It has been reported that the ply gap influences the ballistic resistance of spaced multi-ply fabric systems,but its working mechanism was not well-understood. This paper reports the experimental and numerical approac...It has been reported that the ply gap influences the ballistic resistance of spaced multi-ply fabric systems,but its working mechanism was not well-understood. This paper reports the experimental and numerical approaches and results of an investigation on the mechanisms that enable the improved ballistic performance of spaced multi-ply systems. Penetration tests were performed over a range of impact velocities ranging from 200 m/s to 400 m/s. The results confirmed that the ply gap is beneficial to the energy absorption capability of the systems. This is because the front plies tend to absorb more energy when they are not immediately constrained by the rear plies. During a ballistic event, the gap relieves the reflection of the compressive pulse, prolonging the projectile engagement time with the front plies;on the other hand, the rear plies become increasingly less active in dissipating energy as the gap increases.When the gap is sufficiently widened to avoid any interference between the plies before the failure of the front ply, the responses of the whole system no longer vary. It was also found that the ballistic performance of the spaced systems is influenced by ply thickness, impact velocity, and the stacking order of the ply gap.展开更多
In this paper,the vector equation of a generaliseddoubly wound helix was derived.Treloar’s pliedyarn geometry could be obtained as a special case ofthe generalised doubly wound helix.The shortest fi-bre length around...In this paper,the vector equation of a generaliseddoubly wound helix was derived.Treloar’s pliedyarn geometry could be obtained as a special case ofthe generalised doubly wound helix.The shortest fi-bre length around the surface of a helical tube(formed by fibre helices)was determined by apply-ing variational principles.The fibre length as calcu-lated by using Treloar’s geometry was compared in-directly with the shortest possible fibre length at dif-ferent levels of yarn deformation when some of Tre-loar’s rigid geometrical constraints were relaxed.Anew idea based on non-concentric circles was intro-duced to approximate the fibre helix movement in atwo-ply yarn.A torsional model of two-ply yarnwas developed and the theoretical predictions werecompared with some preliminary experimental re-sults.展开更多
Complex product development will inevitably face the design planning of the multi-coupled activities, and overlapping these activities could potentially reduce product development time, but there is a risk of the addi...Complex product development will inevitably face the design planning of the multi-coupled activities, and overlapping these activities could potentially reduce product development time, but there is a risk of the additional cost. Although the downstream task information dependence to the upstream task is already considered in the current researches, but the design process overall iteration caused by the information interdependence between activities is hardly discussed; especially the impact on the design process＇ overall iteration from the valid information accumulation process. Secondly, most studies only focus on the single overlapping process of two activities, rarely take multi-segment and multi-ply overlapping process of multi coupled activities into account; especially the inherent link between product development time and cost which originates from the overlapping process of multi coupled activities. For the purpose of solving the above problems, as to the insufficiency of the accumulated valid information in overlapping process, the function of the valid information evolution （VIE） degree is constructed. Stochastic process theory is used to describe the design information exchange and the valid information accumulation in the overlapping segment, and then the planning models of the single overlapping segment are built. On these bases, by analyzing overlapping processes and overlapping features of multi-coupling activities, multi-segment and multi-ply overlapping planning models are built; by sorting overlapping processes and analyzing the construction of these planning models, two conclusions are obtained： （1） As to multi-segment and multi-ply overlapping of multi coupled activities, the total decrement of the task set development time is the sum of the time decrement caused by basic overlapping segments, and minus the sum of the time increment caused by multiple overlapping segments; （2） the total increment of development cost is the sum of the cost increment caused by all overlapping process. And then, based on overlapping degree analysis of these planning models, by the V1E degree function, the four lemmas theory proofs are represented, and two propositions are finally proved： （1） The multi-ply overlapping of the multi coupled activities will