New amide alkaloids from Piper longum fruits

Three new amide alkaloids piperlongumamides A-C(1-3),together with 12 known ones(4-15),were isolated from the fruits of Piper longum.The structures of the new isolates were determined using spectroscopic data analyses.Cytotoxic activity of these amides against HL-60(human leukemia),A-549(human lung cancer),MCF-7(human breast cancer),SMMC-7721(human liver cancer)and SW480(human rectal cancer)cell lines were evaluated.Piperchabamide B(11)exhibited weak inhibitory activity against HL-60(IC_(50)=21.32μM),A-549(IC_(50)=23.82μM)and MCF-7(IC_(50)=16.58μM)cell lines.

Evaluation of Total Polyphenol and Flavonoid Contents of Fresh and Dried Pepper (Piper nigrum) from the Ivory Coast

The growing interest in the potential biological activity of polyphenols and flavonoids has highlighted necessity to assess their content in fresh and dried pepper from Ivory Coast. The total polyphenol content was determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu test and the total flavonoid content was also measured spectrophotometrically using the aluminum chloride colorimetric test. The results obtained indicate the total polyphenol levels of fresh and dried peppers are higher in the samples collected in Danane (0.8 ± 0.05 mg GAE/100g) and in Azaguie (0.4 ± 0.08 mg GAE/100g). The lowest concentrations were obtained with fresh and dried pepper samples collected in N’douci (0.22 ± 0.02 mg GAE/100g) and in PK 103 (0.22 ± 0.02 mg GAE/100g). The highest content of total flavonoids was revealed in the locality of PK 103 (1.85 ± 0.62 mg EC/100g) followed by the locality of Maféré (1.37 ± 0.25 mg EC/100g) respectively for black pepper and green pepper. Then, the lowest flavonoid contents were obtained in the dried pepper of Lopou (0.57 ± 0.03 mg EC/100g) and the fresh pepper of PK 103 (0.47 ± 0.03 mg EC/100g). The results obtained highlight the importance of these black spices as promising sources of phenolic compounds and could be used in pharmaceutical treatments and in food.

基于Piper-PCA-Fisher的矿井突出水源判别模型构建及应用

突水水源的高效准确判别是防治突水事故的关键,为提高矿井突水水源判别的可靠性,以临涣矿区水样数据为例,提出了一种基于Piper三线图、主成分分析(Principal Component Analysis,PCA)与Fisher判别法的矿井突水水源判别模型。将6类化学离子实测浓度作为突水水源判别指标,通过确定评价集与4类水源中心的距离进行样本归类判别。研究结果表明:采用Piper三线图可剔除异常样本,最终确定以37组典型水样作为训练样本;利用主成分分析对判别指标进行降维,发现前3项主成分覆盖了原有指标信息的91.636%,能够有效表征样本水化学特征;利用Piper-PCA-Fisher判别模型回判37组训练样本并预测15组待测样本,回判准确率及预测正确率均为100%。Piper-PCA-Fisher判别模型可减弱指标间的关联度,在水样数据有限的情况下,可获得良好的判别效果。

The main chemical constituents from Piper amalago: A review of its phytochemistry

Piper amalago(P.amalago)is a traditional medicine in Brazil for the treatment of leishmanial.Owing to its rare occurrence and potent pharmacological activities,efforts have been devoted to the identification of its diverse constituents,especially terpenoids.Researchers have found that the major constituents of P.amalago were amides,monoterpenes,norisoprenoids,sesquiterpenes,aliphatic hydrocarbons and aromatic hydrocarbons.The amides show anxiolytic,anti-inflammatory,antileishmanial and antinociceptive activity.This review summarizes the research progress of the structural diversity and pharmacological activities of P.amalago.

