求,基于向下取苗原理设计了一种适用72穴和128穴两种主要番茄钵苗穴盘规格的变距取苗机构,通过建立数学模型获得了取苗机械手参数的目标函数,并利用粒子群和模拟退火混合算法对其结构参数进行优化。同时,为实现变距取苗机构的精确控制,提出了一种基于PSO-BP的模糊PID算法以提高控制精度,介绍了系统的结构与工作原理,并通过选型计算与分析建模建立了控制系统的数学模型。针对传统PID控制器稳定性差、响应速度慢等不足之处,利用PSO-BP模糊PID对控制器的参数进行在线调整,以满足控制过程中对参数的不同需求。仿真结果与试验数据的分析表明:在参数相同条件下,基于PSO-BP模糊PID控制系统系统稳定性更好、响应速度更快,具有良好的鲁棒性,提升取苗成功率的同时降低了基质损伤率,能够满足变距取苗机构高精度快速稳定控制的需求。

模糊PID玉米免耕机排种施肥控制方法研究

为了实现免耕机播种量和施肥量的精确控制,基于模糊PID控制,设计了控制系统。首先,建立排种量模型,以排种轴转速为控制量;其次,建立施肥量控制模型,分析排肥轴转速、排肥轴长度和免耕机前进速度对于排肥量误差的影响,选择排肥轴转速为控制量;再次,采用模糊PID控制的方法,对驱动电机进行调速,进而实现对排肥轴和排种轴转速的控制,完成排种量和排肥量的调整;最后,对系统进行测试。测试结果表明:电机转速从0调整到50 r/min的响应时间为0.8 s,施肥量变异系数分布区间为[2.6,4.1]。

Application of single neuron adaptive PID controller during the process of timber drying

The paper presents a method of using single neuron adaptive PID control for adjusting system or servo system to implement timber drying process control, which combines the thought of parameter adaptive PID control and the character of neural network on exactly describing nonlinear and uncertainty dynamic process organically. The method implements functions of adaptive and self-learning by adjusting weighting parameters. Adaptive neural network can make some output trail given hoping value to decouple in static state. The simulation result indicates the validity, veracity and robustness of the method used in the timber drying process

ADRC FRACTIONAL ORDER PID CONTROLLER DESIGN OF HYPERSONIC FLIGHT VEHICLE

Active disturbance rejection controller（ADRC）uses tracking-differentiator（TD）to solve the contradiction between the overshoot and the rapid nature.Fractional order proportion integral derivative（PID）controller improves the control quality and expands the stable region of the system parameters.ADRC fractional order（ADRFO）PID controller is designed by combining ADRC with the fractional order PID and applied to reentry attitude control of hypersonic vehicle.Simulation results show that ADRFO PID controller has better control effect and greater stable region for the strong nonlinear model of hypersonic flight vehicle under the influence of external disturbance,and has stronger robustness against the perturbation in system parameters.

Adaptive Nonlinear PID Control and Rule-Based Compensation for Systems with Backlash

The control of dynamic nonlinear systems with unknown backlash was considered. By using an efficient approach to estimate the unknown backlash parameters, a rule? based backlash compensator was presented for canceling the effect of backlash. Adaptive nonlinear PID controller together with rule? based backlash compensator was developed and a satisfactory tracking performance was achieved. Simulation results demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Experimental Comparison Between PID Control and Friction Compensation Control for a Class of Nonlinear System with Friction

A point to? point positioning control of systems with highly nonlinear frictions is studied. In view of variable frictions caused by the changes of load torque, an experimental comparison was made between the valve? controlled hydraulic motor servo system with PID control and that with friction compensation control. Experimental results show that the gross steady errors are caused by frictions when the system is controlled by the conventional proportional control algorithm. Although the errors can be reduced by introducing the integral control, the limit cycle oscillation and the long setting time are caused. The positioning error for a constant load torque can be eliminated by using fixed friction compensation, but poor positioning accuracy is caused by the same fixed friction compensation when the load torques varies greatly. The dynamic friction compensation based on the error and change in error measurements can significantly improve the position precision in a broad range of the changes of load torque.