weaken the basic overlapping effect on the development cycle time reduction （2） Overlapping the multi coupled activities will decrease product development cycle, but increase product development cost. And there is trade-off between development time and cost. And so, two methods are given to slacken and eliminate multi-ply overlapping effects. At last, an example about a vehicle upper subsystem design illustrates the application of the proposed models; compared with a sequential execution pattern, the decreasing of development cycle （22%） and the increasing of development cost （3%） show the validity of the method in the example The proposed research not only lays a theoretical foundation for correctly planning complex product development process, but also provides specific and effective operation methods for overlapping multi coupled activities.展开更多
This paper proposes a procedure for the optimum design of composite laminates with initial imperfection under probabilistic considerations. The initial imperfection, strength parameters and ply-level thickness are con...This paper proposes a procedure for the optimum design of composite laminates with initial imperfection under probabilistic considerations. The initial imperfection, strength parameters and ply-level thickness are considered as random variables. Ply-level failure probability is evaluated by the first order reliability method and system reliability is computed based on the first-ply failure criterion. The optimum design is formulated to consider the laminate thickness as the objective function and reliability requirement as the constraint. A numerical example is presented to demonstrate the methodology proposed.展开更多
The influence of fiber orientation,flow yaw angle and length-to-thickness ratio on flutter characteristics of angle-ply laminated plates in supersonic flow is studied by finite element approach.The structural model is...The influence of fiber orientation,flow yaw angle and length-to-thickness ratio on flutter characteristics of angle-ply laminated plates in supersonic flow is studied by finite element approach.The structural model is established using the Reissner-Mindlin theory in which the transverse shear deformation is considered.The aerodynamic pressure is evaluated by the quasi-steady first-order piston theory.The equations of motion are formulated based on the principle of virtual work.With the harmonic motion assumption,the flutter boundary is determined by solving a series of complex eigenvalue problems.Numerical study shows that （1） The flutter dynamic pressure and the coalescence of flutter modes depend on fiber orientation,flow yaw angle and length-to-thickness ratio;（2） The laminated plate with all fibers aligned with the flow direction gives the highest flutter dynamic pressure,but a slight yawing of the flow from the fiber orientation results in a sharp decrease of the flutter dynamic pressure;（3） The angle-ply laminated plate with fiber orientation angle equal to flow yaw angle gives high flutter dynamic pressure,but not the maximum flutter dynamic pressure;（4） With the decrease of length-to-thickness ratio,an adverse effect due to mode transition on the flutter dynamic pressure is found.展开更多
From the mixed variational principle, by the selection of the state variables and its dual variables, the Hamiltonian canonical equation for the dynamic analysis of shear deformable antisymmetric angle-ply laminated p...From the mixed variational principle, by the selection of the state variables and its dual variables, the Hamiltonian canonical equation for the dynamic analysis of shear deformable antisymmetric angle-ply laminated plates is derived, leading to the mathematical frame of symplectic geometry and algorithms, and the exact solution for the arbitrary boundary conditions is also derived by the adjoint orthonormalized symplectic expansion method. Numerical results are presented with the emphasis on the effects of length/thickness ratio, arbitrary boundary conditions, degrees of anisotropy, number of layers, ply-angles and the corrected coefficients of transverse shear.展开更多
Virtual testing of fabric armor provides an efficient and inexpensive means of systematically studying the influence of various architectural and material parameters on the ballistic impact behavior of woven fabrics, ...Virtual testing of fabric armor provides an efficient and inexpensive means of systematically studying the influence of various architectural and material parameters on the ballistic impact behavior of woven fabrics, before actual laboratory prototypes are woven and destructively tested. In this finite element study, the combined effects of individual ply orientations and material properties on the impact performance of multi-layered, non-stitched woven aramid fabrics are studied using 2-and 4-sided clamping configurations. Individual ply orientations of 0°, ±15°, ±30°, and ±45° are considered along with three levels of inter-yarn friction coefficient. Functionally