Spatial and Temporal Variation of Particulate Matter (PM10 and PM2.5) and Its Health Effects during the Haze Event in Malaysia

This study aims to assess and compare levels of particulate matter(PM10 and PM2.5)in urban and industrial areas in Malaysia during haze episodes,which typically occur in the south west monsoon season.The high concentrations of atmospheric particles are mainly due to pollution from neighbouring countries.Daily PM concentrations were analysed for urban and industrial areas including Alor Setar,Tasek,Shah Alam,Klang,Bandaraya Melaka,Larkin,Balok Baru,and Kuala Terengganu in 2018 and 2019.The analysis employed spatiotemporal to examine how PM levels were distributed.The data summary revealed that PM levels in all study areas were right-skewed,indicating the occurrence of high particulate events.Significant peaks in PM concentrations during haze events were consistently observed between June and October,encompassing the south west monsoon and inter-monsoon periods.The study on acute respiratory illnesses primarily focused on Selangor.Analysis revealed that Klang had the highest mean number of inpatient cases for acute exacerbation of bronchial asthma(AEBA)and acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(AECOPD)with values of 260.500 and 185.170,respectively.Similarly,for outpatient cases of AEBA and AECOPD,Klang had the highest average values of 41.67 and 14.00,respectively.Shah Alam and Sungai Buloh did not show a significant increase in cases during periods of biomass burning.The statistical analysis concluded that higher concentrations of PM were associated with increased hospital admissions,particularly from June to September,as shown in the bar diagram.Haze episodes were associated with more healthcare utilization due to haze-related respiratory illnesses,seen in higher inpatient and outpatient visits(p<0.05).However,seasonal variability had minimal impact on healthcare utilization.These findings offer a comprehensive assessment of PM levels during historic haze episodes,providing valuable insights for authorities to develop policies and guidelines for effective monitoring and mitigation of the negative impacts of haze events.

Impact of Urban 3D Morphology on Particulate Matter 2.5(PM2.5) Concentrations:Case Study of Beijing, China

Urban particulate matter 2.5(PM2.5)pollution and public health are closely related,and concerns regarding PM2.5 are widespread.Of the underlying factors,the urban morphology is the most manageable.Therefore,investigations of the impact of urban three-dimensional(3D)morphology on PM2.5 concentration have important scientific significance.In this paper,39 PM2.5 monitoring sites of Beijing in China were selected with PM2.5 automatic monitoring data that were collected in 2013.This data set was used to analyze the impacts of the meteorological condition and public transportation on PM2.5 concentrations.Based on the elimination of the meteorological conditions and public transportation factors,the relationships between urban 3D morphology and PM2.5 concentrations are highlighted.Ten urban 3D morphology indices were established to explore the spatial-temporal correlations between the indices and PM2.5 concentrations and analyze the impact of urban 3D morphology on the PM2.5 concentrations.Results demonstrated that road length density(RLD),road area density(RAD),construction area density(CAD),construction height density(CHD),construction volume density(CVD),construction otherness(CO),and vegetation area density(VAD)have positive impacts on the PM2.5 concentrations,whereas water area density(WAD),water fragmentation(WF),and vegetation fragmentation(VF)(except for the 500 m buffer)have negative impacts on the PM2.5 concentrations.Moreover,the correlations between the morphology indices and PM2.5 concentrations varied with the buffer scale.The findings could lay a foundation for the high-precision spatial-temporal modelling of PM2.5 concentrations and the scientific planning of urban 3D spaces by authorities responsible for controlling PM2.5 concentrations.

Fine Particulate Pollution Characteristics in Jinan City

The characteristics of fine particulate pollution(PM10 and PM2.5) were measured at urban and suburban sites in Jinan during the 2008-2009 heating and non-heating seasons.The results showed that PM10 and PM2.5 pollution was quite serious,and PM mass concentration was higher during the heating season than the non-heating season.PM was the highest in the chemical factory and lowest in the development zone.The mass concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5 were linearly related,and the mass concentration ratio of PM2.5/PM10 was up to 0.59 in urban areas.PM pollution in Jinan was related to local meteorological factors:PM2.5 mass concentration and humidity were positively correlated,and PM2.5 mass concentration was negatively correlated with both click on the temperature and wind speed,although wind speed varied more.

