Monitoring of Air Quality for Particulate Matter (PM2.5, PM10) and Heavy Metals Proximate to a Cement Factory in Ewekoro, Nigeria

A cement factory nearby communities raise pollution concerns. This study assessed air pollution levels for respirable particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) and heavy metals (lead, chromium, nickel, cadmium, zinc and copper) adjacent to a cement factory in Ewekoro and neighbouring communities (Papalantoro, Lapeleko and Itori) in Ogun State, Nigeria. Respirable particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) and heavy metals were measured using an ARA N-FRM cassette sampler. Each location sampled was monitored for eight continuous hours daily for 12 days. The PM2.5, PM10 and heavy metals results were compared with different standards, including those of the World Health Organization (WHO), Nigeria’s National Environmental Standard and Regulation Enforcement Agency (NESREA) and Canadian Ambient Air Quality Standards (CAAQS). The PM levels fell within 11 - 19 μg/m3 of the air management level of CAAQS, which signifies continuous actions are needed to improve air quality in the areas monitored but below the NESREA standard. The mean Cd, Cr and Ni concentrations in the cement factory area and the impacted neighbourhoods are higher than the WHO/EU permissible limits, while Zn and Cu were below the WHO/EU permissible limit. A risk assessment hazard quotient (HQ) for Cr was above the WHO/EU safe level (=1) in adults and children throµgh ingestion, inhalation and dermal contact at all the monitoring sites. The HQ for Ni and Cd was higher than the safe level in the cement factory area and Papalantoro, while Zn was at safe levels.

Changes on Stroke Burden Attributable to Ambient Fine Particulate Matter in China

Objective In recent decades,China has implemented a series of policies to address air pollution.We aimed to assess the health effects of these policies on stroke burden attributable to ambient fine particulate matter(PM_(2.5)).Methods Joinpoint regression was applied to explore the temporal tendency of stroke burden based on data from the Global Burden of Disease 2019 study.Results The age-standardized rates of disability-adjusted life year(DALY)for stroke attributable to ambient PM2.5 in China,increased dramatically during 1990-2012,subsequently decreased at an annual percentage change(APC)of-1.98[95% confidence interval(CI):-2.26,-1.71]during 2012-2019.For ischemic stroke(IS),the age-standardized DALY rates doubled from 1990 to 2014,and decreased at an APC of-0.83(95%CI:-1.33,-0.33)during 2014-2019.Intracerebral hemorrhage(ICH)showed a substantial increase in age-standardized DALY rates from 1990 to 2003,followed by declining trends,with APCs of-1.46(95%CI:-2.74,-0.16)during 2003-2007 and-3.33(95%CI:-3.61,-3.06)during 2011-2019,respectively.Conversely,the age-standardized DALY rates for subarachnoid hemorrhage(SAH)generally declined during 1990-2019.Conclusion Our results clarified the dynamic changes of the ambient PM_(2.5)-attributable stroke burden in China during 1990-2019,highlighting the health effects of air quality improvement policies.

Ethyl acetate fraction of Sargassum pallidum extract attenuates particulate matter-induced oxidative stress and inflammation in keratinocytes and zebrafish

Objective:To evaluate the effect of the ethyl acetate fraction derived from Sargassum pallidum extract against particulate matter(PM)-induced oxidative stress and inflammation in HaCaT cells and zebrafish.Methods:HaCaT cells and zebrafish were used to evaluate the protective effects of the ethyl acetate fraction of Sargassum pallidum extract against PM-induced oxidative stress and inflammation.The production of nitric oxide(NO),intracellular ROS,prostaglandin E_(2)(PGE_(2)),and pro-inflammatory cytokines,and the expression levels of COX-2,iNOS,and NF-κB were evaluated in PM-induced HaCaT cells.Furthermore,the levels of ROS,NO,and lipid peroxidation were assessed in the PM-exposed zebrafish model.Results:The ethyl acetate fraction of Sargassum pallidum extract significantly decreased the production of NO,intracellular ROS,and PGE_(2) in PM-induced HaCaT cells.In addition,the fraction markedly suppressed the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and inhibited the expression levels of COX-2,iNOS,and NF-κB.Furthermore,it displayed remarkable protective effects against PM-induced inflammatory response and oxidative stress,represented by the reduction of NO,ROS,and lipid peroxidation in zebrafish.Conclusions:The ethyl acetate fraction of Sargassum pallidum extract exhibits a protective effect against PM-induced oxidative stress and inflammation both in vitro and in vivo and has the potential as a candidate for the development of pharmaceutical and cosmeceutical products.