Quantification of total phenol,flavonoid content and pharmacognostical evaluation including HPTLC fingerprinting for the standardization of Piper nigrum Linn fruits

Objective:To carry out the physicochemical and phytochemical standardization with high performance thin layer chromatography fingerprinting of Piper nigrum L.(P.nigrum)fruits in order to ascertain the standard pharmacognostical parameters of this king of spices.Methods:Many standardization parameters like extractive values,total ash value,water soluble ash value and acid insoluble ash,moisture content,loss on drying and pH values of P.nigrum L.fruits were analyzed.The method of Harborne was adopted for the preliminary phytochemicals screening.Analysis of total phenolic and flavonoid contents,pesticides residues,aflatoxin and heavy metals were also performed.CAMAG-high performance thin layer chromatography system was used for fingerprinting of methanolic extract of P.nigrum L.fruits.Results:The results of phytochemicals testing indicated the presence of carbohydrates,phenolic compounds,flavonoids,alkaloids,proteins,saponins,lipids,sterols and tannins in various solvent extracts.Total phenolic and flavonoid contents in methanolic extract were found to be 1.728 1 mg/g and 1.087 ug/g,respectively.Heavy metals concentrations were found to be within standard limits.Aflatoxins and pesticides residues were absent.Conclusions:The outcome of this study might prove beneficial in herbal industries for identification,purification and standardization of P.nigrum L.fruits.

基于Piper-PCA-MLP神经网络的矿井涌水水源识别方法研究

为了快速准确地识别矿井涌水水源,提出一种基于Piper-PCA-MLP的矿井涌水水源判别模型。以乌东煤矿为例,通过Piper三线图揭示了矿区不同地下水含水层的水化学特征,筛选了来自矿区不同涌水含水层的23个水样,获得了22个代表涌水含水层的典型水样。选用Na^(+)+K^(+)、Ca^(2+)、Mg^(2+)、Cl^(-)、SO_(4)^(2-)、HCO_(3)^(-)、NO_(3)^(-)和TDS八种水化学指标作为判别指标,考虑到乌东煤矿含水层水质边界不明显和水化学组分差异性不大的特点,选择MLP神经网络作为模型识别的基础,为了解决MLP神经网络在面对高维数据时训练收敛较慢,建模时间较长等缺点,使用主成分分析算法对数据进行降维,提取三种主要指标作为判别因子。以22组水样数据中17组作为训练样本,5组作为测试样本建立PCA-MLP模型,为了凸显模型的可靠性和准确性,选取同一样本集对水样数据分别建立PCA-层次聚类模型、MLP、PCA-RBF模型,并对其判别结果进行分析比较。结果表明:经过PCA降维的MLP神经网络能够有效消除水样水化学指标间的相互影响,对第四系孔隙潜水,地表水判别正确率均为100%,对基岩裂隙孔隙水的判别正确率为92.3%,明显优于其它方法,可为矿井涌水水源的识别提供一种新方法。

An Investigation of the Vegetative Anatomy of <i>Piper sarmentosum</i>, and a Comparison with the Anatomy of <i>Piper betle</i>(Piperaceae)

This paper describes the detailed anatomy and micromorphology of the vegetative parts of Piper sarmentosum Roxb. (synonym, P. lolot C.DC.), which is a southeast Asian medicinal plant valued for its medicinal and culinary uses. The study also compares the anatomy of the leaf, petiole, stem and root of P. sarmentosum with those of the well-characterized P. betle L. The leaves of both the species are morphologically comparable and have similar culinary uses. The present study showed that the leaves of both the species possess more or less comparable anatomical features with a few differences;whereas, the microscopic features of the petiole, stem, and root of the two species are distinctive.

Amides,Isoquinoline Alkaloids and Dipeptides from the Aerial Parts of Piper mullesua

One undescribedamide,pipermullesine A,twoundescribed isoquinoline alkaloids,pipermullesinesBand C,and six undescribed dipeptides,pipermullamides A–F,along with 28 known compounds,were isolated from the aerial parts of Piper mullesua.The structures of the undescribed compounds were elucidated based on the analysis of 1D and 2D NMR and MS data.Furthermore,the structures of pipermullesines A–Cwere confirmed by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis.All isolates were evaluated for inhibitory activity against platelet aggregation induced by thrombin(IIa)or platelet-activating factor(PAF).(-)-Mangochinine,pellitorine,and(2E,4E)-N-isobutyl-2,4-dodecadienamide showed weak inhibitory activity against rabbit platelet aggregation induced by PAF,with IC_(50)values of 470.3μg/mL,614.9μg/mL,and 579.7μg/mL,respectively.

