Impact of Urban 3D Morphology on Particulate Matter 2.5(PM2.5) Concentrations:Case Study of Beijing, China

Urban particulate matter 2.5(PM2.5)pollution and public health are closely related,and concerns regarding PM2.5 are widespread.Of the underlying factors,the urban morphology is the most manageable.Therefore,investigations of the impact of urban three-dimensional(3D)morphology on PM2.5 concentration have important scientific significance.In this paper,39 PM2.5 monitoring sites of Beijing in China were selected with PM2.5 automatic monitoring data that were collected in 2013.This data set was used to analyze the impacts of the meteorological condition and public transportation on PM2.5 concentrations.Based on the elimination of the meteorological conditions and public transportation factors,the relationships between urban 3D morphology and PM2.5 concentrations are highlighted.Ten urban 3D morphology indices were established to explore the spatial-temporal correlations between the indices and PM2.5 concentrations and analyze the impact of urban 3D morphology on the PM2.5 concentrations.Results demonstrated that road length density(RLD),road area density(RAD),construction area density(CAD),construction height density(CHD),construction volume density(CVD),construction otherness(CO),and vegetation area density(VAD)have positive impacts on the PM2.5 concentrations,whereas water area density(WAD),water fragmentation(WF),and vegetation fragmentation(VF)(except for the 500 m buffer)have negative impacts on the PM2.5 concentrations.Moreover,the correlations between the morphology indices and PM2.5 concentrations varied with the buffer scale.The findings could lay a foundation for the high-precision spatial-temporal modelling of PM2.5 concentrations and the scientific planning of urban 3D spaces by authorities responsible for controlling PM2.5 concentrations.

Spatial and Temporal Variation of Particulate Matter (PM10 and PM2.5) and Its Health Effects during the Haze Event in Malaysia

This study aims to assess and compare levels of particulate matter(PM10 and PM2.5)in urban and industrial areas in Malaysia during haze episodes,which typically occur in the south west monsoon season.The high concentrations of atmospheric particles are mainly due to pollution from neighbouring countries.Daily PM concentrations were analysed for urban and industrial areas including Alor Setar,Tasek,Shah Alam,Klang,Bandaraya Melaka,Larkin,Balok Baru,and Kuala Terengganu in 2018 and 2019.The analysis employed spatiotemporal to examine how PM levels were distributed.The data summary revealed that PM levels in all study areas were right-skewed,indicating the occurrence of high particulate events.Significant peaks in PM concentrations during haze events were consistently observed between June and October,encompassing the south west monsoon and inter-monsoon periods.The study on acute respiratory illnesses primarily focused on Selangor.Analysis revealed that Klang had the highest mean number of inpatient cases for acute exacerbation of bronchial asthma(AEBA)and acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(AECOPD)with values of 260.500 and 185.170,respectively.Similarly,for outpatient cases of AEBA and AECOPD,Klang had the highest average values of 41.67 and 14.00,respectively.Shah Alam and Sungai Buloh did not show a significant increase in cases during periods of biomass burning.The statistical analysis concluded that higher concentrations of PM were associated with increased hospital admissions,particularly from June to September,as shown in the bar diagram.Haze episodes were associated with more healthcare utilization due to haze-related respiratory illnesses,seen in higher inpatient and outpatient visits(p<0.05).However,seasonal variability had minimal impact on healthcare utilization.These findings offer a comprehensive assessment of PM levels during historic haze episodes,providing valuable insights for authorities to develop policies and guidelines for effective monitoring and mitigation of the negative impacts of haze events.