Assessment of Pollution Levels of Suspended Particulate Matter on an Hourly and a Daily Time Scale in West African Cities: Case Study of Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso)

In Western countries, research works on air quality have reinforced in recent years because of the links between the level of particulate pollution in numerous cities and the appearing of various health disorders including cardio-respiratory pathologies, acute bronchopneumonia, lung cancer, etc. In sub-Saharan Africa countries, particularly Burkina Faso, there is very few similar research. In the present work, the pollution levels of airborne particle in the city of Ouagadougou have been assessed through two campaigns of in situ measurements of suspended particulate matter concentrations. These measurements which have concerned PM1, PM2.5 and PM10 were performed using a portable device (AEROCET531S) at nine sites in 2018 and at ten sites in 2019. These sites are located on roadside, administrative services, secondary education establishments and outlying districts. The results show that: 1) the PM1 concentrations values presented no significant variation between days, seasons or sampling sites;2) the 24-hour PM2.5 concentrations often exceeding WHO recommended concentrations and, 3) the 24-hour PM10 concentrations exceed WHO recommended concentrations regardless of the season or the sampling site. In indeed, the average 24-hour concentrations are 20 ± 4, 87 ± 16 and 951 ± 266 μg·m−3 for the PM1, PM2.5 and PM10, respectively. They are 17 ± 3, 29 ± 5 and 158 ± 43 μg·m−3, respectively, in 2018 dry season and, 12 ± 1, 22 ± 9 and 187 ± 67 μg·m−3, respectively, in 2019 rainy season.

Human Health Risks from Exposure to Heavy Metals of Suspended Particulate Matter around the Tongon Gold Mine, Côte d’Ivoire

The Tongon mine, the largest gold mine in C?te d’Ivoire, has been in operation since April 2010. However, to our knowledge to date, no study has been conducted on metallic contamination in suspended particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) where there is a lack of information on the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk to human health associated with the exposure of populations in the Tongon area to these pollutants. The general objective of this study is to evaluate the level of contamination of PM10;PM2.5 by heavy metals and their impact on the health of populations exposed to these pollutants in the Tongon gold mine area. The sampling and measurement of suspended particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) were done using a MiniVol TAS passive air sampler. Heavy metal concentrations were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (Nex ION 2000 ICP-MS, USA). The results indicate that the average concentrations of suspended particles (PM2.5 and PM10) obtained are all above the recommended exposure limits. In addition, among the heavy metals contained in the suspended particles, the concentrations of arsenic and nickel are high and all above the standard limit values. The assessment of the health risks related to the inhalation of PM10 particles reveals that their inhalation over a long period could cause a carcinogenic risk.

