A Hybrid Compensation Scheme for the Input Rate-Dependent Hysteresis of the Piezoelectric Ceramic Actuators

A hybrid compensation scheme for piezoelectric ceramic actuators(PEAs)is proposed.In the hybrid compensation scheme,the input rate-dependent hysteresis characteristics of the PEAs are compensated.The feedforward controller is a novel input rate-dependent neural network hysteresis inverse model,while the feedback controller is a proportion integration differentiation(PID)controller.In the proposed inverse model,an input ratedependent auxiliary inverse operator(RAIO)and output of the hysteresis construct the expanded input space(EIS)of the inverse model which transforms the hysteresis inverse with multi-valued mapping into single-valued mapping,and the wiping-out,rate-dependent and continuous properties of the RAIO are analyzed in theories.Based on the EIS method,a hysteresis neural network inverse model,namely the dynamic back propagation neural network(DBPNN)model,is established.Moreover,a hybrid compensation scheme for the PEAs is designed to compensate for the hysteresis.Finally,the proposed method,the conventional PID controller and the hybrid controller with the modified input rate-dependent Prandtl-Ishlinskii(MRPI)model are all applied in the experimental platform.Experimental results show that the proposed method has obvious superiorities in the performance of the system.

Review of the applications of 3D printing technology in the field of piezoelectric ceramics

As advanced functional materials,piezoelectric ceramics are widely used in various fields,including the medical,aviation,and military industries.With the advancement of science and technology,the piezoelectric ceramics needed in special fields have become more intelligent,diverse and lightweight.The shapes and structures of piezoelectric ceramics are becoming more complex.Traditional piezoelectric ceramic preparation technology has been unable to meet the high-speed and complex production demands of various industries.Considering this situation,3D printing technology has attracted much attention in the field of piezoelectric ceramics.In this paper,the applications of several main 3D printing techniques in the field of piezoelectric ceramics are mainly introduced,and their development statuses,process characteristics and achievements are summarized.The advantages and disadvantages of each printing technique are summarized and compared.The challenges and possible future trends of 3D printing when manufacturing piezoelectric ceramics are summarized and proposed.

Research of Lead-free Na_(0.5)Bi_(0.5)TiO_(3)-BaTiO_(3)System Piezoelectric Ceramics

To reduce the coercive field of Na_(0.5)Bi_(0.5)TiO_(3),Ba TiO_(3)were added as dopant materials.Then the(1-x)Na_(0.5)Bi_(0.5)TiO_(3)-xBaTiO_(3)ceramic samples were produced in solid synthetic way.The optimum preparation condition and piezoelectric properties of the samples were investigated.The XRD results show that the fabric transites from rhombohedral to tetragonal gradually with the substitution of the Ba^(2+).The morphotropic phase boundaries(MPB)exists in the composition range of 0.06.

A New Capillary Electrophoresis Apparatus with Piezoelectric Ceramics High Voltage Source and Amperometric Detector

A new capillary electrophoresis apparatus was designed. Piezoelectric ceramics transformer technology was first applied in capillary electrophoresis, a high voltage and stable source was made. Amperometric detector was used in which the working electrode was closely opposite to the end of capillary. The apparatus was characterized in good reproducibility, safety and very low cost.

TRANSIENT RESPONSE OF A PIEZOELECTRIC CERAMIC WITH TWO COPLANAR CRACKS UNDER ELECTROMECHANICAL IMPACT

The transient response of two coplanar cracks in a piezoelectric ceramic under antiplane mechanical and inplane electric impacting loads is investigated in the present paper. Laplace and Fourier transforms are used to reduce the mixed boundary value problems to Cauchy-type singular integral equations in Laplace transform domain, which are solved numerically. The dynamic stress and electric displacement factors are obtained as the functions of time and geometry parameters. The present study shows that the presence of the dynamic electric field will impede or enhance the propagation of the crack in piezoelectric ceramics at different stages of the dynamic electromechanical load. Moreover, the electromechanical response is greatly affected by the ratio of the space of the cracks and the crack length.