Characteristics and fate behavior of environmentally persistent free radicals in atmospheric particulate matter

Background,aim,and scope Environmentally persistent free radicals(EPFRs)have received significant attention due to their longer lifetime and stable existence in various environments.The strong environmental migration ability of particulate matter allows EPFRs to migrate over long-distance transport,thereby impacting the quality of the local atmospheric environment.Additionally,EPFRs can also adhere to atmospheric particles and interact with typical gaseous pollutants to affect atmospheric chemical reactions.EPFRs can produce some reactive organic species,promoting oxidative stress in the human body,damaging biological macromolecules and ultimately affecting the organism health.EPFRs are considered as a novel type of pollutant that affects human health.Despite their significance,there are few literatures available on the characteristics and fate behaviors of EPFRs up to date.Therefore,supplemental reviews are crucial for providing comprehensive understanding of EPFRs.Materials and methods This review summarizes the characteristics of EPFRs in particulate matter,outlines the generation mechanism and influencing factors of EPFRs,and the impacts of EPFRs on environmental quality and organism health.Results The content of EPFRs in particulate matter ranges from 1017 to 1020 spins∙g−1.Due to the strong mobility of atmospheric particulate matter,the long-term exposure to high levels of EPFRs may aggravate the impact of particulate matter on human health.The interaction between EPFRs and typical gaseous pollutants can alter their fate and influence atmospheric chemical reactions.EPFRs are mainly produced by transition metal elements and substituted aromatic hydrocarbons through electron transfer.Additionally,the chemical bond rupture of organic substances through heat treatment or ultraviolet radiation can also produce EPFRs,and heterogeneous reactions are capable producing them as well.The production of EPFRs is not only influenced by transition metal elements and precursors,but also by various environmental factors such as oxygen,temperature,light radiation,and relative humidity.Discussion EPFRs in atmospheric particulates matters are usually rich in fine particulates with obvious seasonal and regional variations.They can easily enter the human respiratory tract and lungs with inhalable particulates,thereby increasing the risk of exposure.Additionally,EPFRs in atmospheric particulates can interact with some typical gaseous pollutants,impacting the life and fate of EPFRs in the atmosphere,and alter atmospheric chemical reactions.Traditionally,EPFRs are generated by transition metal elements and substituted aromatic hydrocarbons undergoing electron transfer in the post-flame and cool-zone regions of combustion systems and other thermal processes to remove HCl,H2O or CO groups,ultimately produce semiquinones,phenoxyls,and cyclopentadienyls.Recent studies have indicated that EPFRs can also be generated under the conditions of without transition metal elemental.Organics can also produce EPFRs through chemical bond rupture during heat treatment or light radiation conditions,as well as through some heterogeneous reactions and photochemical secondary generation of EPFRs.The presence or absence of oxygen has different effects on the type and yield of EPFRs.The concentration,type,and crystal type of transition metal elements will affect the type,content,and atmospheric lifetime of EPFRs.It is generally believed that the impact of transition metal element types on EPFRs is related to the oxidation-reduction potential.The combustion temperature or heat treatment process significantly affects the type and amount of EPFRs.Factors such as precursor loading content,pH conditions,light radiation and relative humidity also influence the generation of EPFRs.EPFRs can interact with pollutants in the environment during their migration and transformation process in environmental medium.This process accelerates the degradation of pollutants and plays a crucial role in the migration and transformation of organic pollutants in environmental media.The reaction process of EPFRs may lead to the production of reactive oxygen species(ROS)such as∙OH,which can induce oxidative stress,inflammation and immune response to biological lung cells and tissues,leading to chronic respiratory and cardiopulmonary dysfunction,cardiovascular damage and neurotoxic effects,ultimately impacting the health of organisms.Conclusions The interaction mechanism between EPFRs in particulate matter and gaseous pollutants remains unclear.Furthermore,research on the generation mechanism of EPFRs without the participation of transition metals is not comprehensive,and the detection of EPFRs is limited to simple qualitative categories and lack accurate qualitative analysis.Recommendations and perspectives Further research should be conducted on the generation mechanism,measurement techniques,migration pathways,and transformation process of EPFRs.It is also important to explore the interaction between EPFRs in atmospheric particulate matter and typical gaseous pollutants.