graded fabric targets are also considered wherein the yarn stiffness progressively increases or decreases through the target thickness while keeping the yarn strain energy density constant and with all other material and architectural parameters unchanged for consistency. For each target configuration, one non-penetrating and one penetrating impact velocity is chosen. The impact performance is evaluated by the time taken to arrest the projectile and the backface deformation for the non-penetrating impacts, and by the residual velocity for the penetrating impact tests. All deterministic impact simulations are performed using LS-DYNA. 2-sided clamped targets and lower inter-yarn frictional levels generally resulted in better impact performance.The functionally graded targets generally showed either similar or inferior impact performance than the baseline fabric target configurations for the non-penetrating shots. Some performance improvements were observed for the penetrating shots when the yarn stiffness was progressively decreased through the layers in a direction away from the strike face, with additional performance enhancements achieved by simultaneously reducing the inter-yarn friction.展开更多
The influence of pack ply-rolling process and heat-treatment on the texture characteristics of Ti-6Al-4V alloy sheets was investigated applying the EBSD technique. The tensile properties and fatigue properties of the ...The influence of pack ply-rolling process and heat-treatment on the texture characteristics of Ti-6Al-4V alloy sheets was investigated applying the EBSD technique. The tensile properties and fatigue properties of the sheets possessing different type textures were measured. The results show that the alloy sheets possessing single type texture(B or T) exhibit lower fatigue strength compared with the mixed texture(B/T). The sheet possessing basal texture exhibits isotropy and its elastic modulus and yield strength are lower than those under other conditions.展开更多
本实验目的是研究肺炎链球菌r Dna J-△A146Ply融合蛋白引起小鼠巨噬细胞的免疫应答机制。原核表达r Dna J-△A146Ply重组蛋白,Ni+柱纯化后去除其内毒素。r Dna J-△A146Ply刺激小鼠来源腹腔巨噬细胞6 h后,提取细胞RNA,RT-PCR检测白细...本实验目的是研究肺炎链球菌r Dna J-△A146Ply融合蛋白引起小鼠巨噬细胞的免疫应答机制。原核表达r Dna J-△A146Ply重组蛋白,Ni+柱纯化后去除其内毒素。r Dna J-△A146Ply刺激小鼠来源腹腔巨噬细胞6 h后,提取细胞RNA,RT-PCR检测白细胞介素6(interleukin-6,IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)m RNA表达水平。24 h后取细胞培养上清,ELISA检测IL-6和TNF-α蛋白表达水平。信号通路抑制剂预处理腹腔巨噬细胞1 h后加蛋白刺激,ELISA检测上清中IL-6、TNF-α蛋白表达水平抑制情况。取不同时间点处理的细胞进行免疫印迹(Western Blot),检测p-Akt和p-NF-κB表达水平。制备获得纯度90%以上、内毒素含量小于0.1 EU/μg的r Dna J-△A146Ply融合蛋白;r Dna J-△A146Ply可刺激腹腔巨噬细胞IL-6、TNF-αm RNA及蛋白水平表达明显上调、增强Akt和NF-κB磷酸化;Akt和NF-κB抑制剂可显著减少IL-6和TNF-α表达。因此,r Dna J-△A146Ply融合蛋白通过Akt和NF-κB信号通路刺激巨噬细胞诱导免疫应答。展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 51708553, 12202498, 52371299,12302187)Natural Science Foundations of Jiangsu Province (Grant No. BK20210438)Knowledge Innovation Program of WuhanShuguang Project (Grant No. 202201080102)。
文摘It has been reported that the ply gap influences the ballistic resistance of spaced multi-ply fabric systems,but its working mechanism was not well-understood. This paper reports the experimental and numerical approaches and results of an investigation on the mechanisms that enable the improved ballistic performance of spaced multi-ply systems. Penetration tests were performed over a range of impact velocities ranging from 200 m/s to 400 m/s. The results confirmed that the ply gap is beneficial to the energy absorption capability of the systems. This is because the front plies tend to absorb more energy when they are not immediately constrained by the rear plies. During a ballistic event, the gap relieves the reflection of the compressive pulse, prolonging the projectile engagement time with the front plies;on the other hand, the rear plies become increasingly less active in dissipating energy as the gap increases.When the gap is sufficiently widened to avoid any interference between the plies before the failure of the front ply, the responses of the whole system no longer vary. It was also found that the ballistic performance of the spaced systems is influenced by ply thickness, impact velocity, and the stacking order of the ply gap.
文摘In this paper,the vector equation of a generaliseddoubly wound helix was derived.Treloar’s pliedyarn geometry could be obtained as a special case ofthe generalised doubly wound helix.The shortest fi-bre length around the surface of a helical tube(formed by fibre helices)was determined by apply-ing variational principles.The fibre length as calcu-lated by using Treloar’s geometry was compared in-directly with the shortest possible fibre length at dif-ferent levels of yarn deformation when some of Tre-loar’s rigid geometrical constraints were relaxed.Anew idea based on non-concentric circles was intro-duced to approximate the fibre helix movement in atwo-ply yarn.A torsional model of two-ply yarnwas developed and the theoretical predictions werecompared with some preliminary experimental re-sults.