Influence of Sb_2O_3 doping on the properties of KBT-NBT-BT lead-free piezoelectric ceramics

0.144（K0.5Bi0.5）TiO3-0.85（Na0.5Bi0.5）TiO3-0.006BaTiO3（KBT-NBT-BT） lead-free piezoelectric ceramics were prepared using a conventional solid state method.The influence of Sb2O3 doping on the crystal phase,surface microstructure and properties of the KBT-NBT-BT lead-free piezoelectric ceramics were investigated using X-ray diffraction（XRD）,scanning electron microscope（SEM） and other analytical methods.The results show that all compositions are of pure perovskite structure solid states.Sb2O3 doping does not influence the microstructure of KBT-NBT-BT lead-free piezoelectric ceramics obviously in the Sb2O3 doping range of 0.1-0.5 wt.%.Sb2O3 functions as a donor when doped small amount,while functions as a acceptor when doped large amount.The piezoelectric strain constant（d33） increases first and then decreases;the dielectric constant（ε33^T/ε0） and the dielectric loss（tanδ） decrease continuously when the amount of Sb2O3 dopant increases.When the doping amount of Sb2O3 is 0.1 wt.%,the KBT-NBT-BT piezoelectric ceramics with good comprehensive properties are obtained,whose d33,ε33^T/ε0 and tanδ are 147 pC/N,1510 and 4.2%,respectively.

ANALYSIS OF DAMAGE NEAR A CONDUCTING CRACK IN A PIEZOELECTRIC CERAMIC

The finite element formulation for analyzing static damage near a conducting crack in a thin piezoelectric plate is established from the virtual work principle of piezoelectricity.The damage fields under various mechanical and electrical loads are calculated carefully by using an effective iterative procedure.The numerical results show that all the damage fields around a crack tip are fan-shaped and the electric field applied has great influence on the mechanical damage, which is related to the piezoelectric properties.

ANALYSIS OF ELECTRIC BOUNDARY CONDITION EFFECTS ON CRACK PROPAGATION IN PIEZOELECTRIC CERAMICS

There are three types of cracks: impermeable crack, permeable crack and conducting crack, with different electric boundary conditions on faces of cracks in piezoelectric ceramics, which poses difficulties in the analysis of piezoelectric fracture problems. In this paper, in contrast to our previous FEM formulation, the numerical analysis is based on the use of exact electric boundary conditions at the crack faces, thus the common assumption of electric impermeability in the FEM analysis is avoided. The crack behavior and elasto-electric fields near a crack tip in a PZT-5 piezoelectric ceramic under mechanical, electrical and coupled mechanical- electrical loads with different electric boundary conditions on crack faces are investigated. It is found that the dielectric medium between the crack faces will reduce the singularity of stress and electric displacement. Furthermore, when the permittivity of the dielectric medium in the crack gap is of the same order as that of the piezoelectric ceramic, the crack becomes a conducting crack, the applied electric field has no effect on the crack propagation.

Achieving remarkable piezoelectric activity in Sb-Mn co-modified CaBi_(4)Ti_(4)O_(15) piezoelectric ceramics

CaBi_(4)Ti_(4)O_(15)(CBT)-based Aurivillius high-temperature piezoceramics with different Sb-Mn co-doping amounts were synthesized via the conventional sintering technique.The influences of doping amount on the product were studied via their crystal structure,microstructure,and piezoelectric performance.It is found that an appropriate Sb-Mn co-doping amount can effectively optimize the crystal structure and decrease the oxygen vacancy concentration in CBT ceramics,leading to enhanced electrical properties.Optimized electrical performance with a high Curie temperature(TC)of 792℃and a remarkable piezoelectric coefficient(d33)of 25 p C/N were achieved at a doping amount(x)of 0.05.Furthermore,this ceramic is found to exhibit an excellent thermal stability,with d33 retaining 88%of its original value after annealing at 600℃for 2 h.Moreover,this ceramic shows a high electrical resistivity(ρ)of 1.35×10^(8)Ω·cm with a small dielectric loss(tanδ)of 1.7%at 400℃.Because of such outstanding piezoelectric performance,it is believed that these Sb-Mn co-doped CBT ceramics could be potential candidates for high-temperature piezoelectric applications.