Multi-Pollutant Formation and Control in Pressurized Oxy-Combustion:SO_(x),NO_(x),Particulate Matter,and Mercury

Oxy-combustion is a promising carbon-capture technology,but atmospheric-pressure oxy-combustion has a relatively low net efficiency,limiting its application in power plants.In pressurized oxycombustion(POC),the boiler,air separation unit,flue gas recirculation unit,and CO_(2)purification and compression unit are all operated at elevated pressure;this makes the process more efficient,with many advantages over atmospheric pressure,such as low NO_(x)emissions,a smaller boiler size,and more.POC is also more promising for industrial application and has attracted widespread research interest in recent years.It can produce high-pressure CO_(2)with a purity of approximately 95%,which can be used directly for enhanced oil recovery or geo-sequestration.However,the pollutant emissions must meet the standards for carbon capture,storage,and utilization.Because of the high oxygen and moisture concentrations in POC,the formation of acids via the oxidation and solution of SO_(x)and NO_(x)can be increased,causing the corrosion of pipelines and equipment.Furthermore,particulate matter(PM)and mercury emissions can harm the environment and human health.The main distinction between pressurized and atmospheric-pressure oxy-combustion is the former’s elevated pressure;thus,the effect of this pressure on the pollutants emitted from POC—including SO_(x),NO_(x),PM,and mercury—must be understood,and effective control methodologies must be incorporated to control the formation of these pollutants.This paper reviews recent advances in research on SO_(x),NO_(x),PM,and mercury formation and control in POC systems that can aid in pollutant control in such systems.

Modeling and Characterization of Fine Particulate Matter Dynamics in Bujumbura Using Low-Cost Sensors

Air pollution is a result of multiple sources including both natural and anthropogenic activities. The rapid urbanization of the cities such as Bujumbura, economic capital of Burundi, is one of these factors. The very first characterization of the spatio-temporal variability of PM2.5 in Bujumbura and the forecasting of PM2.5 concentration have been conducted in this paper using data collected during a year, from August 2022 to August 2023, by low-cost sensors installed in Bujumbura city. For each commune, an hourly, daily and seasonal analysis was carried out and the results showed that the mass concentrations of PM2.5 in the three municipalities differ from one commune to another. The average hourly and annual PM2.5 concentrations exceed the World Health Organization standards. The range is between 28.3 and 35.0 μg/m3. In order to make a prediction of PM2.5 concentration, an investigation of Recurrent Neural Networks with Long Short-Term Memory has been undertaken.

Spatial Analysis of Fine Particulate Matter (PM2.5) in South St. Boniface and Mission Industrial Area, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada

Particulate matter smaller than 2.5 microns (PM2.5) stays airborne for long periods and can enter the lungs, increasing respiratory and cardiovascular risks. Metal shredders are known sources of PM2.5, lead and other heavy metals. Winnipeg residents of South Saint Boniface (SSB) in Manitoba, Canada, live downwind of the Mission Industrial Area (MIA), which includes a metal shredder, train tracks and other industries. Residents are concerned about the MIA air and noise pollution and wanted ambient air quality monitoring in their mixed land-use area to understand its impact on their health. We measured and mapped the daytime PM2.5, from the MIA and South St. Boniface (SSB) neighborhoods using the Dylos DC 1700 PM over seven months. The Dylos air quality data for PM2.5 was validated by the two federal reference monitors in the city, finding a moderate to very strong correlation (r = 0.52 to 0.83;p-value 0.001), confirming good accuracy. A spatial analysis of the emission data showed that the highest pollution concentration was downwind of the scrap metal shredder in MIA. One-way ANOVA and Pearson correlation analysis revealed significantly higher levels of PM2.5 at MIA and SSB than at the reference sites, which are away from pollution sources. The PM2.5 Canadian Ambient Air Quality Standard (CAAQS) of 27 μg/m3 was exceeded downwind of the property line of the scrap metal shredder in the MIA for five of the 35 monitoring days averaging between 28.9 μg/m3 to 38.1 μg/m3 over eight hours. The standard was not exceeded in the residential area, although PM2.5 levels higher than background levels increased SSB residents exposure levels. This exceedance of regulatory standards requires action to reduce emissions.