南昌市大气颗粒物污染特征及PM2.5来源解析

为探讨2013年南昌市大气颗粒物的污染特征及分布状况,收集南昌市9个大气监测站点实时发布的PM10和PM2.5数据,分析了ρ(PM10)、ρ(PM2.5)和ρ(PM2.5)/ρ(PM10)的变化规律及其与气态污染物的相关性,并结合污染严重的秋季时段,采用PCA-MLR(主成分分析-多元线性回归)模型对大气PM2.5中化学组分来源进行解析.结果表明:①ρ(PM10)和ρ(PM2.5)的年均值分别为(115.4±39.1)(69.1±26.8)μg/m^3,均超过GB3095—2012《环境空气质量标准》二级标准限值,ρ(PM10)和ρ(PM2.5)的最高值分别出现在石化、省外办监测站点,最低值出现在林科所监测站点.ρ(PM10)和ρ(PM2.5)季节性变化特征明显,呈冬季>春、秋两季>夏季的趋势,全年ρ(PM10)超标天数占比为25.48%,ρ(PM2.5)超标天数占比为36.71%,各季度ρ(PM2.5)超标天数占比均高于ρ(PM10).②受人为活动和边界层高度的影响,ρ(PM2.5)和ρ(PM10)日变化呈双峰双谷形态,一个波峰出现在08:00—10:00,另一个波峰出现在20:00—22:00,并且晚间小时峰值高于早间,最低值出现在15:00.③ρ(PM2.5)/ρ(PM10)年均值为60.3%,在冬季最高达65.1%,相关性分析发现ρ(PM10)与ρ(PM2.5)存在较显著的线性关系,表明二者具有同源性.④ρ(PM10)、ρ(PM2.5)均与ρ(SO2)、ρ(NO2)、ρ(CO)呈显著正相关,并且冬季相关性高于夏、秋两季;而ρ(PM10)、ρ(PM2.5)均与ρ(O3)全年呈显著负相关,并且夏、秋两季相关性高于冬季,说明气态污染物的二次转化对ρ(PM2.5)和ρ(PM10)有较大影响.⑤南昌市秋季PM2.5的最大污染源为道路扬尘/机动车尾气混合污染源,其次分别为施工扬尘源、燃煤源、冶炼尘/生物质燃烧混合污染源,各污染源对PM2.5的贡献率分别为40.9%、35.8%、12.4%、10.9%.研究显示,南昌市PM2.5的污染程度较PM10严重,PM2.5已成为南昌市大气颗粒物污染的主要组分,PM2.5主要来源为城市扬尘和机动车尾气.

Characteristics of air pollution events over Hotan Prefecture at the southwestern edge of Taklimakan Desert, China

Hotan Prefecture is located at the southwestern edge of Taklimakan Desert, the world＇s largest shifting sand desert, of China. The desert is one of the main sources for frequent sand-dust weather events which strongly affect the air quality of Hotan Prefecture. Although this region is characterized by the highest annual mean PMlo concentration values that are routinely recorded by environmental monitoring stations across China, both this phenomenon and its underlying causes have not been adequately addressed in previous researches. Reliable pollutant PM_10 data are currently retrieved using a tapered element oscillating microbalance （TEOM） 1400a, a direct real-time monitor, while additional concentration values including for PM_2.5, sulfur dioxide （SO_2）, nitrogen dioxide （NO_2）, carbon monoxide （CO） and ozone （O_3） have been collected in recent years by the Hotan Environmental Monitoring Station. Based on these data, this paper presents a comparison of the influences of different kinds of sand-dust weather events on PM_10 （or PM_2.5） as well as the concentrations of other gaseous pollutants in Hotan Prefecture. It is revealed that the highest monthly average PM_10 concentrations are observed in the spring because of the frequent occurrence of three distinct kinds of sand-dust weather events at this time, including dust storms, blowing dust and floating dust. The floating dust makes the most significant contribution to PM_10 （or PM_2.5） concentration in this region, a result that differs from eastern Chinese cities where the heaviest PM_10 pollution occurs usually in winter and air pollution results from the excess emission of local anthropogenic pollutants. It is also shown that PM_10 concentration varies within wpical dust storms. PM_10 concentrations vary among 20 dust storm events within Hotan Prefecture, and the hourly mean concentrations tend to sharply increase initially then slowly decreasing over time. Data collected from cities in eastern China show the opposite with the hourly mean PM_10 （or PM_2.5） concentration tending to slowly increase then sharply decrease during heavy air pollution due to the excess emission of local anthropogenic pollutants. It is also found that the concentration of gaseous pollutants during sand-dust weather events tends to be lower than those cases under clear sky conditions. This indicates that these dust events effectively remove and rapidly diffuse gaseous pollutants. The analysis also shows that the concentration of SO_2 decreases gradually at the onset of all three kinds of sand-dust weather events because of rapidly increasing wind velocity and the development of favorable atmospheric conditions for diffusion. In contrast, changes in O_3 and NO_2 concentrations conformed to the opposite pattern during all three kinds of sand-dust weather events within this region, implying the inter transformation of these gas species during these events.

