The increasing emission of primary and gaseous precursors of secondarily formed atmospheric particulate matter due to continuing industrial development and urbanization are leading to an increased public awareness of ...The increasing emission of primary and gaseous precursors of secondarily formed atmospheric particulate matter due to continuing industrial development and urbanization are leading to an increased public awareness of environmental issues and human health risks in China. As part of a pilot study, 12-h integrated fine fraction particulate matter （PM2.5） filter samples were collected to chemically characterize and investigate the sources of ambient particulate matter in Guiyang City, Guizhou Province, southwestern China. Results showed that the 12-h integrated PM2.5 concentrations exhibited a daytime average of 51 ± 22 μg m^-3 （mean -4- standard deviation） with a range of 17-128 μg m^-3 and a nighttime average of 55 ± 32 μg m^-3 with a range of 4-186 μg m^-3. The 24-h integrated PM2.5 concentrations varied from 15 to 157 μg m^-3, with amean value of 53 ± 25 μg m^-3, which exceeded the 24-h PM2.5 standard of 35μg m^-3 set by USEPA, but was below the standard of 75 μg m^-3, set by China Ministry of Environmental Protection. Energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry （XRF） was applied to determine PM2.5 chemical element concentrations. The order of concentrations of heavy metals in PM2.5 were iron （Fe） 〉 zinc （Zn） 〉 manganese （Mn） 〉 lead （Pb） 〉 arsenic （As）〉 chromium （Cr）. The total concentration of 18 chemical elements was 13 ± 2 μg m^-3, accounting for 25% in PM2.5, which is comparable to other major cities in China, but much higher than cities outside of China.展开更多
The objective of this study is to examine the use of the conditional probability function(CPF) and nonparametric regression(NPR) to identify the relationship between wind direction and concentration of PM2.5(particula...The objective of this study is to examine the use of the conditional probability function(CPF) and nonparametric regression(NPR) to identify the relationship between wind direction and concentration of PM2.5(particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter less than or equal to 2.5 μm). Twenty four-hour integrated PM2.5 mass and species concentrations were measured at the St. Louis-Midwest Supersite in East St. Louis,Illinois,USA in the periods of 22-28 June 2001,7-13 November 2001,and 19-25 March 2002. Wind directions were measured on site. The concentrations of 15 elements and ions,i.e. Al,As,Cd,Cr,Cu,Fe,Mn,Ni,Pb,Se,Zn,OC,EC,SO4,and NO3 were calculated using the CPF and NPR. The comparison between the results obtained from the CPF and NPR demonstrated that they both agreed well with the locations of the known local point sources. The CPF was simpler and easier to calculate than NPR. In contrast,NPR provided PM2.5 concentrations but with some uncertainties. This study indicates that both methods can be utilized to promote the source apportionment study of ambient PM2.5.展开更多
考虑在函数型解释变量部分观测的情况下,用函数线性模型刻画与标量响应变量的关系.基于函数型主成分分析(Functional Principal Component Analysis,简称FPCA)实现了对缺失部分样本的重构,并通过实证分析,对一组北京市2010-2014年间统...考虑在函数型解释变量部分观测的情况下,用函数线性模型刻画与标量响应变量的关系.基于函数型主成分分析(Functional Principal Component Analysis,简称FPCA)实现了对缺失部分样本的重构,并通过实证分析,对一组北京市2010-2014年间统计的包括部分观测PM2.5数值的气象数据,分析了PM2.5作为部分观测函数型解释变量对标量响应变量平均气温的影响,结果表明了该方法具有处理缺失函数数据的现实意义.展开更多
基金The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), through its Office of Research and Development, partially funded and participated in the research described here through cooperative agreement CR-833232-01 through the U.S. National Science Foundation-National Research Council Research Associateship Awardfunded by the National Key Basic Research Program of China (2013CB430004)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 40773067)
文摘The increasing emission of primary and gaseous precursors of secondarily formed atmospheric particulate matter due to continuing industrial development and urbanization are leading to an increased public awareness of environmental issues and human health risks in China. As part of a pilot study, 12-h integrated fine fraction particulate matter （PM2.5） filter samples were collected to chemically characterize and investigate the sources of ambient particulate matter in Guiyang City, Guizhou Province, southwestern China. Results showed that the 12-h integrated PM2.5 concentrations exhibited a daytime average of 51 ± 22 μg m^-3 （mean -4- standard deviation） with a range of 17-128 μg m^-3 and a nighttime average of 55 ± 32 μg m^-3 with a range of 4-186 μg m^-3. The 24-h integrated PM2.5 concentrations varied from 15 to 157 μg m^-3, with amean value of 53 ± 25 μg m^-3, which exceeded the 24-h PM2.5 standard of 35μg m^-3 set by USEPA, but was below the standard of 75 μg m^-3, set by China Ministry of Environmental Protection. Energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry （XRF） was applied to determine PM2.5 chemical element concentrations. The order of concentrations of heavy metals in PM2.5 were iron （Fe） 〉 zinc （Zn） 〉 manganese （Mn） 〉 lead （Pb） 〉 arsenic （As）〉 chromium （Cr）. The total concentration of 18 chemical elements was 13 ± 2 μg m^-3, accounting for 25% in PM2.5, which is comparable to other major cities in China, but much higher than cities outside of China.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under the grant number 40675060, 2006AA09Z151 program of the Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China, and GYHY200706031 program of China Meteorological Administration.
文摘The objective of this study is to examine the use of the conditional probability function(CPF) and nonparametric regression(NPR) to identify the relationship between wind direction and concentration of PM2.5(particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter less than or equal to 2.5 μm). Twenty four-hour integrated PM2.5 mass and species concentrations were measured at the St. Louis-Midwest Supersite in East St. Louis,Illinois,USA in the periods of 22-28 June 2001,7-13 November 2001,and 19-25 March 2002. Wind directions were measured on site. The concentrations of 15 elements and ions,i.e. Al,As,Cd,Cr,Cu,Fe,Mn,Ni,Pb,Se,Zn,OC,EC,SO4,and NO3 were calculated using the CPF and NPR. The comparison between the results obtained from the CPF and NPR demonstrated that they both agreed well with the locations of the known local point sources. The CPF was simpler and easier to calculate than NPR. In contrast,NPR provided PM2.5 concentrations but with some uncertainties. This study indicates that both methods can be utilized to promote the source apportionment study of ambient PM2.5.
文摘考虑在函数型解释变量部分观测的情况下,用函数线性模型刻画与标量响应变量的关系.基于函数型主成分分析(Functional Principal Component Analysis,简称FPCA)实现了对缺失部分样本的重构,并通过实证分析,对一组北京市2010-2014年间统计的包括部分观测PM2.5数值的气象数据,分析了PM2.5作为部分观测函数型解释变量对标量响应变量平均气温的影响,结果表明了该方法具有处理缺失函数数据的现实意义.