Spatial and Temporal Variation of Particulate Matter (PM10 and PM2.5) and Its Health Effects during the Haze Event in Malaysia

This study aims to assess and compare levels of particulate matter(PM10 and PM2.5)in urban and industrial areas in Malaysia during haze episodes,which typically occur in the south west monsoon season.The high concentrations of atmospheric particles are mainly due to pollution from neighbouring countries.Daily PM concentrations were analysed for urban and industrial areas including Alor Setar,Tasek,Shah Alam,Klang,Bandaraya Melaka,Larkin,Balok Baru,and Kuala Terengganu in 2018 and 2019.The analysis employed spatiotemporal to examine how PM levels were distributed.The data summary revealed that PM levels in all study areas were right-skewed,indicating the occurrence of high particulate events.Significant peaks in PM concentrations during haze events were consistently observed between June and October,encompassing the south west monsoon and inter-monsoon periods.The study on acute respiratory illnesses primarily focused on Selangor.Analysis revealed that Klang had the highest mean number of inpatient cases for acute exacerbation of bronchial asthma(AEBA)and acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(AECOPD)with values of 260.500 and 185.170,respectively.Similarly,for outpatient cases of AEBA and AECOPD,Klang had the highest average values of 41.67 and 14.00,respectively.Shah Alam and Sungai Buloh did not show a significant increase in cases during periods of biomass burning.The statistical analysis concluded that higher concentrations of PM were associated with increased hospital admissions,particularly from June to September,as shown in the bar diagram.Haze episodes were associated with more healthcare utilization due to haze-related respiratory illnesses,seen in higher inpatient and outpatient visits(p<0.05).However,seasonal variability had minimal impact on healthcare utilization.These findings offer a comprehensive assessment of PM levels during historic haze episodes,providing valuable insights for authorities to develop policies and guidelines for effective monitoring and mitigation of the negative impacts of haze events.

哈尔滨市大气PM_(2.5)中五种金属成分复合暴露对人群死亡风险的影响

目的定量评估哈尔滨市大气PM_(2.5)中金属成分复合暴露对人群死亡的暴露-反应关系及联合效应大小。方法基于监测系统收集哈尔滨市2013—2018年每日死亡数据、每日气象和大气污染物数据。采集大气细颗粒物(PM_(2.5))并进行金属成分浓度测定,基于随机森林模型预测大气PM_(2.5)中每日金属成分浓度。运用分位数g计算回归(quantile g-computation,qgcomp)估计大气PM_(2.5)中金属成分复合暴露对非意外、心血管系统和呼吸系统疾病死亡的联合效应,并探索敏感暴露人群,最后采用加权分位数和回归(weighted quantile sum regression,WQS)进行敏感性分析。结果2013—2018年期间,哈尔滨市非意外、心血管系统和呼吸系统疾病日均死亡人数的中位数(M)分别为75、42和7例。大气PM_(2.5)多种金属成分复合暴露每增加一个四分位数,非意外死亡的相对风险(relative risk,RR)为1.026(95%CI:1.010~1.043);心血管系统疾病死亡风险的RR值为1.038(95%CI:1.016~1.060)。分层分析结果表明男性和≥60岁人群为大气PM_(2.5)金属复合暴露的敏感人群。敏感性分析进一步证实上述研究结果较稳健,且金属As对人群死亡贡献的权重最大。结论大气PM_(2.5)中金属成分复合暴露可增加人群非意外死亡和心血管系统疾病死亡的发生风险,且男性和≥60岁人群是金属复合暴露的敏感人群。

基于遗传-模式搜索算法的微尺度管控区域大气污染物PM2.5溯源

针对微尺度管控区域可能发生的大气污染提出有效的靶向诊断方法-结合高斯烟羽模型和遗传-模式搜索算法的大气污染物分布式溯源方法.将污染源反算模型得到的污染物理论质量浓度与传感器网络观测值的数据对应关系作为目标函数,使用模式搜索算法嵌入遗传算法加快反算模型的搜索过程,反算得到污染源强度和位置.依托杭州市亚运板球场馆大气感知器网络进行实验验证,监测2021年10月PM2.5质量浓度、气象数据,对所提出的混合式大气污染溯源方法进行实验验证.实验结果表明:改进遗传-模式搜索算法对于多维变量的搜索效果较好,能快速精准地反算污染源的位置和强度,可以为微尺度管控区域突发性气体污染防治提供应急决策参考.