Manufacture and Cytotoxicity of a Lead-free Piezoelectric Ceramic as a Bone Substitute—Consolidation of Porous Lithium Sodium Potassium Niobate by Cold Isostatic Pressing

Aim The piezoelectric properties and cytotoxicity of a porous lead-free piezoelectric ceramic for use as a direct bone substitute were investigated. Methodology Cold isostatic pressing （CIP） was applied to fabricate porous lithium sodium potassium niobate （Li0.06Na0.5K0.44） NbO3 specimens using a pore-forming method. The morphologies of the CIP-processed specimens were characterized and compared to those of specimens made by from conventional pressing procedures. The effects of the ceramic on the attachment and proliferation of osteoblasts isolated from the cranium of 1-day-old Sprague- Dawley rats were examined by a scanning electron microscopy （SEM） and metbylthiazol tetrazolium （MTT） assay. Results The results showed that CIP enhanced piezoelectricity and biological performance of the niobate specimen, and also promoted an extracellular matrix-like topography of it. In vitro studies showed that the CIP-enhanced material had positive effects on the attachment and proliferation of osteoblasts. Conclusion Niobate ceramic generated by CIP shows a promise for being a piezoelectric composite bone substitute.

Effects of CeO_2 doping on the structure and properties of PSN-PZN-PMS-PZT piezoelectric ceramics

Quinary system piezoelectric ceramics PSN-PZN-PMS-PZT were prepared by using a two-step method. The effects of CeO2 doping on piezoelectric and dielectric properties of the system were investigated at morphotropic phase boundary （MPB）. The results reveal that the relative dielectric constant ε33^T｜ε0, the Curie temperature To, the piezoelectric constant d33, the mechanical quality factor Qm, and the electromechanical coupling coefficient Kp are changed with the increase of CeO2 content. On the other hand, the effects of CeO2 doping on the dielectric properties of PSN-PZN-PMS-PZT piezoelectric ceramics at high electric field are consistent with the change at weak electric field. The values of dielectric constant and dielectric loss are enhanced with the increasing of electric field.

COMBINED DAMAGE FRACTURE CRITERIA FOR PIEZOELECTRIC CERAMICS

Mechanical and electrical damages are introduced to study the fracture mechanics of piezoelectric ceramics in this paper. Two kinds of piezoelectric fracture criteria are established using the method of least squares combined with a damage analysis of the well-known piezoelectric fracture experiments of Park and Sun’s. One is based on a linear combination of the mechanical and electrical damages and the other on their nonlinear combination. When the combined damage D is up to its critical value Dc, piezoelectric fracture occurs. It is found from the qualitative comparison of the numerical results with the experimental data that the nonlinearly combined damage fracture criterion can give a better prediction of piezoelectric fracture. And it is concluded from the nonlinearly combined damage fracture criterion that a negative electric feld impedes fracture whereas the efect of a positive electric feld on fracture depends on its magnitude.

Modified phase transition and electrical properties of [Li_(0.05)(Na_(0.535)K_(0.48))_(0.95)]- (Nb_(0.94)Sb_(0.06))O_3 lead-free piezoelectric ceramic by sintering temperature

Li/Sb-doped (Na,K)NbO3 with a nominal composition of [Li0.05(Na0.535K0.48)0.95](Nb0.94Sb0.06)O3 ceramic was synthesized by normal sintering. The phase structure, microstructure, and electrical properties were investigated with a special emphasis on the influence of the sintering temperature. A polymorphic phase transition (PPT) from orthorhombic to tetragonal symmetry was observed when the sintering temperature was raised from 1040 to 1050 ℃, whereby the piezoelectric coefficient d33 and the electromechanical coupling coefficient kp reached the peak values of 245 pC·N-1 and 41.2%, respectively. The PPT induced by varying the sintering temperature is due to the different volatilization extents of alkali metals and appears to a lower sintering temperature with increasing Li content. The trace modifying of alkali metal content is more effective than doping B site element to enhance the d33 value.

