Castor is one of the top 10 oil crops in the world and has extremely valuable uses.Castor inflorescences directly affect yield,so the study of inflorescence development is very important in increasing castor yield.Our...Castor is one of the top 10 oil crops in the world and has extremely valuable uses.Castor inflorescences directly affect yield,so the study of inflorescence development is very important in increasing castor yield.Our previous studies have shown that the PIP5K gene family(PIP5Ks)is associated with inflorescence development.In this study,to determine the function of each PIP5K gene in castor,a female Lm-type castor line,aLmAB2,was used to determine the relative expression levels of the PIP5Ks in castor inflorescences.Six PIP5K genes were heterologously overexpressed in Arabidopsis thaliana,the relative expression of each gene and the effect on plants was determined in A.thaliana,and the relationships among the PIP5Ks in castor were inferred.The expression levels of the PIP5Ks in the female Lm-type castor line aLmAB2 were analyzed.The relative expression levels of the PIP5K9 and PIP5K11 genes were high(p<0.05)in isofemale inflorescences,and those of PIP5K1,PIP5K2,PIP5K6,and PIP5K8 were high(p<0.05)in female inflorescences but low(p<0.05)in bisexual inflorescences.The PIP5Ks were heterologously overexpressed in A.thaliana,and T3-generation plants with stable genetic resistance,i.e.,AT-PIP5K^(+)plants(AT-PIP5K1^(+),AT-PIP5K2^(+),AT-PIP5K6^(+),AT-PIP5K8^(+),AT-PIP5K9^(+),and ATPIP5K11^(+) plants),were obtained.Biological tests of the AT-PIP5K+plants showed that the growth of the main stem was significantly delayed in AT-PIP5K+plants compared with Columbia wild-type(WT)A.thaliana plants;the PIP5K1 and PIP5K2 genes promoted lateral stem growth and flower and silique development;and the PIP5K6,PIP5K8,PIP5K9 and PIP5K11 genes inhibited lateral stem growth and flower and silique development.The correlations among PIP5Ks in castor suggest that there may be a synergistic relationship among PIP5K1,PIP5K2,and PIP5K6 in castor inflorescences,and PIP5K8,PIP5K9,and PIP5K11 are complementary to the other three genes.展开更多
Pipe-in-pipe(PIP)structures are widely used in offshore oil and gas pipelines to settle thermal insulation issues.A PIP structure system usually consists of two concentric pipes and one softer layer for thermal insula...Pipe-in-pipe(PIP)structures are widely used in offshore oil and gas pipelines to settle thermal insulation issues.A PIP structure system usually consists of two concentric pipes and one softer layer for thermal insulation consideration.The total response of the system is related to the dynamics of both pipes and the interactions between these two concentric pipes.In the current work,a theoretical model for flow-induced vibrations of a PIP structure system is proposed and analyzed in the presence of an internal axial flow and an external cross flow.The interactions between the two pipes are modeled by a linear distributed damper,a linear distributed spring and a nonlinear distributed spring along the pipe length.The unsteady hydrodynamic forces due to cross flow are modeled by two distributed van der Pol wake oscillators.The nonlinear partial differential equations for the two pipes and the wake are further discretized by the aid of Galerkin’s technique,resulting in a set of ordinary differential equations.These ordinary differential equations are further numeri cally solved by using a fourth-order Runge-Kutta integration algorithm.Phase portraits,bifurcation diagrams,an Argand diagram and oscillation shape diagrams are plotted,showing the existence of a lock-in phenomenon and figure-of-eight trajectory.The PIP system subjected to cross flow displays some interesting dynamical behaviors different from that of a single-pipe structure.展开更多
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(31860071)Ministry of Education New Agricultural Research and Reform Practice Program(2020114)+4 种基金Surface Program of Inner Mongolia Natural Science Foundation(2021MS03008)Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Grassland Talent Innovation Team-Rolling Support Program for Castor Molecular Breeding Research Innovation Talent Teams(2022)2023 Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Science and Technology Department Establishes the Project of Key Laboratory Construction of Castor Breeding and Comprehensive Utilization in Inner Mongolia Autonomous RegionInner Mongolia University for Nationalities 2022 Basic Research Operating Expenses of Colleges and Universities directly under the Autonomous Region Project(237)Open Fund Project of Castor Industry Collaborative Innovation Center of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region(MDK2021011,MDK2022014).
文摘Castor is one of the top 10 oil crops in the world and has extremely valuable uses.Castor inflorescences directly affect yield,so the study of inflorescence development is very important in increasing castor yield.Our previous studies have shown that the PIP5K gene family(PIP5Ks)is associated with inflorescence development.In this study,to determine the function of each PIP5K gene in castor,a female Lm-type castor line,aLmAB2,was used to determine the relative expression levels of the PIP5Ks in castor inflorescences.Six PIP5K genes were heterologously overexpressed in Arabidopsis thaliana,the relative expression of each gene and the effect on plants was determined in A.thaliana,and the relationships among the PIP5Ks in castor were inferred.The expression levels of the PIP5Ks in the female Lm-type castor line aLmAB2 were analyzed.The relative expression levels of the PIP5K9 and PIP5K11 genes were high(p<0.05)in isofemale inflorescences,and those of PIP5K1,PIP5K2,PIP5K6,and PIP5K8 were high(p<0.05)in female inflorescences but low(p<0.05)in bisexual inflorescences.The PIP5Ks were heterologously overexpressed in A.thaliana,and T3-generation plants with stable genetic resistance,i.e.,AT-PIP5K^(+)plants(AT-PIP5K1^(+),AT-PIP5K2^(+),AT-PIP5K6^(+),AT-PIP5K8^(+),AT-PIP5K9^(+),and ATPIP5K11^(+) plants),were obtained.Biological tests of the AT-PIP5K+plants showed that the growth of the main stem was significantly delayed in AT-PIP5K+plants compared with Columbia wild-type(WT)A.thaliana plants;the PIP5K1 and PIP5K2 genes promoted lateral stem growth and flower and silique development;and the PIP5K6,PIP5K8,PIP5K9 and PIP5K11 genes inhibited lateral stem growth and flower and silique development.The correlations among PIP5Ks in castor suggest that there may be a synergistic relationship among PIP5K1,PIP5K2,and PIP5K6 in castor inflorescences,and PIP5K8,PIP5K9,and PIP5K11 are complementary to the other three genes.
基金The work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant 11622216).
文摘Pipe-in-pipe(PIP)structures are widely used in offshore oil and gas pipelines to settle thermal insulation issues.A PIP structure system usually consists of two concentric pipes and one softer layer for thermal insulation consideration.The total response of the system is related to the dynamics of both pipes and the interactions between these two concentric pipes.In the current work,a theoretical model for flow-induced vibrations of a PIP structure system is proposed and analyzed in the presence of an internal axial flow and an external cross flow.The interactions between the two pipes are modeled by a linear distributed damper,a linear distributed spring and a nonlinear distributed spring along the pipe length.The unsteady hydrodynamic forces due to cross flow are modeled by two distributed van der Pol wake oscillators.The nonlinear partial differential equations for the two pipes and the wake are further discretized by the aid of Galerkin’s technique,resulting in a set of ordinary differential equations.These ordinary differential equations are further numeri cally solved by using a fourth-order Runge-Kutta integration algorithm.Phase portraits,bifurcation diagrams,an Argand diagram and oscillation shape diagrams are plotted,showing the existence of a lock-in phenomenon and figure-of-eight trajectory.The PIP system subjected to cross flow displays some interesting dynamical behaviors different from that of a single-pipe structure.
