Monitoring shear deformation of sliding zone via fiber Bragg grating and particle image velocimetry

Monitoring shear deformation of sliding zones is of great significance for understanding the landslide evolution mechanism,in which fiber optic strain sensing has shown great potential.However,the cor-relation between strain measurements of quasi-distributed fiber Bragg grating(FBG)sensing arrays and shear displacements of surrounding soil remains elusive.In this study,a direct shear model test was conducted to simulate the shear deformation of sliding zones,in which the soil internal deformation was captured using FBG strain sensors and the soil surface deformation was measured by particle image velocimetry(PIV).The test results show that there were two main slip surfaces and two secondary ones,developing a spindle-shaped shear band in the soil.The formation of the shear band was successfully captured by FBG sensors.A sinusoidal model was proposed to describe the fiber optic cable deformation behavior.On this basis,the shear displacements and shear band widths were calculated by using strain measurements.This work provides important insight into the deduction of soil shear deformation using soil-embedded FBG strain sensors.

基于PIV技术草金鱼幼鱼转弯运动动力学特性

为了解观赏鱼类在转弯运动状态下的推进机理及推进性能,以体长为5~8 cm的草金鱼(Carassius auratus)幼鱼为研究对象,利用粒子图像测速技术(particle image velocimetry, PIV)和涡量矩定理,对机动转弯运动流体流场变化进行追踪,分析了幼鱼转弯过程中尾部的运动特征和动力学特性。结果表明:草金鱼幼鱼转弯过程中,形态结构主要发生C型、S+C型结构两种变化,转弯过程中幼鱼尾部周围流场的正、负值涡量交替出现;鱼体形态呈C型结构转弯时,幼鱼平均速度为0.130 7 m/s,流体对幼鱼尾部产生的正作用力为2.06~133.49 mN,负作用力为-83.85~-2.15 mN;鱼体形态呈S+C型结构转弯时,幼鱼平均速度为0.104 4 m/s,流体对幼鱼尾部产生的正作用力为24.06~80.95 mN,负作用力为-59.60~-5.86 mN。研究表明,转弯时鱼体形态呈C型结构变化的机动性能优于鱼体形态呈S+C型结构变化,且不同转弯类型产生作用力峰值的时刻不同。

不同生理状态下主动脉双叶机械心脏瓣膜流场特性PIV实验研究

人工心脏瓣膜(PHV)替换发生病变的原生瓣膜是目前治疗瓣膜性心脏病的主要方法,其中双叶机械心脏瓣膜(BMHV)因其耐久性在临床上被广泛使用.瓣膜置换术后会出现血栓栓塞等并发症,这与机械瓣结构改变主动脉生理性血流模式直接相关.本研究搭建了生理性左心脉动流血液循环装置,使用基于医学CT影像制备的真实人体主动脉根部硅胶模型,采用可调节压力的透明腔体安置主动脉根部模型,来模拟动脉顺应性对血液流动的影响.并模拟出入口负荷条件,分别在健康、心衰以及运动3种不同生理压力和流量条件下,使用粒子图像测速(PIV)技术获取完整心动周期上血液通过主动脉双叶机械瓣的平面流场数据,采用速度分布、涡量分布和剪切应力分析评价双叶机械瓣在主动脉根部、窦腔与升主动脉处的血流流场特性,研究不同生理状态对血液跨瓣流动的影响,为术前瓣膜选择及术后患者康复治疗提供理论依据与实验数据支持.研究结果表明,在运动生理状态下较大的心排出量(CO=14.6 L/min)导致血液以2.2 m/s的峰值速度冲击主动脉窦与升主动脉相连接处的壁面,壁面存在最大数值为2.8 N/m^(2)的剪切应力,且在整个收缩期内最大剪切应力都超过1.4 N/m^(2),易使胶原蛋白和组织因子暴露在流动的血液中导致血小板活化,为血栓的形成提供有利环境,瓣膜置换术后应避免患者长时间处于运动状态,以减少溶血导致的血栓栓塞等风险.