Insecticidal Activity of Piperine Isolated from Piper sarmentosum

In order to clarify the insecticidal active ingredients of Piper sarmentosum,one active ingredient was isolated from ethanol extract of P. sarmentosum by bioassay-guided fractionation method. Its chemical structures were identified to be piperine by MS,1H NMR,13C NMR. The insecticidal activity of piperine and ethanol extract of P. sarmentosum against Aleurodicus dispels Russell were tested by leaf dip method. The results showed that piperine and ethanol extract of P. sarmentosum exhibited strong insecticidal activity against adults and nymphs of A. dispels; LC50values against adults were 28. 59 and 224. 31 mg/L,and LC50values against nymphs were 65. 91 and 336. 68 mg/L,respectively. There was no significant difference between piperine and azadirachtin against adults and nymphs of A.dispels. Therefore,piperine might be one of the main insecticidal ingredients of P. sarmentosum. In addition,piperine and ethanol extract showed ovicidal activity with different mode of action,piperine reduced the survival rate of newly hatched nymphs while ethanol extract impacted hatch of eggs.

New Amides and Phenylpropanoid Glucosides from the Fruits of Piper retrofractum

Two new amides(E)-N-cinnamoyl-2-methoxypiperidine(1)and(R)-1-(2-oxopyrrolidin-3-yl)-5,6-dihydropyridin-2(1H)-one(2),four new amide glucosides,retrofractosides A-D(3-6),and two new phenylpropanoid glucosides,retrofractosides E(7)and F(8),together with 24 known compounds(9-32)were isolated from the fruits of Piper retrofractum.The chemical structures of these new compounds were elucidated based on extensive spectroscopic analysis.All of these isolates(1-32)were evaluated for inhibitory activity against mouse platelet aggregation induced by the peptide AYPGKF-NH2.(E)-N-(Tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)cinnamamide(9)showed a weak inhibitory efect,with an inhibition ratio of 52.0%at a concentration of 150μM.

Isolation of Bulk Amount of Piperine as Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API) from Black Pepper and White Pepper (<i>Piper nigrum</i>L.)

In the pharmaceutical world the majority of the active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) have been obtained from the natural products. Piperine is such naturally occurring alkaloid which can be considered as major bioactive phytochemical having broad spectrum of pharmacological activities. It is obtained from the most valuable ethnomedicinal spices peppercorns i.e. black pepper and white pepper, which are the fruits of the Asian vine Piper nigrum L. Because of the widespread traditional uses of this medicinal compound, present article reveals a simple and effective isolation method of bulk piperine. The novelty of this investigation is to provide an idea for utilizing such natural method of large scale commercial piperine production as API drug in spite of chemical synthesis. Piperine was isolated in a pure crystal form and characterized by its melting point, X-Ray diffraction (XRD) studies and spectral data, including two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (2D-NMR) spectroscopy. Chromatographic techniques like Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) and High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) were applied to determine the purity of the yielded piperine. It was found that piperine yield from black pepper was within 2.5% - 3.0% and from white pepper within 4.0% - 4.5% and the purity of the yielded piperine was found to be up to 98.5% for black pepper and 98.2% for white pepper. Considering this yield value and purity it is indicated that, such effective isolation method can be successfully utilized for industrial large-scale production commercially. According to the result, it can be claimed that, as a natural product the isolated piperine can also be utilized as API drug like other expensive chemically synthesized piperine in different drug formulation.

海上石油平台安全应急培训——以Piper Alpha平台火灾导致沉没事故为例

回顾了发生在英国北海的一起海洋石油行业内的重大安全事故,对事故的经过和影响做了概述,并重点对人员死亡和安全培训的情况进行分析,从而为石油行业提供借鉴。

Piper图解淮河流域江苏地区浅层地下水水质演化特征

在收集213份20世纪80年代浅层地下水水质资料和616组现状采集样品的基础上,利用不同时期水化学组成在区域Piper三线图上的集合发生的位移现象,揭示20多年来该区浅层水的内在变化规律,同时利用水化学类型图、统计数据加以佐证,最后探讨区域浅层水演化的原因。研究结果表明,通过Piper图示所表达的浅层地下水水质演化规律统计数据、绘制水化学类型分布图等方法相比较,分析更简洁、直观、通俗易懂。通过分析还发现,区内浅层地下水资源可以通过合理利用而改善水质,进而为人们提供理想的水源。