Microstructure and electrical properties of Ti-modified (Na_(0.5)K_(0.5))(Ti_xNb_(1-x))O_3 lead-free piezoelectric ceramics

Ti-Modified (Na0.5K0.5)(TixNb1-x)O3 (NKNT) piezoelectric ceramics were fabricated by double-layer buried powder process at 1020°C for 2 h. The microstructures,and piezoelectric and dielectric properties of the lead-free NKNT ceramics were investigated. X-ray diffraction re-sults indicated that Ti4+ had diffused into the (Na0.5K0.5)NbO3 lattices to form a solid solution with a perovskite structure. The introducing of Ti into the (Na0.5K0.5)NbO3 solid solution effectively reduced the sintering temperature and...

Intermediate Temperature Sintering of La-Modified Ph(Zn_(1/3)Nb_(2/3))O_3-PbZrO_3-PbTiO_3 Piezoelectric Ceramics

in order to realize the co-firing with Ag/Pd electrodes in multilayer devices, Pb(Zn1/3Nb2/3)(1-x-y) ZrxTiyO3(0.25<x<0.35, 0.25<y<0.35) piezoelectric ceramics thereafter designated PZN-PZT) modified by La2O3 has been prepared by conventional technique with sintering temperature from 1100 degreesC to 1140 degreesC. X-ray diffraction patterns demonstrated that pure perovskite phase was obtained. Secondary electron image (SEI) showed that crystalline grains in ceramics were well grown. d(33) of manufactured sample was as high as 560 x 10(-12)C/N. k(p) was about 0.61 and tg delta about 30 x 10(-3). The existence of liquid phase examined by electron diffraction in PZN-PZT sample is beneficial to sintering of the ceramic.

BiScO_(3)-BiFeO_(3)-PbTiO_(3)-BaTiO_(3) high-temperature piezoelectric ceramic and its application on high-temperature acoustic emission sensor

Piezoelectric ceramic based high-temperature acoustic emission(AE)sensor is required urgently in the structural health monitoring of high-temperature fields.In this research,a series of 0.45(BiSc_(x)O_(3)-BiFe_(1-x)O_(3))-0.48PbTiO_(3)-0.07BaTiO_(3)(BSc_(x)Fe_(1-x)-PT-BT,n(Sc)/n(Fe)=0.4/0.6-0.6/0.4)ceramics with both high Curie temperature and large piezoelectric constant were presented.The structure and electrical properties of BSc_(x)Fe_(1-x)-PT-BT ceramics as a function of n(Sc)/n(Fe)have been systematically investigated.All the ceramics possess a perovskite structure,and the phase approaches from the rhombohedral toward the tetragonal phase with the decrease of n(Sc)/n(Fe).The BSc_(0.5)Fe_(0.5)-PT-BT and BSc_(0.5)Fe_(0.5)-PT-BT piezoelectric ceramics exhibit good piezoelectricity(d_(33)=250-281 pC/N),high Curie temperature(T_(C)=430-450℃)and excellent temperature stability.These improvements are greatly attributed to the balance between rhombohedral and tetragonal phase near morphotropic phase boundary with dense microstructure of ceramics.AE sensor based BSc_(0.5)Fe_(0.5)-PT-BT piezoelectric ceramic was designed,prepared and tested.The high-temperature stability of AE sensor was characterized through pencil-lead breaking with in situ high-temperature test.The noise of AE sensor is less than 40 dB,and the acoustic signal is up to 90 dB at 200℃.As a result,AE sensors based on BSc_(x)Fe_(1-x)-PT-BT piezoelectric ceramics are expected to be applied into the structural health monitoring of high temperature fields.

Microstructure,crystalline phase and electrical properties of Li_(0.06)(Na_(0.5)K_(0.5))_(0.94)Nb_(1-2x/5)Mg_xO_3 lead-free piezoelectric ceramics

MgO-modified Li0.06（Na0.5K0.5）0.94NbO3O3 （L6NKN） lead-free piezoelectric ceramics were synthesized by normal sintering at a rela- tively low temperature of 1000℃. The crystalline phase, microstructure, and electrical properties of the ceramics were investigated with a special emphasis on the influence of MgO content. The addition of MgO effectively improves the sintembility of the L6NKN ceramics. X-my diffr cfion analysis indicates that the morphotropic phase boundary （MPB） separating orthorhombic and tetragonal phases for the ceramics lies in the range of Mg doping content （x） from 0.3at% to 0.7at%. High electrical properties of the piezoelectric constant （d33=238 pC/N）, planar electromechanical coupling coefficient （kp=41.5%）, relative dielectric constant （εr=905）, and remanent polarization （Pr=38.3 μC/cm2） are obtained from the specimen with x=0.5at%, which suggests that the Li0.06（Na0.5K0.5）0.94Nb（1-2x/5）MgxO3 （x=0.5at%） ceramic is a promising lead-free piezoelectric material.