水流作用下的群桩流场特性PIV试验研究

基于粒子图像测速技术(PIV)开展物理模型试验,对雷诺数Re分别为2400、6000、12000条件下,流向桩心距比为5、横向桩心距比为4时,3×3矩形排列圆桩群桩的局部流场特性开展研究。结果表明,中下游桩间与上中游桩间的流场特性存在显著差异,雷诺数对桩间流场变化影响明显。当Re为2400和6000时,上游中间桩后的尾流涡漩生成长度及回流区长度明显大于两侧边桩,Re为6000时现象更明显,而当Re增大至12000时此现象消失。受上游桩遮蔽作用,中游桩桩后的尾涡强度明显弱于前排桩,回流区面积随之减小。随着雷诺数增大,上游桩桩后尾涡生成长度、回流区尺度逐渐减小。此外,还分析了紊动强度与雷诺切应力在群桩内部平面上的分布变化。本研究以高桩码头桩基础为原型,分析群桩内部流场特性变化,研究结论有助于推进高桩码头泥沙冲淤变化机理的研究,提高高桩码头的安全评估能力。

基于PIV实验研究带破口双层圆柱结构附近气泡的动力学特性

近场水下爆炸冲击波破坏双壳体潜艇外壳结构后,后续的气泡脉动和射流载荷会对潜艇的内壳体继续造成严重毁伤,因此研究破口附近的气泡脉动和气泡载荷特性具有重要意义。基于受冲击波毁伤后的双壳体潜艇结构,制作预制圆形破口的双层圆柱结构模型,将电火花装置作为气泡发生源,开展了不同爆距参数(爆距与气泡的最大直径之比)和不同破口参数(破口直径与气泡的最大直径之比)条件下气泡与带破口双层圆柱结构的相互作用实验。通过高速摄影机捕捉气泡在双层圆柱结构附近的脉动和射流形成过程,采用粒子图像测速技术对爆炸流场速度进行测试,得到气泡溃灭后产生的水射流速度,同时采用压力传感器测量内层圆柱壳壁面处的压力载荷。实验结果表明:爆距参数决定了内板壁面所受压力的载荷形式、气泡溃灭后是否产生有效射流以及产生的射流速度;当爆距参数在一定范围内时,破口参数影响气泡的脉动以及气泡溃灭后产生的水射流方向。

基于粒子图像分割的混合PIV-PTV算法

粒子图像测速法(particle image velocimetry,PIV)因其非接触场测量的特性,已成为空气动力学领域的主要测量工具。复杂流动的速度场往往具有非均匀性,示踪粒子难以在待测空间均匀分布。因此,在应用PIV互相关算法处理粒子稀疏区时,需要采用更大的查询窗口以降低测量的不确定度,但会带来空间分辨率低的实际问题。而粒子追踪测速法(particle tracking velocimetry,PTV)追踪单个示踪粒子的跨帧位移,具有比PIV更高的空间分辨率,但难以适用于粒子浓度高的稠密区。针对PIV、PTV各自的优点,本文发展了一种基于粒子图像分割的混合PIV-PTV测速技术。首先定义了基于维诺多边形的粒子局部浓度量度,用以计算示踪粒子在粒子图像上的局部浓度场;其次通过设定的浓度阈值对粒子进行二分类,使用基于高斯核函数的支持向量机寻找出最优的分类边界,从而实现对粒子图像的粒子稀疏区和稠密区的划分;最后对两个区域分别使用PIV和PTV进行速度场计算,并合并为完整的速度场输出。仿真结果表明,上述方法可实现对粒子图像中的示踪粒子稀疏区和稠密区的自动划分,有效提高速度场测量的空间分辨率。将该方法应用在马赫数Ma=6的湍流边界层近壁测量中,可有效解决高速条件下粒子因强剪切难以进入边界层近壁区的问题,显著提高对近壁流动的解析能力。

Particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurements of tip vortex wake structure of wind turbine

Large-view flow field measurements using the particle image velocimetry （PIV） technique with high resolution CCD cameras on a rotating 1/8 scale blade model of the NREL UAE phase VI wind turbine are conducted in the engineering-oriented q53.2 m wind tunnel. The motivation is to establish the database of the initiation and development of the tip vortex to study the flow structure and mechanism of the wind turbine. The results show that the tip vortex first moves inward for a very short period and then moves outward with the wake expansion, while its vorticity decreases with time after being trailed from the trailing edge of the blade tip, and then increases continuously with the rapid rolling-up to form a strong tip vortex. The measurements also indicate that the downstream movement of the tip vortex is nearly linear in the very near wake under the test condition.