山蒟(Piperhancei)的生态生物学特征

山蒟(Piper hancei)是一种有较高园林绿化价值的常绿藤本植物,通过样地调查及相关数据分析,对山蒟的形态解剖学、生理生态学、营养元素含量等生态生物学特征进行研究,结果表明:山蒟喜阴湿环境,耐贫瘠,适合在酸性赤红壤上生长,主要分布于热带亚热带地区光照适中或较弱的溪涧边、林下、树干或岩石上。其平均光合速率为4.07μmol·m-2·s-1,气孔导度为0.23mol·m-2·s-1,蒸腾速率为3.87mmol·m-2·s-1。山蒟对营养元素的利用率较高,植株体内加权平均养分含量为N2.00%、P0.20%、K2.11%、Ca0.94%、Na0.05%、Mg0.15%,其中叶片的N、K和Ca含量最高,枝的P和Mg含量最高。山蒟的生态生物学特征有利于其快速生长、覆盖、吸附攀援和适应环境。研究结果将为山蒟的引种、栽培及开发利用提供重要理论依据。

Piper三线图和特征离子在谢桥井田水源判别中的应用

矿井突(涌)水是采矿过程中最具威胁的自然灾害之一。能否准确快速地判别矿井突水水源,不仅是矿井水文地质工作的主要内容,而且是煤矿防治水工作的重要基础。本文在分析了谢桥井田主要含水层水文地质特征的基础上,利用Aqua Chem软件分别绘制出砂岩裂隙水和灰岩水的Piper三线图,经比较发现在Piper三线图中砂岩裂隙水和灰岩水分布区域存在明显差异,且砂岩裂隙水中次阴离子为HCO3-,而灰岩水中次阴离子为SO42-。根据这一特点,选定SO42-和HCO3-作为砂岩裂隙水和灰岩水的水源判别特征离子,通过对SO42-/HCO3-比值分析比较发现:砂岩裂隙水(除4煤底板砂岩裂隙水外)中SO42-/HCO3-比值小于0.55,正确回判率高达100%;灰岩水中SO42-/HCO3-比值大于等于0.55,正确回判率高达91%。

Modeling the Potential Geographic Distribution of Black Pepper(Piper nigrum)in Asia Using GIS Tools

Known as the ＂king of spices＂,black pepper（Piper nigrum）,a perennial crop of the tropics,is economically the most important and the most widely used spice crop in the world.To understand its suitable bioclimatic distribution,maximum entropy based on ecological niche modeling was used to model the bioclimatic niches of the species in its Asian range.Based on known occurrences,bioclimatic areas with higher probabilities are mainly located in the eastern and western coasts of the Indian Peninsula,the east of Sumatra Island,some areas in the Malay Archipelago,and the southeast coastal areas of China.Some undocumented places were also predicted as suitable areas.According to the jackknife procedure,the minimum temperature of the coldest month,the mean monthly temperature range,and the precipitation of the wettest month were identified as highly effective factors in the distribution of black pepper and could possibly account for the crop＇s distribution pattern.Such climatic requirements inhibited this species from dispersing and gaining a larger geographical range.

Bioactivity guided isolation of mosquito larvicide from Piper longum

Objective:To isolate the larvicidal component from the fruits of Piper longum（P.longum） against the filariasis vector,Culex quinquefasciatus（C.quinquefasciatus）.Methods:Pulverized fruits of P.longum were subjected to soxhlet extraction using series of organic solvents of increasing polarity.All the solvent extracts were verified for their larvicidal efficacy against 4th instar larvae of C.quinquefasciatus employing standard WHO procedure.Bioassayguided fractionation through column chromatography lead to the isolation of a bioactive amide, pipyahyine from the petroleum ether extract.Results:Petroleum ether extract was found to be the most active fraction among all the extracts tested with LC50 and LC90 being 1.03 and 2.04 ppm respectively.Whereas,pipyahyine,an isolated component of the same fraction was found to be even more effective than the parent extract in terms of LC50 being 0.58 and 1.88 ppm respectively. Conclusions:From the results,it is evident that P.longum can be considered as a powerful arsenal for the control of mosquito population.