Effects of Lianhua Qingwen on Pulmonary Oxidative Lesions Induced by Fine Particulates(PM2.5) in Rats

Objective To investigate the antagonistic effects of different doses of Lianhua Qingwen on pulmonary injury induced by fine particulates PM2.5 in rats. Methods Fine particulates suspended in the environment were collected. Forty-eight healthy adult wistar rats were randomly divided into 6 groups with 8 rats in each group. Four groups of rats were exposed to PM2.5 by intratracheally dripping suspensions of fine particulates PM2.5(7.5 mg/kg) as dust-exposed model rats. Among them 24 rats in three groups received Lianhua Qingwen treatment(crude drug) at a dose of 2 g/kg, 4 g/kg, 8 g/kg per day for 3 days before dust exposure and were defined as low-dose, middle-dose and high-dose Lianhua Qingwen treatment groups respectively. The other dust-exposed model rats without treatment were assigned as PM2.5 control group. The un-exposed rats were set as saline control group(1.5 ml/kg saline) and blank control group. All rats were killed after 24 hours of the exposure. Lung tissue, serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid(BALF) were collected. The levels of malonaldehyde(MDA), lactate dehydrogenase(LDH), and glutathione peroxidase(GSH-PX) in blood serum and BALF, and superoxide dismutase(SOD) in blood surum were measured using fluorescent quantitation PCR; Expression of NF-E2-related factor 2(NRF-2), heme oxygenase 1(HO-1) and quinone oxidoreductase 1(NQO1) in lung tissues were measured using Western blot. Pathological changes of lung tissues in each group were also examined. Results Pathology revealed thickened alveolar septum, congestion of capillary, interstitial edema and infiltration of lymphocyte and neutrophil surrounding bronchiole in the PM2.5 control group, which weresignificantly relieved in the Lianhua Qingwen treatment groups. Compared to the blank and saline control groups, the PM2.5 control group had significantly higher levels of LDH and MDA(p<0.01) and lower level of GSH-PS(p<0.01) in BALF, significantly higher levels of LDH and MDA(p<0.05) and lower level of GSH-PS(p<0.05) in rat serum. The levels of MDA in blood serum and BALF were significantly lower in each treatment group than that in PM2.5 control group(all P<0.05). In both middle-dose and high-dose treatment group the measurements of LDH in serum and BALF as well as GSH-PX in serum were significant difference from those of PM2.5 control group(all P<0.05). Expressions of NRF-2, HO-1 and NQO1 in lung tissues were significantly different among middle-dose and high-dose treatment group compared with those in PM2.5 control group(all P<0.05). Conclusion Fine particulates PM2.5 in environment may induce pulmonary oxidative lesions in rats. Middle-dose and high-dose Lianhua Qingwen has antagonist effece on the injuries induced by fine particulates.

Human Health Risks from Exposure to Heavy Metals of Suspended Particulate Matter around the Tongon Gold Mine, Côte d’Ivoire

The Tongon mine, the largest gold mine in C?te d’Ivoire, has been in operation since April 2010. However, to our knowledge to date, no study has been conducted on metallic contamination in suspended particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) where there is a lack of information on the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk to human health associated with the exposure of populations in the Tongon area to these pollutants. The general objective of this study is to evaluate the level of contamination of PM10;PM2.5 by heavy metals and their impact on the health of populations exposed to these pollutants in the Tongon gold mine area. The sampling and measurement of suspended particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) were done using a MiniVol TAS passive air sampler. Heavy metal concentrations were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (Nex ION 2000 ICP-MS, USA). The results indicate that the average concentrations of suspended particles (PM2.5 and PM10) obtained are all above the recommended exposure limits. In addition, among the heavy metals contained in the suspended particles, the concentrations of arsenic and nickel are high and all above the standard limit values. The assessment of the health risks related to the inhalation of PM10 particles reveals that their inhalation over a long period could cause a carcinogenic risk.