Preparation and Structure of Rainbow Piezoelectric Ceramics

Rainbow piezoelectric ceramics are a new type of stress-biased,oxide-reduced composite ferroelectric ceramics,which have a special dome structure.The have shown excellent properties such as ultra-high displacement under an applied electric field and enhanced load-bearing capability.In this article,their manufacture,structures and properties were discussed in detail by combining experiments and theory analysis.The resuts show that the optimal conditions for producing Rainbow samples from PLZT ceramics were determined to be 900℃ for 1 to 1.5 hours.A number of different phases have been found in the reduced layer of Rainbow ceramics by XRD analyses.The phases found include metallic lead and other oxide phases,such as PbO,ZrO 2 and TiO 2.The original PLZT phase was not observed.The reduced layer was transgranularly fractured while the unreduced ceramic was intergranularly fractured.Two kinds of fracture types can be seen at the interface,which denotes the different degrees of reduction.It is shown that the Pb grains (about 0.2μm) constitute a continuous phase in the reduced layer,which accounts for the good electrical conductivity.

Effect of KNbO_3 content on the crystal structure and electrical properties of(1-x)PbZr_(0.54)Ti_(0.46)O_3-xKNbO_3 piezoelectric ceramics

（1 - x）PbZr0.54Tio.4603-xKNbO3 （0 〈 x 〈 25mo1%） （abbreviated as PZT-xKN） piezoelectric ceramics were successfully fabricated by a traditional sintering technique at 1225℃ for 30 min. The influence of KNbO3 content on the crystal structure and electrical properties of the PZT-xKN piezoelectric ceramics was studied. Samples with 0 〈 x 0.20 show a pure peroskite structure, indicating that ul KNbOdiffused ito the crystal lattice of PZT to form a single solid solution in this compositional range. A second Pb3Nb4013 phase is observed in the PZT-0.25KN sample, showing that the maximum solid solubility of KNbO3 in PZT matrix ceramic is less than 25mo1%. Compared with pure PZT piezoelectric ceramics, samples containing KNbO3 have smaller crystal grains. PZT-0.15KN exhibits excellent piezoelectric properties with d33 ： 209 pC/N.

Singular variation property of elastic constants of piezoelectric ceramics shunted to negative capacitance

Piezoelectric shunt damping has been widely used in vibration suppression, sound absorption, noise elimination, etc. In such applications, the variant elastic constants of piezoelectric materials are the essential parameters that determine the performances of the systems, when piezoelectric materials are shunted to normal electrical elements, i.e., resistance, inductance and capacitance, as well as their combinations. In recent years, many researches have demonstrated that the wideband sound absorption or vibration suppression can be realized with piezoelectric materials shunted to negative capacitance. However, most systems using the negative-capacitance shunt circuits show their instabilities in the optimal condition, which are essentially caused by the singular variation properties of elastic constants of piezoelectric materials when shunted to negative capacitance. This paper aims at investigating the effects of negative-capacitance shunt circuits on elastic constants of a piezoelectric ceramic plate through theoretical analyses and experiments, which gives an rational explanation for why negative capacitance shunt circuit is prone to make structure instable. First, the relationships between the elastic constants c11, c33, c55 of the piezoelectric ceramic and the shunt negative capacitance are derived with the piezoelectric constitutive law theoretically. Then, an experimental setup is established to verify the theoretical results through observing the change of elastic constant c55 of the shunted piezoelectric plate with the variation of negative capacitance. The experimental results are in good agreement with the theoretical analyses, which reveals that the instability of the shunt damping system is essentially caused by the singular variation property of the elastic constants of piezoelectric material shunted to negative capacitance.