基于Piper图、灰色关联度和三维高密度电法的断层水源判别

为判别阳城煤矿3305工作面下平巷掘进遇到的FD53断层水的水源,进而决定巷道掘进是否可以直接穿过断层,在确定砂岩含水层、三灰含水层、奥灰含水层为FD53断层水可能水源的基础上,现场采集了断层及这3个含水层的水样进行常规化学成分水质检测。选取ρ(K^(+)+Na^(+))、ρ(Ca^(2+))、ρ(Mg^(2+))、ρ(HCO^(-)_(3))、ρ(Cl^(-))、ρ(SO^(2-)_(4))、pH、总溶解固体(total dissolved solids,TDS)作为水源识别化学指标,利用水化学特征Piper图排除了断层水水源为砂岩含水层的可能性;基于灰色关联模型,建立断层水和各含水层之间的灰色关联度,识别出断层水水源为三灰水;应用最新的三维高密度电法探测技术,获得了3个含水层在3305工作面的富水性分布特征,排除了断层水水源为奥灰水的可能性,并进一步判定断层水水源为三灰水。最终的判别结果表明,FD53断层水的水源为水量可控的三灰水,巷道掘进可以直接穿过断层。

Biotechnological intervention in Betelvine(Piper betle L.):A review on recent advances and future prospects

Betelvine(Piper betle L.) is cultivated for its deep green heart shaped leaf for(15-20) million Indian and 2 billion foreign consumers annually. The crop provides Rs(6 000-7 000) million of national income per year and at the same time leaves worth Rs(30-40) million is exported to other countries. The leaves are not only used directly for chewing purposes but also possesses antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, anti-cancer and anti-microbial properties. Besides, the leaves also contain eugenol rich essential oil(1%-3%) which is the source for medicine, stimulant, antiseptic, tonic and other ayurvedic formulations. The essential oil also contains chavibetol, caryophyllene and methyl eugenol which are the potent source for preparation in ayurvedic medicine and herbal products. Cost of betelvine essential oil is 10$ per 5 mL. In spite of its great economical and medicinal importance betelvine is still neglected by the researchers for proper characterization and authentication for selection of elite landraces. Lack of awareness among people, use of same planting material for many generations, existing of many synonyms for a single landraces, no proper characterization of available landraces are some of the significant constraints for its commercialization. Our review endeavours a complete advance in the research on betelvine, existing lacunae for its proper characterization and commercial cultivation. It also attempts to provide a comprehensive account on biotechnological interventions made in betelvine aimed at complementing conventional programmes for improvement of this nutraceutically important cash crop.

Antimicrobial activity from Piper sarmentosum Roxb. against rice pathogenic bacteria and fungi

In vitro antimicrobial activity of the dichloromethane and methanol extracts of Piper sarmentosum leaves, fruits, stems, and the essential oil obtained from the fresh leaves together with their constituents were investigated against two rice pathogenic fungi： Rhizoctonia solani （sheath blight causal agent） and Bipolaris oryzae （brown spot causal agent）, and two rice pathogenic bacteria： Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae （Xoo） （bacterial leaf blight causal agent） and pv. oryzicola （Xoc） （bacterial leaf streak causal agent）. Among them, the dichloromethane extracts of the leaves and fruits, and the essential oil showed significantly high potential anti-rice microbial activity. Based on bioassay-guided fractionation of the dichloromethane leave and fruit extracts, myristicin, sarmentine, brachystamide B, brachyamide B, and piperonal were isolated. Moreover, the major constituent of its oil was also myristicin. Myristicin and brachyamide B revealed the highest potent inhibition against R. solani and B. oryzae （half maximal inhibitory concentration （IC5o） of 0.69 and 0.12 mmol L-I）, respectively. Moreover, brachyamide B and piperonal displayed most antibacterial activity against Xoo （MIC/MBC 7.62/1.90 mmol L-1） and Xoc （MIC/MBC 2.59/20.75 mmol L-1）, respectively. Additionally, the essential oil also exhibited the antimicrobial activity against all tested rice pathogenic bacteria and fungi. These compounds and the oil were first evaluated for anti-rice pathogenic microbial activity.