基金sponsored by Jiangsu Provincial Colleges and Universities Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.08KJD410001)Humanities and Social Sciences Planning Fund of Ministry of Education of China (Grant No. 12YJAZH151)Humanities and Social Sciences Youth Fund of Ministry of Education of China (Grant No. 12YJCZH209)
文摘Complex product development will inevitably face the design planning of the multi-coupled activities, and overlapping these activities could potentially reduce product development time, but there is a risk of the additional cost. Although the downstream task information dependence to the upstream task is already considered in the current researches, but the design process overall iteration caused by the information interdependence between activities is hardly discussed; especially the impact on the design process＇ overall iteration from the valid information accumulation process. Secondly, most studies only focus on the single overlapping process of two activities, rarely take multi-segment and multi-ply overlapping process of multi coupled activities into account; especially the inherent link between product development time and cost which originates from the overlapping process of multi coupled activities. For the purpose of solving the above problems, as to the insufficiency of the accumulated valid information in overlapping process, the function of the valid information evolution （VIE） degree is constructed. Stochastic process theory is used to describe the design information exchange and the valid information accumulation in the overlapping segment, and then the planning models of the single overlapping segment are built. On these bases, by analyzing overlapping processes and overlapping features of multi-coupling activities, multi-segment and multi-ply overlapping planning models are built; by sorting overlapping processes and analyzing the construction of these planning models, two conclusions are obtained： （1） As to multi-segment and multi-ply overlapping of multi coupled activities, the total decrement of the task set development time is the sum of the time decrement caused by basic overlapping segments, and minus the sum of the time increment caused by multiple overlapping segments; （2） the total increment of development cost is the sum of the cost increment caused by all overlapping process. And then, based on overlapping degree analysis of these planning models, by the V1E degree function, the four lemmas theory proofs are represented, and two propositions are finally proved： （1） The multi-ply overlapping of the multi coupled activities will weaken the basic overlapping effect on the development cycle time reduction （2） Overlapping the multi coupled activities will decrease product development cycle, but increase product development cost. And there is trade-off between development time and cost. And so, two methods are given to slacken and eliminate multi-ply overlapping effects. At last, an example about a vehicle upper subsystem design illustrates the application of the proposed models; compared with a sequential execution pattern, the decreasing of development cycle （22%） and the increasing of development cost （3%） show the validity of the method in the example The proposed research not only lays a theoretical foundation for correctly planning complex product development process, but also provides specific and effective operation methods for overlapping multi coupled activities.
基金Supported by Hubei Key Laboratory of Roadway Bridge and Structure Engineering(2005)
文摘This paper proposes a procedure for the optimum design of composite laminates with initial imperfection under probabilistic considerations. The initial imperfection, strength parameters and ply-level thickness are considered as random variables. Ply-level failure probability is evaluated by the first order reliability method and system reliability is computed based on the first-ply failure criterion. The optimum design is formulated to consider the laminate thickness as the objective function and reliability requirement as the constraint. A numerical example is presented to demonstrate the methodology proposed.
基金supported by China Postdoctoral Science Founda-tion (20090451045)
文摘The influence of fiber orientation,flow yaw angle and length-to-thickness ratio on flutter characteristics of angle-ply laminated plates in supersonic flow is studied by finite element approach.The structural model is established using the Reissner-Mindlin theory in which the transverse shear deformation is considered.The aerodynamic pressure is evaluated by the quasi-steady first-order piston theory.The equations of motion are formulated based on the principle of virtual work.With the harmonic motion assumption,the flutter boundary is determined by solving a series of complex eigenvalue problems.Numerical study shows that （1） The flutter dynamic pressure and the coalescence of flutter modes depend on fiber orientation,flow yaw angle and length-to-thickness ratio;（2） The laminated plate with all fibers aligned with the flow direction gives the highest flutter dynamic pressure,but a slight yawing of the flow from the fiber orientation results in a sharp decrease of the flutter dynamic pressure;（3） The angle-ply laminated plate with fiber orientation angle equal to flow yaw angle gives high flutter dynamic pressure,but not the maximum flutter dynamic pressure;（4） With the decrease of length-to-thickness ratio,an adverse effect due to mode transition on the flutter dynamic pressure is found.