Indoor and Outdoor Particulate Matter Exposure of Rural Interior Alaska Residents

To assess the exposure of residents in rural communities in the Yukon Flats to particulate matter of 2.5 μm or less in diameter (PM2.5), both indoor and outdoor concentration observations were carried out from March to September 2019 in Ft. Yukon, Alaska. Indoor concentrations were measured at 0.61 m (breathing level during sleeping) in homes and at 1.52 m heights (breathing level of standing adult) in homes and office/commercial buildings. Air quality was better at both heights in cabins than frame homes both during times with and without surface-based inversions. In frame houses, concentrations were higher at 0.61 m than 1.52 m, while the opposite is true typically for cabins. Differences between shoulder season and summer indoor concentrations in residences were related to changes in heating, subsistence lifestyle and mosquito repellents. In summer, office and commercial buildings, air quality decreased due to increased indoor emissions related to increased use of equipment and mosquito pics as well as more merchandise. During summer indoor concentrations reached unhealthy for sensitive groups to hazardous conditions for extended times that even exceeded the high outdoor concentrations. Due to nearby wildfires, July mean outdoor concentrations were 55.3 μg·m-3 which exceeds the 24-h US National Ambient Air Quality Standard of 35 μg·m-3. Indoor and outdoor concentrations correlated the strongest with each other for office/commercial buildings, followed by frame houses and cabins. Office/commercial buildings with temperature monitors had one to two orders of magnitude lower concentrations than those without.

基于β射线法的新型PM2.5自动监测系统研究

近年来大颗粒物污染日趋严重,准确监测颗粒物PM2.5迫在眉睫。目前国外监测仪器已在国际上普遍使用,国内真正的知识产权产品比较少,产品的精度以及稳定性也有待提高。采用基于β射线法原理研制了PM2.5质量浓度在线监测系统,在仪器结构中提出采用原位检测的方法,并进行与标准称重法的比对实验来验证系统的可行性,结果表明两者测量数据的相关性为0.988。通过数据校正补偿后与监控站赛默飞仪器比对实时监测数据,日测量数据平均值相对偏差仅为1.8%。

燃煤锅炉PM2.5控制现状及改进建议

燃煤锅炉消耗大量煤炭,对大气环境中PM 2.5含量影响很大。对燃煤锅炉PM 2.5的治理是一个综合治理的过程,即包含一次可过滤颗粒物和一次可凝结颗粒物的治理,也包含对二次颗粒物前驱物SO2、NOx等的治理。本文从一次颗粒物和二次颗粒物治理角度,论述了燃煤锅炉PM 2.5的产生、控制现状,提出了PM 2.5控制技术的改进建议。

Antagonistic Effects of N-acetylcysteine on Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Pathway Activation, Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Responses in Rats with PM2.5 Induced Lung Injuries

Objective To evaluate the antagonistic effects of N-acetylcysteine(NAC)on mitogen-activated protein kinases(MAPK)pathway activation,oxidative stress and inflammatory responses in rats with lung injury induced by fine particulate matter(PM2.5).Methods Forty eight male Wistar rats were randomly divided into six groups:blank control group(C1),water drip control group(C2),PM2.5 exposed group(P),low-dose NAC treated and PM2.5 exposed group(L),middle-dose NAC treated and PM2.5 exposed group(M),and high-dose NAC treated and PM2.5 exposed group(H).PM2.5 suspension(7.5 mg/kg)was administered tracheally once a week for four times.NAC of 125 mg/kg,250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg was delivered intragastrically to L,M and H group respectively by gavage(10 ml/kg)for six days before PM2.5 exposure.The histopathological changes and human mucin 5 subtype AC(MUC5AC)content in lung tissue of rats were evaluated.We investigated IL-6 in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid(BALF)by Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA),MUC5AC in lung tissue homogenate by ELISA,glutathione peroxidase(GSH-PX)in serum and BALF by spectrophotometry,and the expression of p-ERK1/2,p-JNK1/2 and p-p38 proteins by Western blot.All the measurements were analyzed and compared statistically.Results Lung tissue of rats exposed to PM2.5 showed histological destruction and increased mucus secretion of bronchial epithelial cells.Rats receiving NAC treatment showed less histological destruction and mucus secretion.Of P,L,M and H group,MUC5AC in lung tissue,IL-6 in serum and BALF were higher than controls(C1 and C2)(all P<0.05),with the highest levels found in the P group and a decreasing trend with increase of NAC dose.The activity of GSH-PX in serum and BALF of PM2.5 exposed rats(P,L,M and H)was lower than that of controls(all P<0.05),with higher activities found in NAC treated rats(L,M,and H),and an increasing trend with increase of NAC dose.The expressions of p-ERK1/2,p-JNK1/2 and p-p38 proteins in PM2.5 exposed lung tissue(P,L,M and H)was higher than controls(all P<0.05),with decreased levels and dose dependent downregulation found in NAC treated rats.Conclusion NAC can antagonize major MAPK pathway activation,lung oxidative stress and inflammatory injury induced by PM2.5 in rats.