2020—2022年海口市城区大气PM_(2.5)中重(类)金属组成及来源解析

目的探析海口市主城区大气PM_(2.5)中重(类)金属污染的组成和主要来源。方法于2020—2022年对海口市主城区进行逐月定期(10—16日)采集大气PM_(2.5)样品,每日持续采样时间不少于22 h;利用电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)测量PM_(2.5)样品中25种重(类)金属成分;对PM_(2.5)中检出率较高的16种重(类)金属成分采用正定矩阵因子分解模型(PMF)解析主要污染来源。结果2020—2022年海口市主城区大气PM_(2.5)质量浓度范围4.00~64.00μg/m^(3),均数(x±s)为(20.48±12.88)μg/m^(3)、中位数(M)17.00μg/m^(3)及四分位数间距(IQR)14.25μg/m^(3),年度间PM_(2.5)24小时平均浓度差异不具有统计学意义(χ^(2)=1.24,P>0.05);不同季节PM_(2.5)24小时平均浓度差异具有统计学意义(χ^(2)=44.86,P<0.01),PM_(2.5)24小时平均浓度(均数)高低顺序为冬季>秋季>春季>夏季;16种重(类)金属的质量浓度范围为0.01~1008.00 ng/m^(3),质量浓度M值由高到低依次为Fe>Al>Zn>Mn>Pb>Ba>Cu>Sr>Ni>Se>V>As>Sn>Cr>Cd>Li。PMF模型解析结果表明,PM_(2.5)中16种重(类)金属污染主要贡献来源以道路及土壤尘源(49.82%)和交通尾气源(36.96%)为主,次之贡献源有混合燃烧源(9.61%)、建材施工尘源(2.51%)和船舶燃油源(1.10%)。结论2020—2022年海口市大气PM_(2.5)质量浓度均未超过我国《环境空气质量标准》(GB 3095-2012)24小时平均浓度二级限值(75μg/m^(3))水平,PM_(2.5)中重(类)金属构成主要以Fe、Al、Zn、Mn和Pb元素为主,其主要贡献源是道路及土壤尘源和交通尾气源。

2022年南京市大气PM_(2.5)中多环芳烃污染特征及健康风险

目的了解南京市大气细颗粒物(PM_(2.5))中多环芳烃(polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,PAHs)污染特征,评估其健康风险。方法于2022年每月10—16日分别在江北新区和江宁区2个监测点开展PM_(2.5)和PAHs采样,分别采用称重法和高效液相色谱法测定PM_(2.5)和PAHs含量,利用健康风险评价模型评价PAHs的致癌风险。结果不同季节PM_(2.5)、PAHs和B[a]P的浓度存在差异(P<0.01),其中PM_(2.5)、PAHs浓度均是冬、春季高于夏、秋季,B[a]P浓度春季高于夏、秋季。两个监测点PAHs、B[a]P年均浓度、春季、夏季浓度的比较,差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05),且江北新区均高于江宁区。两个监测点含量最高的多环芳烃是5环、其次是4环和6环。两个监测点3环、4环、5环、6环PAHs年均浓度均不同(P均<0.05),江北新区高于江宁区。PAHs年浓度中位数值对两个监测点人群的终生超额致癌风险均大于1.0×10^(-6)。PAHs年浓度95分位数对人群的年龄段超额致癌风险除江宁区0~2岁年龄段人群外,对其他年龄段人群的超额致癌风险均大于1×10^(-6)。结论南京市两个监测点大气PM_(2.5)中PAHs分布存在季节和地区差异,具有潜在的超额致癌风险。

Morphology,Nanostructure,and Oxidation Reactivity of Particulate Matter Emitted by Diesel Blending with Various Aromatics