Outdoor air pollution as a possible modifiable risk factor to reduce mortality in post-stroke population

Outdoor air pollution is a known risk factor for mortality and morbidity.The type of air pollutant most reliably associated with disease is particulate matter（PM）,especially finer particulate matter that can reach deeper into the lungs like PM_（2.5）（particulate matter diameter 〈 2.5 μm）.Some subpopulations may be particularly vulnerable to PM pollution.This review focuses on one subgroup,long-term stroke survivors,and the emerging evidence suggesting that survivors of a stroke may be at a higher risk from the deleterious effects of PM pollution.While the mechanisms for mortality are still under debate,long-term stroke survivors may be vulnerable to similar mechanisms that underlie the well-established association between PM pollution and cardiovascular disease.The fact that long-term stroke survivors of ischemic,but not hemorrhagic,strokes appear to be more vulnerable to the risk of death from higher PM pollution may also bolster the connection to ischemic heart disease.Survivors of an ischemic stroke may be more vulnerable to dying from higher concentrations of PM pollution than the general population.The clinical implications of this association suggest that reduced exposure to PM pollution may result in fewer deaths amongst stroke survivors.

Feature Analysis of the Atmospheric Particulate Pollutants (PM_(10) and PM_(2.5)) in Wenzhou City

[ Objective] The research aimed to analyze characteristics of the atmospheric particulate pollutants （ PMlo and PM2.s） in Wenzhou City. [Method] We analyzed interannual change rule of the dust haze in Wenzhou during 1978 -2008. Moreover, we respectively set monitoring points in urban district, industrial park and beauty spot of Wenzhou in summer and winter of 2010. Element, ion and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon com- positions and morphology of the particulate matter were analyzed. [ Result] Dust haze in Wenzhou City mainly appeared in winter and spring, which was related to local meteorological condition. In summer and winter, both PMlo and PM2.s concentrations presented the characteristic of industrial park 〉 commercial area 〉 beauty spot. Chain-like particle aggregates and ultrafine particles were main composition of the atmospheric particulate matter in Wenzhou. Contribution rate of the spherical particle amount was smaller than metropolis, which was related to local industry and traffic. Fe element had the most content in particulate matter. Mass concentration was mainly composed of 6 elements, such as Na, Si, S, K, Ca and Fe. Total concentration of the six elements occupied 70% -80% of the 16 elements. SO^- and NH4＊ in particulate matter were higher. They were mainly from human activity. Main compositions of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon were naphthalene, anthracene, benzo （b） fluoranthene, indeno （1,2, 3-cd） pyrene and benzo （g, h, i） perylene, which was related to abrupt increase of the motor vehicle. [ Condusion] The research provided scientific basis and technology support for controlling atmospheric particulate matter pollution in Wenzhou City by government and related department.

The Assessment of Air Pollution during 2013 and 2014 in Tokat Province

This study aimed to determine the amount of total polluting matter emitted into the atmosphere from heating and industrial-based emissions and the total pollution bulk of Tokat city center. The annual cycles of some heavy metal in particulate matters have been investigated at this area in order to elucidate temporal variations as well as major sources processes responsible for their formation. Air particulate samples were collected from three different locations situated around Tokat. These samples were determined for heavy metals by using Flame or graphite-furnace Atomic absorption spectroscopy. Particulate matter concentrations up to 52.43μg/m^3 were observed in sampling area. The initial results of the chemical analysis showed that concentration values of heavy metals in air particles observed were higher than the World Health Organization （WHO） guideline limit values.