文摘From the mixed variational principle, by the selection of the state variables and its dual variables, the Hamiltonian canonical equation for the dynamic analysis of shear deformable antisymmetric angle-ply laminated plates is derived, leading to the mathematical frame of symplectic geometry and algorithms, and the exact solution for the arbitrary boundary conditions is also derived by the adjoint orthonormalized symplectic expansion method. Numerical results are presented with the emphasis on the effects of length/thickness ratio, arbitrary boundary conditions, degrees of anisotropy, number of layers, ply-angles and the corrected coefficients of transverse shear.
基金support from the M.C.Gill Composites Center at the University of Southern California(USC)supported by the USC Center for High-Performance Computing(hpcc.usc.edu)
文摘Virtual testing of fabric armor provides an efficient and inexpensive means of systematically studying the influence of various architectural and material parameters on the ballistic impact behavior of woven fabrics, before actual laboratory prototypes are woven and destructively tested. In this finite element study, the combined effects of individual ply orientations and material properties on the impact performance of multi-layered, non-stitched woven aramid fabrics are studied using 2-and 4-sided clamping configurations. Individual ply orientations of 0°, ±15°, ±30°, and ±45° are considered along with three levels of inter-yarn friction coefficient. Functionally graded fabric targets are also considered wherein the yarn stiffness progressively increases or decreases through the target thickness while keeping the yarn strain energy density constant and with all other material and architectural parameters unchanged for consistency. For each target configuration, one non-penetrating and one penetrating impact velocity is chosen. The impact performance is evaluated by the time taken to arrest the projectile and the backface deformation for the non-penetrating impacts, and by the residual velocity for the penetrating impact tests. All deterministic impact simulations are performed using LS-DYNA. 2-sided clamped targets and lower inter-yarn frictional levels generally resulted in better impact performance.The functionally graded targets generally showed either similar or inferior impact performance than the baseline fabric target configurations for the non-penetrating shots. Some performance improvements were observed for the penetrating shots when the yarn stiffness was progressively decreased through the layers in a direction away from the strike face, with additional performance enhancements achieved by simultaneously reducing the inter-yarn friction.
基金Projects(2007CB613805) supported by the National Basic Research Program of China
文摘The influence of pack ply-rolling process and heat-treatment on the texture characteristics of Ti-6Al-4V alloy sheets was investigated applying the EBSD technique. The tensile properties and fatigue properties of the sheets possessing different type textures were measured. The results show that the alloy sheets possessing single type texture(B or T) exhibit lower fatigue strength compared with the mixed texture(B/T). The sheet possessing basal texture exhibits isotropy and its elastic modulus and yield strength are lower than those under other conditions.
文摘本实验目的是研究肺炎链球菌r Dna J-△A146Ply融合蛋白引起小鼠巨噬细胞的免疫应答机制。原核表达r Dna J-△A146Ply重组蛋白,Ni+柱纯化后去除其内毒素。r Dna J-△A146Ply刺激小鼠来源腹腔巨噬细胞6 h后,提取细胞RNA,RT-PCR检测白细胞介素6(interleukin-6,IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)m RNA表达水平。24 h后取细胞培养上清,ELISA检测IL-6和TNF-α蛋白表达水平。信号通路抑制剂预处理腹腔巨噬细胞1 h后加蛋白刺激,ELISA检测上清中IL-6、TNF-α蛋白表达水平抑制情况。取不同时间点处理的细胞进行免疫印迹(Western Blot),检测p-Akt和p-NF-κB表达水平。制备获得纯度90%以上、内毒素含量小于0.1 EU/μg的r Dna J-△A146Ply融合蛋白;r Dna J-△A146Ply可刺激腹腔巨噬细胞IL-6、TNF-αm RNA及蛋白水平表达明显上调、增强Akt和NF-κB磷酸化;Akt和NF-κB抑制剂可显著减少IL-6和TNF-α表达。因此,r Dna J-△A146Ply融合蛋白通过Akt和NF-κB信号通路刺激巨噬细胞诱导免疫应答。