This study aims to analyze the influence of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon(PAH)content in diesel on the physical and chemical properties of diesel soot particles.Four diesel fuels with different PAH content were tested on a 11.6 L direct-injection diesel engine.The raw particulate matter(PM)before the after-treatment devices was collected using the thermophoresis sampling system and the filter sampling system.A transmission electron microscope and Raman spectrometer are used to analyze the physical properties of the soot particles,including morphology,primary particle size distribution,and graphitization degree.A Fourier transform infrared spectrometer and thermogravimetric analyzer are used to characterize the surface chemical composition and oxidation reactivity of soot particles,respectively.The results show that as the PAH content in the fuel decreases,the size of the primary soot particles decreases from 29.58 to 26.70 nm.The graphitization degree of soot particles first increases and then decreases,and the relative content of the aliphatic hydrocarbon functional groups of soot particles first decreases and then increases.The T_(10),T_(50),and T_(90) of soot from high-PAH fuel are 505.3,589.3,and 623.5℃,while those from low-PAH fuel are 480.1,557.5,and 599.2℃,respectively.This indicates that exhaust PM generated by the low-PAH fuel has poor oxidation reactivity.However,as the PAH content in fuel is further decreased,the excessively high cetane number may cause uneven mixing and incomplete combustion,leading to enhanced oxidation reactivity.

我国城市地区PM_(2.5)和O_(3)污染相关性:2017~2022年时空演变特征与协同防控启示

基于2017~2022年全国地级及以上城市空气质量监测数据及各省(自治区、直辖市)污染排放数据,计算PM_(2.5)日均浓度(DA PM_(2.5))和O_(3)日最大8h滑动平均值(MDA8_O_(3))间的皮尔逊相关系数(R_(p)),分区域分时段研究了二者相关性的时空变化特征,从污染排放等方面分析其原因.结果表明:从时空变化上看,全国范围内DA PM_(2.5)和MDA8_O_(3)第一、四季度在统计上无显著相关性(R_(p)=-0.11~0.03),仅西南、华南地区为正相关(R_(p)=0.11~0.32).全国范围内DA PM_(2.5)和MDA8O_(3)在第二季度(R_(p)=0.26~0.36)、第三季度(R_(p)=0.46~0.55)呈正相关,汾渭平原及西北地区在部分年份不相关.污染排放是影响PM_(2.5)和O_(3)污染相关性的主要因素.从时间变化上看,全国和各区域一次PM_(2.5)、二氧化硫排放特征值(ECV_(PM_(2.5))、ECV_(SO_(2)))下降而氮氧化物、挥发性有机物排放特征值(ECVNOx和ECVVOCs)上升,这与大部分省(自治区、直辖市)R_(p)平均值上升的趋势一致.从空间分布上看,在ECVPM_(2.5)和ECVSO2低而ECV_(NOx)和ECV_(VOCs)高的地区,PM_(2.5)与O_(3)污染正相关性较强.提出全国不同区域差异化的污染防控启示.京津冀及周边、长三角、东北和西南地区(第二、三季度)以及华南地区(全年),需关注NO_(x)和VOCs排放控制.京津冀及周边、长三角、东北和西南地区(第一、四季度)以及汾渭平原和西北地区(全年),需加强一次PM_(2.5)污染减排.

Ambient Fine Particulate Matter Exposure and Blood Pressure:Evidence from a Large Chinese Multiple Follow-Up Study

Objective This study aimed to investigate the association of ambient PM_(2.5)exposure with blood pressure(BP)at the population level in China.Methods A total of 14,080 participants who had at least two valid blood pressure records were selected from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Survey during 2011–2015.Their long-term PM_(2.5)exposure was assessed at the geographical level,on the basis of a regular 0.1°×0.1°grid over China.A mixed-effects regression model was used to assess associations.Results Each decrease of 10μg/m^(3)in the 1 year-mean PM_(2.5)concentration(FPM1Y)was associated with a decrease of 1.24[95%confidence interval(CI):0.84–1.64]mmHg systolic BP(SBP)and 0.50(95%CI:0.25–0.75)mmHg diastolic BP(DBP),respectively.A robust association was observed between the long-term decrease in PM_(2.5)and decreased BP in the middle-aged and older population.Using a generalized additive mixed model,we further found that SBP increased nonlinearly overall with FPM1Y but in an approximately linear range when the FPM1Y concentration was<70μg/m^(3);In contrast,DBP increased approximately linearly without a clear threshold.Conclusion Efficient control of PM_(2.5)air pollution may promote vascular health in China.Our study provides robust scientific support for making the related air pollution control policies.