Portrait and Classification of Individual Haze Particulates

Haze (known as “Mai” 霾 in Chinese) threatens the health of billions of people across the globe. To begin solving this problem without severely slowing down the economy, one has to mechanistically and geographically pinpoint the sources of these pollutants, the key of which is to thoroughly characterize and fingerprint the particulates. Here we present a broad survey and classification of thousands of individual airborne particu-lates by using the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) to measure their diverse mor-phologies and chemistries, which could eventually be organized into a “haze finger-print database”. For instance, one collection in Xi’an City, China during March-April 2014 yielded 494 airborne particulates that settled on silicon wafers placed outside the window of a 3rd floor office. These 494 particulates were manually imaged with high resolution (down to 2 nm), elementally mapped using Energy-dispersive X-ray Spec-troscopy (EDS), and were identified and categorized into presumed source classes such as construction activities (Ca, Al, Si-O), coal burning (sulfates), biologic (pollen, bac-teria), automotive, mining, steel making, and etc. About 20% of the particulates have mysterious origins, as it is still unclear how they were formed, and a fraction of them contained clearly hazardous elements such as lead and chromium. For future work, we propose using unmanned aerial vehicles with a special “rolling film” substrate that can autonomously collect airborne particulates, a customized SEM auto-imaging system, and machine learning software to establish an online open-access database. The end goal would be to monitor and analyze the particulate pollutants that are pumped into our atmosphere every day, and precisely track down their sources so we can better model and police the quality of the air around us.

山西省大气污染特征及对公众健康的空间影响

利用山西省11个地级市大气环境监测站的PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)和O_(3)浓度数据,分析了2015—2020年山西省PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)和O_(3)浓度时空变化特征,采用空间计量模型和岭回归方法,分析了空气污染对公众健康的空间影响。结果表明:PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)年均质量浓度总体下降,两者在2017年最高,2020年最低;O_(3)年均浓度总体增加。在季节尺度上,PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)质量浓度在冬季的12月和1月最高,夏季的8月最低;O_(3)浓度在6月最高。空间上,相较2015年,2020年山西省各地级市PM_(2.5)污染程度均有改善,其中长治改善效果最好;2020年山西各地级市PM_(10)污染兼有加重和减轻的情形,所有地级市PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)污染水平均超过国家二级污染浓度限值;2020年山西多数地级市O_(3)浓度升高。山西公众健康水平具有明显的空间离散特征,PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)浓度的局部空间自相关特征高度一致,呈现“南高北低”的格局,O_(3)浓度分布呈“南部高,中北部低”的格局。大气环境质量和经济发展水平均对医疗机构诊疗人数和健康体检人数的变化有正向影响,每万人卫生技术人员数量和公共财政支出比例对公众健康均有负向影响,其中经济发展水平和大气环境质量的影响最显著。山西省PM_(2.5)治理取得一定成效,但大部分城市PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)达标率较低,O_(3)浓度有持续升高的趋势,PM_(10)和O_(3)污染改善缓慢,深度减排仍面临挑战。PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)是危害山西公众健康的主要大气污染物,未来需要加强PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)和O_(3)的精细化管理及协同治理。

上海市A城区大气PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)污染与居民日死亡数的相关分析

目的 探讨大气颗粒物污染对人群健康的影响。方法 采用Poisson广义相加模型对上海市A城区大气PM1 0 、PM2 5的日平均污染浓度与居民日死亡数进行相关回归分析 ,并控制了时间长期趋势、气象、季节、一周日效应混杂因素的影响。结果 当大气PM1 0 、PM2 5浓度上升 10 μg m3时 ,总死亡数分别上升 0 5 3%(0 2 2 %～ 0 85 % )、0 85 % (0 32 %～ 1 39% )。结论 大气粗细颗粒物污染具有潜在的急性人群健康危害。

交通来源颗粒物及其无机成分污染特征的研究

对谭裕沟隧道和梧桐山隧道TSP ,PM1 0 和PM2 5 质量浓度和主要无机成分的分析结果表明 ,交通来源颗粒物中细粒子主要来源于机车尾气排放 。

机动车排放颗粒物中多环芳烃化合物的研究

利用 1999年 7月谭裕沟隧道和 1999年 9月梧桐山隧道TSP ,PM1 0 和PM2 5 中PAHs的分析结果 ,研究了机动车排放PAHs的污染状况和污染特征。结果表明 ,机动车行驶排放出的大量PAHs主要存在于粒径较小的粒子中 ,苯并

交通来源颗粒物排放因子的研究

用谭裕沟隧道TSP ,PM1 0 和PM2 5 的质量浓度和主要成分的分析结果 ,得到一定机动车流量和速度下交通来源不同粒径颗粒物质量浓度和主要成分的平均排放因子 ,可以基本代表北京市机动车行驶的综合排放因子 ,具有应用价值。

