An Ultra-Compact Broadband Polarizing Beam Splitter Utilizing Hybrid Plasmonic Waveguide

Polarizing beam splitter has rather significant applications in polarization diversity circuits and polarization multiplexing systems.In this paper,we present an asymmetric polarizing beam splitter utilizing hybrid plasmonic waveguide.The special hybrid structure with a hybrid waveguide and a dielectric waveguide can limit the energy of TE and TM modes to a different layer.Therefore,we can achieve beam splitting by adjusting the corresponding parameters of the two waveguides.First,we studied the influences of different structure parameters on the real part of the effective mode refractive index of the two waveguides,and obtained a set of parameters that satisfy the condition of strong coupling of TM mode and weak coupling of TE mode.Then,the performance of our proposed polarizing beam splitter is evaluated numerically.The length of the coupling section is only 4.1μm,and the propagation loss of TM and TE modes is 0.0025 d B/μm and 0.0031 d B/μm respectively.Additionally,the extinction ratios of TM and TE modes are 10.62 d B and 12.55 d B,respectively.Particularly,the proposed device has excellent wavelength insensitivity.Over the entire C-band,the fluctuation of the whole normalized output power is less than 0.03.In short,our proposed asymmetric polarizing beam splitter features ultra-compactness,low propagation loss,and broad bandwidth,which would provide promising applications in polarization multiplexing system and polarization diversity circuits relevant to optical interconnection.

Optimal design of sub-wavelength metal rectangular gratings for polarizing beam splitter based on effective medium theory

A novel optimal design of sub-wavelength metal rectangular gratings for the polarizing beam splitter （PBS） is proposed. The method is based on effective medium theory and the method of designing single layer antireflection coating. The polarization performance of PBS is discussed by rigorous couple-wave analysis （RCWA） method at a wavelength of 1550 nm. The result shows that sub-wavelength metal rectangular grating is characterized by a high reflectivity, like metal films for TE polarization, and high transmissivity, like dielectric films for TM polarization. The optimal design accords well with the results simulated by RCWA method.

Novel heat shock protein Hsp70L1 activates dendritic cells and acts as a Th1 polarizing adjuvant

Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are reported to act as effective adjuvants to elicit anti-tumor and anti-infection immunity. Here, we report that Hsp70-like protein 1 (Hsp70L1), a novel HSP derived from human dendritic cells (DCs), has potent adjuvant effects that polarize responses toward Th1. With a calculated molecular weight of 54.8 kDa, Hsp70L1 is smaller in size than Hsp70 but resembles it both structurally and functionally. Hsp70L1 shares common receptors on DCs with Hsp70 and can interact with DCs, promoting DC maturation and stimulating secretion of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin 12p70 (IL-12p70), IL-1beta, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and the chemokines IP-10, macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha (MIP-1alpha), MIP-1beta, and normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES). The induction of interferon-gamma-inducible protein 10 (IP-10) secretion by Hsp70L1 is not shared by Hsp70, and other functional differences include more potent stimulation of DC IL-12p70, CC-chemokine, and CCR7 and CXCR4 expression by Hsp70L1. Immunization of mice with the hybrid peptide Hsp70L1-ovalbumin(OVA)(257-264) induces an OVA(257-264)-specific Th1 response and cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) that results in significant inhibition of E.G7-OVA tumor growth. The ability of Hsp70L1 to activate DCs indicates its potential as a novel adjuvant for use with peptide immunizations; the Hsp70L1 antigen peptide hybrid may serve as a more effective vaccine for the control of cancer and infectious diseases.

THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN THE POLARIZING FORCE OF CATIONS AND THE ELECTROPHILIC CHARACTER AND CATALYTIC PERFORMANCES OF PROMOTED Pt-Al_2O_3 CATALYST

The electronic modification effect of various metal oxides over Pt-Al;O;catalyst andthe relationships between the polarizing force of cations（PFC）and the electrophiliccharacter（EC）and catalytic performances（CP）of promoted Pt catalyst have been studiecby competitive hydrogenation reaction method（CHRM）and test reaction,i.e.hydrogena-tion of benzene and hydrogenolysis of cyclopentane.