山柰酚改善细颗粒物PM2.5诱导的老龄大鼠肺损伤的作用和机制研究

目的细颗粒物(PM2.5)被认为与多种呼吸系统问题有关,在老年人群中尤为显著。本研究旨在探索山柰酚是否可以治疗PM2.5诱导的老龄大鼠肺损伤,并探讨其潜在的作用机制。方法30只雄性Wistar大鼠(16个月龄)被随机分为5组:对照组、PM2.5暴露组和PM2.5暴露+山柰酚低剂量、中剂量和高剂量组。PM2.5暴露持续时间2周后,检测各组大鼠的肺功能、肺形态、炎症程度以及Toll样受体4(TLR4)/核因子-κB(NF-κB)信号通路相关蛋白的表达水平。结果与对照组相比,PM2.5暴露导致老龄大鼠发生显著的肺损伤,表现为明显的肺功能受损和组织病理学改变,支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)中的炎性因子TNF-α和IL-6浓度增加,血液中炎性细胞比例改变,肺组织中TLR4的表达和核转录因子-κB(NF-κB)磷酸化水平增加。山柰酚的治疗则呈剂量依赖性地改善了PM2.5所致肺功能损伤和组织病理学改变,抑制炎性因子分泌和炎症细胞比例失衡,抑制了TLR4/NF-κB信号通路的激活。结论山柰酚能够对PM2.5暴露引起的老龄大鼠肺损伤产生保护作用,抑制炎症反应和结构损伤,其作用机制可能与抑制TLR4/NF-κB信号通路的激活相关。

临沂市冬季环境空气PM2.5中水溶性离子污染特征及来源分析

为探究临沂市冬季环境空气PM2.5中水溶性离子污染特征及来源,于2016年12月11日—2017年1月9日在临沂大学、兰山区政府、高新区翠湖嘉园、汤庄办事处、河东区政府、临沂开发区6个采样点开展样品采集.结果表明:①采样期间全市ρ(PM2.5)日均值的平均值为144.86 μg/m^3,ρ(PM2.5)日均值在2016年12月20日和2017年1月4日出现峰值,分别为304.46 和341.65 μg/m^3.②水溶性离子日均质量浓度大小顺序依次为ρ(NO3^-)>ρ(SO4^2-)>ρ(NH4^+)>ρ(Cl^-)>ρ(K^+)>ρ(Ca^2+)>ρ(Na^+)>ρ(F^-)>ρ(Mg^2+)>ρ(NO^2-),其中,在PM2.5中w(NO3^-)、w(SO4^2-)、w(NH4^+)分别为22.33%、16.57%、13.62%,说明NO3^-、SO4^2-和NH4^+是临沂市PM2.5的主要组成部分.③临沂市污染天和非污染天ρ(PM2.5)日均值分别为164.00和56.86 μg/m^3.随污染水平增加,PM2.5中w(NO3^-)明显增高,w(SO4^2-)和w(NH4^+)基本不变,说明w(NO3^-)的增加导致ρ(PM2.5)的升高.污染天和非污染天的NOR (氮氧化率)分别为0.28和 0.11,SOR (硫氧化率)分别为0.34和0.28,说明污染越重,NOR和SOR越高,并且NO x 的气-粒转化速率较SO 2慢.污染天ρ(Cl^-)和ρ(K^+)分别为7.22和1.77 μg/m^3,分别是非污染天的2.5和3.0倍.④采样期间非污染天和污染天的N/S 〔ρ(NO3^-)/ρ(SO4^2-)〕分别为0.85和1.39,说明非污染天时固定源对PM2.5的贡献相对较大,而污染天时移动源对PM2.5的贡献相对较大.⑤通过PMF模型法解析出3个因子.因子1对PM2.5中水溶性离子的贡献率为56.13%,代表二次源和生物质燃烧源;因子2的贡献率为25.22%,代表工业源和垃圾焚烧源;因子3的贡献率为18.65%,代表扬尘源.研究显示,临沂市冬季PM2.5污染严重,水溶性离子来源复杂,应采取多源控制的污染防治对策.