北京城6区大气颗粒物质量浓度变化规律研究

为较好地了解当前北京城6区大气颗粒物PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)质量浓度的污染水平及变化规律,根据2013年3月11日至2014年2月28日城6区12个空气质量实时监测点连续、实时的监测结果,构建多点位、完整时间序列的颗粒物质量浓度数据资料。应用数理统计分析手段,对当前北京城6区大气颗粒物质量浓度的频数分布、相关性和逐时变化特征进行分析,并结合全年实际气象特征,对引起大气颗粒物质量浓度变化的因素进行了初步探讨。结果表明,2013年3月至2014年2月北京城6区大气颗粒物污染较为严重,且PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)质量浓度具有特别显著的线性相关关系,全年相关系数达0.9,10年间无显著变化;二者年均值达91.7μg/m^3和116.9μg/m^3,分别超标162%和67%;二者质量浓度比达78.4%,10年间同比增长约20%。颗粒物质量浓度逐时变化受季节变化影响明显,总体呈现夜间最高、白天最低的趋势,变化周期为7~9 h。研究表明,影响颗粒物质量浓度变化的因素包括春季的大风和生物粒子、夏季的湿热和降雨、秋季和冬季的逆温现象和降雪等气象因素及规律性的人为源因素。

兰州城市冬季大气气溶胶特征的综合观测研究

对 Anderson分级采样器采集的 PM1 0 进行了谱特征的分析 ,研究了 PM2 .5在 PM1 0 中所占的比例 ,并从实测的大气气溶胶光学厚度资料出发 ,应用消光法反演了兰州城市冬季大气柱气溶胶粒子谱 .结果表明 :低层大气和整层大气的气溶胶粒子数密度谱分布都具有 3峰型特征 .兰州城市冬季的大气污染主要是由于燃煤和汽车尾气造成的 。

济南市大气颗粒物短期暴露对老年人群血清淀粉样蛋白P组分影响的定群研究

为了解济南市不同粒径大气颗粒物暴露对老年人群血清淀粉样蛋白P组分(SAP)的急性影响,评估大气颗粒物暴露对人群神经系统的健康风险,以山东省济南市甸柳社区为研究地点,采用定群研究设计,对社区76名健康老年人进行5次重复测量,结合社区附近(<2 km)环保监测超级站的PM2.5和PM 10浓度数据,在控制年龄、性别等协变量情况下,利用线性混合效应模型分别分析PM2.5和PM 10暴露对SAP的效应影响.结果表明:大气颗粒物短期暴露与老年人群SAP的升高呈正相关;PM2.5累积滞后0~6 h,每升高1个四分位数间距(IQR),SAP水平升高18.73%(95%CI为9.20%~29.08%)(FDR H-P<0.05)(其中,CI为可信区间,FDR H-P为经多重校正后的P值);PM 10累积滞后0~6 h,每升高1个IQR,SAP水平亦升高,但变化不显著(FDR H-P>0.05).研究显示,大气颗粒物暴露可以引起人群反应神经退行性病变的SAP指标升高,提示大气颗粒物对人群神经系统具有潜在威胁;PM2.5对SAP的效应高于PM 10,提示小粒径颗粒物具有较高的健康危害,应加强对小粒径颗粒物的健康影响和干预防护研究.

南充市大气细颗粒物PM_(2.5)的监测及污染控制研究

针对南充市大气细颗粒物PM_(2.5)的监测及其污染控制探讨问题。首先对PM_(2.5)的监测进行了介绍,在这里介绍了南充市污染气象的数据、南充市高坪区环境空气污染气象的数据和南充市三区环境空气的状况,然后探讨了南充市PM_(2.5)监测站网的建设,在这里同时探讨了国外PM_(2.5)监测站网概况和中国对PM_(2.5)监测站网的建设,最后对PM_(2.5)对环境产生的影响进行了总结,对南充市PM_(2.5)对大气层及气候环境产生的影响和PM_(2.5)进行了探讨。