采摘机器人机械手避障方法研究——基于遗传优化和模糊PID控制器

为了提高采摘机器人机械手移动的自动化程度,使其在移动过程中有效避开障碍物,将基于PID控制器的避障系统引入到了机械手的设计上,并采用遗传算法和模糊算法对控制器进行了优化,提高了机械手移动的准确性和平稳性。模拟采摘机器人机械手的作业环境,对机械手的避障功能进行了测试,结果表明:机械手可以成功躲避障碍物,且采用遗传和模糊算法优化的机械手具有更高的移动平稳性,对于提高果实采摘效率和质量具有重要的作用。

基于PID的ROV运动控制仿真

针对观察型水下机器人在水下运动时易受暗流、波浪影响,造成操控困难、系统稳定性差等问题,建立遥控水下机器人(Remotely Operated Vehicle,ROV)不同运动的控制模型,考虑电机和导管螺旋桨推进器的传递函数对ROV控制系统的影响,确定定艏向和定深控制系统的闭环传递函数,结合模糊控制和比例积分微分(Proportional Integral Differential,PID)控制法,得到模糊PID控制器,基于MATLAB/Simulink环境进行ROV定深度运动仿真和ROV水平面艏向定偏角运动仿真。结果表明,与传统PID控制相比,模糊PID控制具有更优的ROV定艏向和定深度控制效果,不会发生超调现象,在抗干扰能力和响应速度方面具有明显的优势,可有效地实现ROV定艏向和定深度运动控制。

轿车行驶过程中专家PID Controller的应用

介绍了在轿车行驶过程中专家PID控制器的设计,得到模拟结果与传统PID控制进行了对比,说明专家PID控制有更小的超调量,且精度较高,并有很好的实用性。

基于遗传算法的汽车主动悬架变论域模糊PID控制

针对1/4车主动悬架系统,提出一种基于遗传算法(genetic algorithm,GA)的变论域模糊比例-积分-微分(proportional-integral-differential,PID)控制方法.在建立主动悬架系统模型的基础上,引入变论域思想设计模糊PID控制器.为进一步改善控制器减振效果,采用GA来优化变论域中伸缩因子描述函数的参数.结果表明:相比PID、模糊PID与未优化的变论域模糊PID等控制方法,基于GA的变论域模糊PID控制方法在降低车身垂向加速度、改善乘坐舒适性方面具有优越性;所提控制方法对簧载质量和车辆行驶速度不确定性具备较强的鲁棒性.

基于模糊神经网络PID的煤矿掘进机俯仰控制研究

目前煤矿掘进机俯仰控制主要采用PID控制方法,在掘进机俯仰控制时变性与液压系统非线性情况下的控制精度不高。掘进机俯仰控制通过控制液压缸行程实现,将传统PID算法与模糊控制、神经网络等相结合,可有效提高液压缸行程控制精度。提出了一种基于模糊神经网络PID的煤矿掘进机俯仰控制方法。通过分析掘进机支撑部运动学关系,得到俯仰角与支撑部液压缸的数学关系;介绍了掘进机俯仰控制液压系统工作原理,建立了液压系统及其传递函数模型;将模糊控制与神经网络相结合,形成模糊神经网络,利用模糊神经网络优化PID控制参数,再结合支撑机构数学模型和液压系统传递函数模型,建立掘进机俯仰角模糊神经网络PID控制模型,实现煤矿掘进机俯仰机构自动精确控制。该方法可使掘进机俯仰机构更加快速、准确到达预设位置,解决掘进机俯仰控制中的时变性与非线性难题。仿真结果表明:模糊神经网络PID控制算法相较于模糊PID和PID控制算法,跟踪误差分别降低了69.34%和74.49%。通过液压缸位移控制模拟煤矿掘进机在突变工况和跟随工况下的俯仰控制,结果表明:模糊神经网络PID控制算法相比模糊PID和PID控制算法,俯仰控制跟踪误差最小,对位置信号的平均响应时间分别缩短了27.22%和50.33%,动态控制性能更好。