N-乙酰半胱氨酸对PM2.5致大鼠睾丸毒性的保护作用

目的探讨N-乙酰半胱氨酸(N-acetylcysteine,NAC)改善亚急性暴露于大气细颗粒物(particulate matter,PM)2.5致大鼠睾丸损伤的作用。方法30只Wistar大鼠随机分为3组,分别为生理盐水对照组、PM2.5暴露组、PM2.5+N-乙酰半胱氨酸组。通过气管内滴注的方法进行染毒,每次剂量为5.0 mg/kg,每周染毒一次,共8周;NAC组在PM2.5染毒的基础上,通过灌胃方式连续给予150 mg·kg^(-1)·d^(-1) NAC;生理盐水对照组通过气管内滴注同体积生理盐水(1 mL/kg)作为对照。造模后HE染色制作睾丸组织病理切片,TUNEL法检测睾丸凋亡情况,分光光度计法检测睾丸组织超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)、谷胱甘肽(glutathione,GSH)、和丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)指标,酶联免疫吸附测定(enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay,ELISA)法测定睾丸白细胞介素10(interleukin-10,IL-10)及睾酮水平。结果PM2.5暴露组和PM2.5+NAC组大鼠血清睾酮水平及睾丸组织GSH、SOD、IL-10水平均低于盐水对照组,睾丸组织MDA水平升高,PM2.5+NAC组睾酮水平及睾丸组织GSH、SOD、IL-10水平高于PM2.5组,睾丸组织MDA水平下降(P<0.05)。在PM2.5暴露组中,曲精小管中多个细胞核表现出明显的深棕色染色,TUNEL阳性细胞的计数明显高于盐水对照组和PM2.5+NAC组(P<0.05);而PM2.5+NAC组凋亡细胞数明显低于PM2.5组,但高于盐水对照组(P<0.05)。PM2.5暴露组和PM2.5+NAC组睾丸细胞凋亡指数高于盐水对照组,PM2.5+NAC组低于PM2.5暴露组(P<0.05)。结论PM2.5亚急性暴露可以造成大鼠睾丸组织病理损伤,诱导睾丸细胞凋亡,引起氧化炎症指标改变,而NAC作为一种抗氧化剂,可以明显改善上述损伤作用,对PM2.5致睾丸毒性作用具有拮抗作用。

Effect of exposure to ambient PM2.5 pollution on the risk of respiratory tract diseases： a meta-analysis of cohort studies