TWO-DIMENSIONAL PARTICLE IMAGE VELOCIMETRY(PIV) MEASUREMENTS IN A TRANSPARENT CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

A special transparent centrifugal pump is designed. Detailed opticalmeasurements of the flow inside the rotating passages of a five-bladed shroud centrifugal pumpimpeller have been performed by using two-dimensional particle image velocimetry (PIV). The flow issurveyed at three load conditions q_V/q_(Vd) = 0.4, q_V/q_(Vd) = 1.0, q_V/q_(Vd) = 1.5,respectively. As a result, phase averaged PIV velocity vector maps on three planes between hub andshroud of the impeller are presented. At design load, the mean field of relative velocity ispredominantly vane congruent, showing well-behaved flow without separation. The distributions of therelative velocity on different plane along the pump shaft are very different and there is always alow velocity zone near the pressure-side of the blade at both low and design flow rate, but thelow-velocity-zone at the low flow rate is much larger than that at the design one. The studydemonstrates that the PIV technique is efficient in providing reliable and detailed velocity dataover a full impeller passage.

Three-dimensional color particle image velocimetry based on a cross-correlation and optical flow method

Rainbow particle image velocimetry(PIV)can restore the three-dimensional velocity field of particles with a single camera;however,it requires a relatively long time to complete the reconstruction.This paper proposes a hybrid algorithm that combines the fast Fourier transform(FFT)based co-correlation algorithm and the Horn–Schunck(HS)optical flow pyramid iterative algorithm to increase the reconstruction speed.The Rankine vortex simulation experiment was performed,in which the particle velocity field was reconstructed using the proposed algorithm and the rainbow PIV method.The average endpoint error and average angular error of the proposed algorithm were roughly the same as those of the rainbow PIV algorithm;nevertheless,the reconstruction time was 20%shorter.Furthermore,the effect of velocity magnitude and particle density on the reconstruction results was analyzed.In the end,the performance of the proposed algorithm was verified using real experimental single-vortex and double-vortex datasets,from which a similar particle velocity field was obtained compared with the rainbow PIV algorithm.The results show that the reconstruction speed of the proposed hybrid algorithm is approximately 25%faster than that of the rainbow PIV algorithm.

Measurement on soil deformation caused by expanded-base pile in transparent soil using particle image velocimetry (PIV)

A new small-scale geotechnical physical model in 1-g and unconfined condition, combining the transparent soil, close-range photogrammetry and particle image velocimetry(PIV), was employed, which provides a non-intrusively internal deformation measurement approach to monitor the internal deformation of soil caused by expanded-base pile jacking with casing. The transparent soil was made of fused quartz and its refractive index matched blended oil, adding reflective particles(glass beads). Closerange photogrammetry was employed to record the images of the process of casing jacking and extraction in transparent soil, allowing the use of Matlab-based Geo-PIV to figure out the displacement field converted from image space to object space. Analysis of test results indicates that the maximum displacement caused by casing jacking for expandedconical-base pile is decreased by 29% compared with that for expanded-flat-base pile. The main movement happens at the early stage of casing extraction. The maximum displacement caused by casing extraction for the conical base is about 43% of that for the flatbase, while the affected zone caused by casing extraction for the conical base accounts for about 1/3 of that for the flat base. The contraction for horizontal displacements tends to decrease with the depth increasing. By contrast, the contraction under pile base decreases with the increasing of displacement. The displacements generated by jacking a conventional pile having a diameter equal to the casing diameter of the expanded-base pile were comparable to the net displacement taking place due to expanded-base pile installation for the conical base pile.

Mass transfer enhancement and hydrodynamic performance with wire mesh coupling solid particles in bubble column reactor

It is of vital significance to investigate mass transfer enhancements for chemical engineering processes.This work focuses on investigating the coupling influence of embedding wire mesh and adding solid particles on bubble motion and gas-liquid mass transfer process in a bubble column.Particle image velocimetry(PIV)technology was employed to analyze the flow field and bubble motion behavior,and dynamic oxygen absorption technology was used to measure the gas-liquid volumetric mass transfer coefficient(kLa).The effect of embedding wire mesh,adding solid particles,and wire mesh coupling solid particles on the flow characteristic and kLa were analyzed and compared.The results show that the gas-liquid interface area increases by 33%-72%when using the wire mesh coupling solid particles strategy compared to the gas-liquid two-phase flow,which is superior to the other two strengthening methods.Compared with the system without reinforcement,kLa in the bubble column increased by 0.5-1.8 times with wire mesh coupling solid particles method,which is higher than the sum of kLa increases with inserting wire mesh and adding particles,and the coupling reinforcement mechanism for affecting gas-liquid mass transfer process was discussed to provide a new idea for enhancing gas-liquid mass transfer.