基于机器学习的郑州市大气PM_(2.5)与O_(3)浓度预测方法及气象因子的影响分析

近年来,我国面临着细颗粒物(PM_(2.5))污染形势依然严峻以及臭氧(O_(3))污染日益凸显的双重压力.为进一步准确预测郑州市大气PM_(2.5)与O_(3)浓度并探明气象因子的影响,本研究使用2018−2022年郑州市大气污染物和气象因子逐时数据,结合统计学单因素分析和机器学习LightGBM模型多因素分析,建立了一种基于长时间序列数据的PM_(2.5)与O_(3)浓度预测及气象因子影响分析的综合分析方法.结果表明:①训练后的LightGBM模型能够较好地预测PM_(2.5)污染,准确率达80.8%;对O_(3)污染预测的准确率为52.5%.②郑州市大气PM_(2.5)浓度与气压呈正相关,与比湿和环境温度均呈负相关;大气O_(3)8 h滑动平均浓度(O_(3)-8 h浓度)与比湿和太阳辐射均呈正相关,与气压呈负相关.③有利的气象条件可能是2021年PM_(2.5)年均浓度得到显著改善的重要因素;同时,不利的气象条件也促使2021年和2022年6月O_(3)月评价值(O_(3)日最大8 h滑动平均90百分位浓度)有所上升.研究显示,这种基于长时间序列的综合分析方法适用于大气PM_(2.5)与O_(3)浓度的气象因子影响分析,也能有效预测PM_(2.5)与O_(3)的浓度.

基于UPLC-Q-TOF MS的染毒(PM2.5)大鼠尿液代谢组学研究

为探明PM2.5对大鼠代谢组学的影响,将SD大鼠随机分为对照组(SC)和PM2.5模型组(MG),每组15只。将生理盐水和PM2.5混悬液分别注入各组大鼠气管,每周2次,持续4周。通过超高效液相色谱-四极杆-飞行时间质谱(UPLC-Q-TOF MS)对各组大鼠尿液的代谢组学变化进行检测,采用多元统计分析探究整体代谢组学的变化。通过数据分析和数据库检索,从大鼠尿样中鉴定出17种潜在生物标记物,主要代谢途径涉及戊糖和葡萄糖醛酸相互转化、色氨酸代谢、酪氨酸代谢、苯丙氨酸代谢、嘌呤代谢、对乙酰氨基酚代谢、视黄醇代谢和丙戊酸代谢途径,PM2.5对大鼠诱导损伤作用,可能与其扰乱大鼠体内正常代谢活动有关。研究结果有助于了解PM2.5的毒理学机制,筛选PM2.5暴露大鼠的潜在生物标志物,为进一步探索PM2.5毒性作用及致病机制提供了理论依据。

汾渭平原PM_(2.5)和O_(3)污染导致的健康效应及情景预测

细颗粒物(PM_(2.5))和臭氧(O_(3))已成为主要大气污染物,对人体健康危害较大.本文选取大气污染防控重点区域汾渭平原作为研究区,分析2014-2021年PM_(2.5)和O_(3)浓度变化特征及其健康效应,并估算2030年实现不同减排标准的潜在健康效益.结果表明:①2014-2021年汾渭平原PM_(2.5)年均浓度呈下降趋势,而O_(3)年均浓度却呈波动上升趋势,PM_(2.5)和O_(3)复合污染天数下降趋势显著.②归因于PM_(2.5)污染的早逝人数和经济损失均呈下降趋势;而归因于O_(3)污染的早逝人数及经济损失均呈上升趋势,2021年归因于O_(3)污染的全因、呼吸系统疾病和心血管疾病早逝人数较2014分别增加了60.36%、11.94%和74.32%,经济损失增加了136.60%、65.18%和157.20%,其中西安市和洛阳市健康风险与经济损失问题相对突出.③若2030年PM_(2.5)和O_(3)年均浓度均达《环境空气质量标准》(GB 3095-2012)二级标准限值,汾渭平原归因于PM_(2.5)和O_(3)的早逝人数较2021年将分别下降15.99%和2.71%,而随着人均可支配收入的逐年增加,健康经济损失将分别增加6.39×10^(8)元(95%CI:5.20×10^(8)~7.56×10^(8)元)和30.05×10^(8)元(95%CI:16.17×10^(8)~43.26×10^(8)元);若进一步将PM_(2.5)和O_(3)浓度降至更低,可进一步避免早逝人数的增加,且带来显著的经济效益.研究显示,汾渭平原PM_(2.5)治理有所成效,但是O_(3)污染问题凸显,其导致的健康死亡人数及经济损失均呈上升趋势,应保证达到现有标准的基础上制定更高目标标准,才能有效改善居民健康状况,并带来显著的经济效益.