基于单片机和PID算法的温度智能控制系统设计

为提高温度控制的智能化水平,设计一种智能温度控制系统。该系统以STC89C52单片机为控制器,采用PID算法控制温度,具有语音播报和手机远程控制等功能。采用DS18B20温度传感器采集环境温度;设计LCD12864显示电路实时显示当前温度、温度上下限以及温度状态;设计WT588D语音提醒电路,当测量温度小于下限或大于上限时发出语音提醒;设计按键电路实现温度上下限值的设定;设计蓝牙通信电路,与手机APP通信,实现远程控制;采用PID算法输出控制量,控制固态继电器驱动加热或降温装置,实现温度控制。其次,对温度控制系统的硬件和软件进行设计,并制作实物进行运行测试。实验结果表明,所设计的温度控制系统能够很好地实现温度控制,从而达到预期效果,且操作方便、成本低,具有较强的应用价值。

“自动控制原理”课程思政教学探讨——以PID控制教学为例

随着信息技术的飞速发展及在各行各业的深入渗透,高校教学过程中越来越多的专业开设了控制类课程。“自动控制原理”是自动化类专业的核心基础课程,也是武汉大学全校公共专业基础平台课,受众面十分广泛。通过主要阐述经典控制理论PID控制器中体现的系统思想,通过剖析PID控制的物理内涵,润物无声地融入思政元素,将控制理论内在的技术哲学自然融入专业课程教学,在传授知识的同时进行价值引领,切实提升立德树人成效。

基于位置式PID的水暖床垫温度控制系统设计

温度控制在生产生活中发挥着举足轻重的作用。位式控制算法在调节具有滞后性的水暖床垫温度控制系统时容易导致温度在目标值上下波动,控制效果不理想。为了解决此问题,设计了一种基于位置式PID的水暖床垫温度控制系统,系统以51内核的微处理器为核心控制器、以负温度系数热敏电阻(Negative Temperature Coefficient,NTC)为温度传感器、以PTC为加热器、以直流电机作为循环水泵。经实际测试结果表明,该系统运行稳定,控温精度在±0.5℃以内,达到了理想的温度控制效果。

Fuzzy PID control system for hose pulse experiment based on LabVIEW

The hose pulse testing bench generally uses electro-hydraulic servo system. It occupies little space, tracks signals fast and has simple structure, and therefore it is widely used in industrial control field. However, there are lots of problems such as little accuracy and instability caused by slow response of hydraulic and various interference factors. Simple proportional integra- tion derivatiation （PID） control method of traditional pulse bench is simple in principle, but it is difficult in parameter adjust- ment. According to the special requirements of the control system, a PID method based on fuzzy control is proposed in the pa- per. This method not only retains the advantages of the conventional control system, but also ameliorates the drawbacks of parameter uncertainty, instability and lag. It has been testified that the method is practicable and can improve the precision and adaptation.

基于粒子群优化模糊PID控制的水厂加氯系统

水厂加氯过程具有非线性、大时滞等特点,采用传统的PID控制方式难以实现消毒剂精准投加。因此,以某采用次氯酸钠消毒系统的水厂为例,首先通过分析该水厂加氯系统工作原理,结合工程经验和运行数据确定了加氯过程的近似数学模型。然后综合使用粒子群优化算法、模糊控制算法和PID控制算法,设计了一种粒子群优化模糊PID控制器,并利用MATLAB软件搭建了粒子群优化模糊PID控制系统和传统PID控制系统的模型进行仿真验证,结果表明:相较于传统PID控制系统,粒子群优化模糊PID控制系统的超调量减少了89.36%,调节时间减少了46.63%,其抗干扰能力也更强,系统整体控制效果有了较大提升。最后使用基于粒子群优化的模糊PID控制法对水厂加氯控制系统进行改造,试运行后发现,新系统控制效果良好,出厂水游离氯值能够稳定在设定值附近。