Significance of including lid thickness and particle shape factor in numerical modeling for prediction of particle trap efficiency of invert trap

Sediment accumulation on the bed of open sewers and drains reduces hydraulic efficiency and can cause localized flooding.Slotted invert traps installed underneath the bed of open sewers and drains can eliminate sediment build-up by catching sediment load.Previous three-dimensional(3D)computational studies have examined the particle trapping performance of invert traps of different shapes and depths under varied sediment and flow conditions,considering particles as spheres.For two-dimensional and 3D numerical modeling,researchers assumed the lid geometry to be a thin line and a plane,respectively.In this 3D numerical study,the particle trapping efficiency of a slotted irregular hexagonal invert trap fitted at the flume bottom was examined by incorporating the particle shape factor of non-spherical sewage solid particles and the thicknesses of upstream and downstream lids over the trap in the discrete phase model of the ANSYS Fluent 2020 R1 software.The volume of fluid(VOF)and the realizable k-turbulence models were used to predict the velocity field.The two-dimensional particle image velocimetry(PIV)was used to measure the velocity field inside the invert trap.The results showed that the thicknesses of upstream and downstream lids affected the velocity field and turbulent kinetic energy at all flow depths.The joint impact of the particle shape factor and lid thickness on the trap efficiency was significant.When both the lid thickness and particle shape factor were considered in the numerical modeling,trap efficiencies were underestimated,with relative errors of-8.66%to-0.65%in comparison to the experimental values of Mohsin and Kaushal(2017).They were also lower than the values predicted by Mohsin and Kaushal(2017),which showed an overall overestimation with errors of-2.3%to 17.4%.

基于粒子图像测速(PIV)技术的圆盘桨搅拌槽湍流动能耗散率研究

在边长L为220 mm的方形搅拌槽内,采用高解析率的二维粒子图像测速(PIV)技术在搅拌雷诺数Re=1300下对圆盘桨形成的流场进行研究,得到Kolmogorov尺度下的高解析流场。基于流场数据和各向同性假设得到湍流动能分布,并比较了直接定义法和大涡PIV法计算的湍流动能耗散率。结果表明:当离底高度C=0.15L时,圆盘桨的流型呈现出独特的单循环流型,流体主要旋涡为单旋涡结构;搅拌槽内湍流动能的最大值出现在桨叶排出流的末端;在Kolmogorov空间解析尺度下直接定义法计算得到的湍流动能耗散率大于大涡PIV法,并且湍流动能耗散率的峰值位于桨叶端和排出流区域。直接数值模拟的验证结果表明,这两种计算方法中使用的各向同性假设是合理的。

基于改进PIV技术的库区滑坡涌浪试验研究

针对滑坡涌浪试验中内部运动场数据缺乏的问题,采用改进的粒子图像测速技术搭建滑坡涌浪试验平台,选取理想黏塑性材料卡波普作为滑坡材料,通过示踪粒子荧光染色技术对滑坡体和水体两相进行区分,实现了两相内部流态的同步观测,并解析出相应的速度场矢量图,进而基于速度场数据计算了入水滑坡体质量和平均速度的变化曲线,并分析了两相耦合过程中的动量变化过程线。研究结果表明滑坡和水体两相的动量变化趋势与滑坡体入水动量具有较高的相关性,可为两相耦合的动量转换机理理论研究提供更加复杂、多元的数据支撑。

冲击波流场的PIV速度场修正算法研究

粒子图像测速(particle image velocimetry,PIV)技术是研究分析流动现象产生机制和物理规律的1种重要手段。针对击波管实验中产生的平面冲击波流场,开展了冲击波波阵面及波后速度场图像测量实验,设计并实现了1种结合高斯拟合亚像素与连续性方程的复合图像修正算法,利用该算法对实验原始数据进行了处理分析。结果表明:经本文所提出的算法修正后,波阵面前PIV速度场矢量信息连续,可显示出由于粒子不均匀而不能正确测量的区域信息,提高了速度场信息测量精度,该方法可有效修正存在强间断面的速度场中,由记录图像质量差、粒子播撒不均匀或流动跟随性差等问题带来的速度场计算偏差,为冲击波速度场错误矢量的检测与修正提供了1种简单高效的算法。