Impact of Urban 3D Morphology on Particulate Matter 2.5(PM2.5) Concentrations:Case Study of Beijing, China

Urban particulate matter 2.5(PM2.5)pollution and public health are closely related,and concerns regarding PM2.5 are widespread.Of the underlying factors,the urban morphology is the most manageable.Therefore,investigations of the impact of urban three-dimensional(3D)morphology on PM2.5 concentration have important scientific significance.In this paper,39 PM2.5 monitoring sites of Beijing in China were selected with PM2.5 automatic monitoring data that were collected in 2013.This data set was used to analyze the impacts of the meteorological condition and public transportation on PM2.5 concentrations.Based on the elimination of the meteorological conditions and public transportation factors,the relationships between urban 3D morphology and PM2.5 concentrations are highlighted.Ten urban 3D morphology indices were established to explore the spatial-temporal correlations between the indices and PM2.5 concentrations and analyze the impact of urban 3D morphology on the PM2.5 concentrations.Results demonstrated that road length density(RLD),road area density(RAD),construction area density(CAD),construction height density(CHD),construction volume density(CVD),construction otherness(CO),and vegetation area density(VAD)have positive impacts on the PM2.5 concentrations,whereas water area density(WAD),water fragmentation(WF),and vegetation fragmentation(VF)(except for the 500 m buffer)have negative impacts on the PM2.5 concentrations.Moreover,the correlations between the morphology indices and PM2.5 concentrations varied with the buffer scale.The findings could lay a foundation for the high-precision spatial-temporal modelling of PM2.5 concentrations and the scientific planning of urban 3D spaces by authorities responsible for controlling PM2.5 concentrations.

同位素结合PMF模型解析珠三角PM_(2.5)来源研究

二次气溶胶是大气细颗粒物(PM_(2.5))中最多的组分,客观识别其来源是PM_(2.5)源解析的难点,也是精确控制PM_(2.5)污染来源的关键。本研究在广东省鹤山超级大气监测站采集了76个PM_(2.5)样品,分析了其碳质组分(元素碳和有机碳)、水溶性离子(SO_(4)^(2-)、NH4^(+)、K^(+)、Ca^(2+)、Cl^(-)、Na^(+)、Mg^(2+)、NO_(2)^(-)和NO_(3)^(-))和金属元素(Fe、Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb、V、Zn、Cd、As)共20种化学组分,测定了7个PM_(2.5)代表样品的总碳(TC)放射性碳(^(14)C)。基于PM_(2.5)化学组分的PMF模型结果显示,生物质燃烧、海盐、土壤扬尘、轮船排放、工业过程、燃煤源和二次气溶胶分别贡献PM_(2.5)的18.98%、4.32%、13.85%、7.61%、14.08%、12.72%和30.03%。基于已发表的δ^(15)N(NO_(3)^(-))、δ^(18)O(NO_(3)^(-))结果,利用贝叶斯模型定量解析了NO_(3)^(-)的来源,并应用线型回归将PMF模型解析的二次气溶胶源再分配给一次颗粒源,结果显示,燃煤源(36.50%)、生物燃料源(29.35%)、土壤扬尘+海盐源(21.00%)和移动源(13.15%)是珠三角PM_(2.5)的主要来源。二次分配后PMF模型结果中TC的非化石源贡献与基于^(14)C结果的相对误差小于9%,说明PMF模型能很好地捕获PM_(2.5)主要贡献源,并且较准确地源解析珠三角的PM_(2.5),研究结果可为区域污染防治政策措施的制定提供科学依据。