The International Agency for Research on Cancer and the World Health Organization have designated airborne particulates, including particulates of median aerodynamic diameter 〈 2.5 gm （PM2.5）, as Group 1 carcinogens. It has not been determined, however, whether exposure to ambient PM2.5 is associated with an increase in respiratory related diseases. This meta-analysis assessed the association between exposure to ambient fine particulate matter （PM2.5） and the risk of respiratory tract diseases, using relevant articles extracted from PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase. In results, of the 1,126 articles originally identified, 35 （3.1%） were included in this meta-analysis. PM2.5 was found to be associated with respiratory tract diseases. After subdivision by age group, respiratory tract disease, and continent, PM2.5 was strongly associated with respiratory tract diseases in children, in persons with cough, lower respiratory illness, and wheezing, and in individuals from North America, Europe, and Asia. The risk of respiratory tract diseases was greater for exposure to traffic-related than non-traffic-related air pollution. In children, the pooled relative risk （RR） represented significant increases in wheezing （8.2%）, cough （7.5%）, and lower respiratory illness （15.3%）. The pooled RRs in children were 1.091 （95%CI： 1.049, 1.135） for exposure to 〈 25 gg/m3 PM2.5, and 1.126 （95%CI： 1.067, l. 190） for exposure to 〉 25 gg/m3 PM2.5. In conclusion, exposure to ambient PM2.5 was significantly associated with the development of respiratory tract diseases, especially in children exposed to high concentrations of PM2.5.

Feature Analysis of the Atmospheric Particulate Pollutants (PM_(10) and PM_(2.5)) in Wenzhou City

[ Objective] The research aimed to analyze characteristics of the atmospheric particulate pollutants （ PMlo and PM2.s） in Wenzhou City. [Method] We analyzed interannual change rule of the dust haze in Wenzhou during 1978 -2008. Moreover, we respectively set monitoring points in urban district, industrial park and beauty spot of Wenzhou in summer and winter of 2010. Element, ion and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon com- positions and morphology of the particulate matter were analyzed. [ Result] Dust haze in Wenzhou City mainly appeared in winter and spring, which was related to local meteorological condition. In summer and winter, both PMlo and PM2.s concentrations presented the characteristic of industrial park 〉 commercial area 〉 beauty spot. Chain-like particle aggregates and ultrafine particles were main composition of the atmospheric particulate matter in Wenzhou. Contribution rate of the spherical particle amount was smaller than metropolis, which was related to local industry and traffic. Fe element had the most content in particulate matter. Mass concentration was mainly composed of 6 elements, such as Na, Si, S, K, Ca and Fe. Total concentration of the six elements occupied 70% -80% of the 16 elements. SO^- and NH4＊ in particulate matter were higher. They were mainly from human activity. Main compositions of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon were naphthalene, anthracene, benzo （b） fluoranthene, indeno （1,2, 3-cd） pyrene and benzo （g, h, i） perylene, which was related to abrupt increase of the motor vehicle. [ Condusion] The research provided scientific basis and technology support for controlling atmospheric particulate matter pollution in Wenzhou City by government and related department.

Predictive Meteorological Factors for Elevated PM2.5 Levels at an Air Monitoring Station Near a Petrochemical Complex in Yunlin County, Taiwan

Since 1991, air pollution has gained special attention in Taiwan after a petrochemical complex was constructed in Mailiao Township, Yunlin County. We explored the association between the magnitude of PM2.5 and meteorological factors during 2012-2016. Our findings revealed that 1) mean PM2.5 levels gradually decreased from 30.70 μg/m3 in 2013 to 25.36 μg/m3 in 2016;2) wind speed is the main determinant of air quality—air quality significantly improved when it was faster than 4 m/sec;and 3) wind direction is another determinant of air quality—when the wind direction was southerly, air quality improved. Elevated PM2.5 levels were defined as those hourly levels higher than the third quartile (36 μg/m3). The significantly negative predictive factors for elevated PM2.5 levels were the summer or autumn seasons, rainfall, increased wind speed, and wind direction from 150&#176 to 230&#176 from the north. The significantly positive predictive factors for elevated PM2.5 levels were working hours from 6 a.m. to 2 p.m., a temperature between 11&#176C and 25&#176C, relative humidity between 40% and 68%, and wind direction (e.g., northerly wind, northeasterly wind, and easterly wind). The predictive formula is attached in the Appendix. Therefore, people should protect themselves on these high-risk days.