含淹没柔性水生植被群的弯道水流特性PIV试验研究

为了研究淹没柔性水生植被对弯道水流的影响,采用水槽试验的方法,在U形弯道水槽凸岸的25°和45°附近布置相同种类的塑料草模型植被群,设置植被密度分别为密集和稀疏2种工况,采用自动水位测量系统和粒子图像测速仪(PIV)等仪器分别测量了在不同工况下植被附近及U形弯道水槽内水流的流速和水位,研究不同密度(株数/m^(2))的柔性水生植被对水流运动规律的影响。同时,利用测量结果对水位变化、水流流速分布、横比降变化、水头损失、水力坡降等规律进行分析。试验结果表明,弯道凸岸的水流在不同植被密度下各个断面(25°、45°、60°、90°、120°、150°、180°)的流速大小变化均呈先下降后趋于平稳的趋势;凹岸的水流在不同植被密度下各个断面的流速大小变化情况差异较大,在60°断面密集植被的流速小于稀疏植被的流速,同时在150°断面大幅度上升后再下降并在弯道出口处大于稀疏植被的流速;植被群增大水头损失和水力坡降,其中密集植被群影响最大。

Measuring particle size distribution and total number in the activation chamber of desulfurization system by PIV

Application of particle image velocity (PIV) techniques for measuringparticle size distribution and total number in an activation chamber of desulfurization system isintroduced. Watersheld algorithm is used to choose the suitable initial gray level threshold whichis used to change the gray level images taken by PIV to black and white ones, then every particle inan image is isolated totally. For every isolating particle, its contour is tracked by the edgeenhancement filter function and kept by Freeman s chain code. Based on a set of particle s chincode, its size and size distribution are calculated and sorted. Finally, the experimental data ofcalcium particles and water drops, separately injected into the activation chamber, and the erroranalysis of data are given out.

Study of Diesel Spray Particle Velocity Field Using a Particle Image Velocimetry Setup

Aim To investigate the spray particle velocity and its distribution characteristics. Methods\ A set of PIV (particle image velocimetry) system was developed and used to observe and analyze the spray particle velocity field. Results and Conclusion\ Double exposure image of the spray particle within the region of 10-50 mm from the nozzle tip was recorded and analyzed by the IBAS2000 analysis system. Some characteristics of the spray particle velocity and its distribution were obtained.

Measurement of Concentration of Sorbent Particles and Water Droplets in Hydration Desulfurization Reactor with PIV

Vortexing limestone injection into furnace combined with calcium lime hydration in the downstream is the most promising technology for controlling SO 2 emission. Particle imaging velocimetry (PIV) is used to measure the gas liquid solid three phase flow field in a reactor. By image processing based on newly developed software, the number concentrations of sorbent particles and water droplets are presented. The measuring results are very helpful for better understanding the desulfurization mechanism and optimizing configurational and operational parameters in the hydration reactor.

基于PIV劈裂试验膨润土抗拉强度公式的修正

用于高放废物深地质处置库的压实膨润土砌块因绑扎起吊,会受到拉应力的作用产生拉张裂隙进而影响其使用效果,因此系统研究膨润土的抗拉强度具有重要工程实际意义。基于粒子图像测速技术对压实膨润土进行了一系列的劈裂试验和直接拉伸试验,探求快速且准确获得膨润土抗拉强度的试验方法,同时基于PIV劈裂试验对膨润土抗拉强度公式进行了修正。试验结果表明:压实膨润土的抗拉强度随着含水率的增加呈先增加后减小的趋势,当含水率为13%时其抗拉强度最大。应力-位移关系曲线、位移矢量场和裂隙特征在阶段性划分中存在明显的一一对应关系。当压实膨润土的含水率和初始干密度均相同时,劈裂试验获得的抗拉强度大于直接拉伸强度。采用Frydman提出的修正系数2g和PIV劈裂试验获取的变形参数对劈裂抗拉强度进行修正,修正效果较好。同时在经典巴西劈裂公式基础上引入一个简化修正系数K,结合PIV劈裂试验结果也可快速、准确地获得压实膨润土的直接拉伸强度。