富马酸二甲酯通过Nrf2/HO-1信号通路缓解细颗粒物对雌性大鼠胎盘的氧化损伤

近年来,已有大量的流行病学调查证实,孕产妇暴露于PM_(2.5)可能导致妊娠并发症和不良妊娠结局的风险增加。本研究旨在探讨孕前PM_(2.5)暴露对大鼠胎盘的损伤及富马酸二甲酯(dimethyl fumarate,DMF)对其调控机制。40只6周龄SPF级雌性SD大鼠,随机分为对照组(生理盐水)、低剂量PM_(2.5)组(1.5 mg/kg PM_(2.5))、高剂量PM_(2.5)组(7.5 mg/kg PM_(2.5))、DMF对照组(生理盐水+50 mg/kg DMF)和DMF干预组(7.5 mg/kg PM_(2.5)+50 mg/kg DMF)。大鼠每2 d染毒1次,共持续40 d。经PM_(2.5)暴露后,高剂量PM_(2.5)组胎鼠数量、胎鼠平均体长、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)、白细胞介素-10(IL-10)含量明显低于对照组(P<0.05);丙二醛(MDA)含量高于对照组(P<0.05);经DMF处理后,DMF干预组的T-AOC含量显著高于高剂量PM_(2.5)组(P<0.01),能够明显缓解PM_(2.5)诱导的氧化损伤作用。H&E染色结果显示,暴露组胎盘组织迷路区血细胞有不同程度的减少,高剂量PM_(2.5)组血管脉络不清晰,DMF干预组胎盘迷路区的血细胞明显增多,血管脉络清晰整齐。Western印迹结果显示,低剂量PM_(2.5)组和高剂量PM_(2.5)组核因子E2相关因子(Nrf2)、血红素加氧酶1(HO-1)蛋白质水平低于对照组(P<0.01),与高剂量PM_(2.5)组相比,DMF干预组的Nrf2、HO-1蛋白质含量明显增高(P<0.05)。综上所述,DMF可能通过Nrf2/HO-1信号通路缓解孕前PM_(2.5)对胎盘造成的氧化损伤,提高机体的抗氧化能力。

北京城6区大气颗粒物质量浓度变化规律研究

为较好地了解当前北京城6区大气颗粒物PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)质量浓度的污染水平及变化规律,根据2013年3月11日至2014年2月28日城6区12个空气质量实时监测点连续、实时的监测结果,构建多点位、完整时间序列的颗粒物质量浓度数据资料。应用数理统计分析手段,对当前北京城6区大气颗粒物质量浓度的频数分布、相关性和逐时变化特征进行分析,并结合全年实际气象特征,对引起大气颗粒物质量浓度变化的因素进行了初步探讨。结果表明,2013年3月至2014年2月北京城6区大气颗粒物污染较为严重,且PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)质量浓度具有特别显著的线性相关关系,全年相关系数达0.9,10年间无显著变化;二者年均值达91.7μg/m^3和116.9μg/m^3,分别超标162%和67%;二者质量浓度比达78.4%,10年间同比增长约20%。颗粒物质量浓度逐时变化受季节变化影响明显,总体呈现夜间最高、白天最低的趋势,变化周期为7~9 h。研究表明,影响颗粒物质量浓度变化的因素包括春季的大风和生物粒子、夏季的湿热和降雨、秋季和冬季的逆温现象和降雪等气象因素及规律性的人为源因素。

水泥窑PM_(2.5)排放特性及其PAHs风险分析

采用荷电低压颗粒物撞击器(ELPI)、便携式PM2.5采样器和稀释系统,对国内3家新型干法水泥生产厂(5条生产线)的水泥窑(包括窑头和窑尾)进行现场采样,分析水泥窑排放PM2.5的质量浓度、粒数浓度及其中的多环芳烃(PAHs)浓度,对呼吸致癌风险进行评价.结果表明:从粒数浓度分析,PM2.5中70%以上为PM0.33,这部分颗粒物主要是由气化凝结形成的.各采样点排放的PAHs主要以二环和三环的低环PAHs为主.第3个水泥厂窑头排放的PAHs含量最高,而且苯并[a]芘(BaP)超过国家所规定的8ng/m3标准限值,同时其呼吸致癌风险水平为4.46×10-4,高于可接受致癌风险水平的上限,需要有效处理.

石家庄市春节期间大气颗粒物有机碳和元素碳的变化特征

为研究石家庄市大气颗粒物的污染特征及其来源,于2013年2月6—19日春节期间在石家庄市采集大气颗粒物TSP、PM10、PM2.5样品,对其有机碳、元素碳进行分析测定。结果表明,石家庄TSP、PM10、PM2.5日平均质量浓度分别为389、330、245μg/m3,颗粒物污染严重;碳组分在颗粒物中占有较大比重,且随着粒径的减少,碳组分比重逐渐增加;存在不严重的次生有机碳污染;OC与EC的相关系数较高,说明两者有较为相似的污染源,主要为燃煤、机动车排放源。各种气象条件对PM2.5、OC、EC浓度和OC/EC的变化都有不同程度的影响。

北京市大气颗粒物中全氟烷基化合物的粒径分布特征

人为排放的持久性有机污染物倾向于在细级大气颗粒物中富集,但目前国内外关于大气颗粒物中全氟烷基化合物(PFASs)粒径分布在不同国家地区有显著差异,而在我国北京地区PFASs在不同粒径大气颗粒物中的富集能力尚不清楚。本文采用五级大流量主动分级采样器采集了北京市大气颗粒物样品,利用超声萃取结合高效液相色谱-电喷雾负电离源串联质谱测定PFASs含量,探讨了该地区大气颗粒物中PFASs的浓度水平和粒径分布特征,以及大气颗粒物浓度变化对PFASs浓度变化的影响。结果表明:研究区∑PFASs范围为10. 1～62. 9 pg/m3,76. 4%～83. 8%的PFASs集中分布在PM2. 5颗粒物中,其中含量较高的PFOA、PFNA和PFDA在<0. 25μm细颗粒物中占比最高,分别为26. 3%～43. 7%、30. 3%～68. 6%和30. 6%～49. 7%; PFOS在<0. 25μm细颗粒物中没有检出,主要分布在1～2. 5μm和0. 25～1μm颗粒物中。此外,研究发现北京市霾天大气颗粒物中∑PFASs为晴天的3. 5倍,且不同粒径大气颗粒物浓度变化对PFASs各化合物表现出不同的富集能力,其中PFOA、PFOS、PFNA和PFDA等中链PFASs更易富集。

基于X射线荧光光谱的大气重金属在线分析方法的评估及应用

实验自行搭建了一套基于X射线荧光光谱(XRF)的大气重金属分析仪,建立了大气颗粒物中多种重金属同时在线分析的方法,并通过测定标准膜片评估了方法的准确性、灵敏度、重复性以及检出限等。通过与国家标准方法采用的电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)的实验结果对比,结果表明方法能够较为准确的测定大气颗粒物中多种重金属的含量,相对误差在15%以内。采用实验仪器在线测定了一段时期室内外大气颗粒物中重金属的含量,并结合发布的空气质量指数(AQI)进行了初步分析,结果表明重金属与细颗粒物(PM2.5)含量具有一定正相关性;通过在广东某大气超级监测站一个月内的监测数据,证明了仪器实际应用的可靠性。通过上述方法的开发、参数评估以及简单应用,结合多种数据的交叉分析,表明实验方法能够满足日常的重金属监测需要。