The Method of Testing for Asbestos in Electronic and Electric Products through Polarizing Microscope and X-Ray Diffraction

Asbestos is widely applied in such sectors as manufacturing automobiles, tractors, chemical industrial equipment, and electric equipment. Asbestos fiber is harmful to human health. Therefore, the technology of testing for asbestos in products is especially important. At present, in our country’s national specifications, there is no determination method or specification that is applicable to the asbestos in electronic and electric products. In this article, the components of asbestos in electronic and electric products are identified using the method of combining polarizing microscope with X-ray diffractometer. This method is simple, fast, highly reliable, and suitable to be widely adopted.

Thermostable Broad Band Polarizing PVA-Film: Theoretical and Experimental Investigations

In the present work, for the first time on the basis ofpoly （vinyl alcohol） （PVA）, 2- （4-dimethylaminostyryl）-l-ethylquinolinium iodide （quinaldine red （QR）） and trisodium （4E）-5-oxo- 1-（4-sulfonatophenyl）-4-[（4-sulfonatophenyl）hydrazono]-3 pyrazolecarboxylate （tartrazine （T））, thermostable polarizing film in a wide range of spectra （λmax=394-511 nm） with polarization efficiency （PE） = 98% in absorption maximum and stretching degree （Rs） = 3.5 was developed. The basic spectral-polarization parameters （polarization efficiency and transmittance） of oriented colored PVA-films were measured and discussed. During the work it was found that oriented PVA-films are the phenomenon of anisotropy of thermal conductivity （λ｜/λ⊥）. It is a very important parameter for the development of thermostable PVA-polarizing films. For the first time quantum-chemical calculations using density functional theory （DFT） approach for structural analysis and electronic spectrum of the QR were carried out via the B3LYP/dgdzvp and TDB3LYP/dgdzvp methods. Interpretation of absorption strips in visible region of spectrum was also reported. The excitation energies, electronic transitions and oscillator strengths for the studied structures have also been calculated （B3LYP/dgdzvp）. The NBO analysis and Mulliken atomic charges of the QR were carried out.

Quantum Discord for a Qutrit-Qutrit System under Depolarizing and Dephasing Noise

The dynamics of quantum discord for a class of qutrit-qutrit states under depolarizing and dephasing noise are investigated using the geometric measure of quantum discord.We find that in the quantum discord for these states,a sudden change near the transition point exists from a bound-entangled to a free-entangled state,and that the sudden change point remains unchanged in later evolution under depolarizing noise.Moreover,the behavior of quantum discord is independent of the parameter of the given initial states in many regions.

Potential Response Analysis of Exponentially Decaying Polarizing Current of Electrode and its Use in the Study of Stress Corrosion Cracking(SCC)of Stainless Steel

A study on the potential response of exponentially decaying polarizing current of electrode was car- ried out.The appearance of critical point of the potential-time response of exponentially decaying current was ensured from theoretical analysis,and this is the theoretical foundation of the critical point method for the measurement of corrosion current of metals.The comparison of the corrosion currents measured by the critical point and static methods for the system of 321 stainless steel in 0.5N HCI+0.5N NaCI solution at static state shows that the results agree very well.Finally.the tran- sient corrosion currents of 321 stainless steel in 0.5N HCI+0.5N NaCl solution at different strain level are listed.

Depolarizing isotropic collisions of the CN solar molecule with electrons

Existence of linear polarization,formed by anisotropic scattering in the photosphere,has been demonstrated observationally as well as theoretically and is called second solar spectrum(SSS).The SSS is distinguished by its structure,which is rich in terms of information.In order to analyze the SSS,it is necessary to evaluate the(de)polarizing effect of isotropic collisions between CN solar molecules and electrons or neutral hydrogen atoms.This work is dedicated to calculations of the polarization transfer rates associated with CN-electron isotropic collisions.We show that usual rates serve as a proxy for polarization transfer rates.Then,we take advantage of available usual excitation collisional rates obtained via sophisticated quantum methods in order to derive the polarization transfer rates for the X^2Σ+-B^2Σ+(violet) and X^2Σ+-A^2Π(red) systems of CN.Our approach is based on the infinite order sudden(IOS)approximation and can be applied for other solar molecules.We discuss the effectiveness of collisions with electrons on the SSS of the CN lines.Our results contribute to reducing the degree of complication in modeling the formation of the SSS of CN.

A Method for Polarizing More Number of Impurity-Vacancy Dipoles

Free rotating impurity-vacancy (IV) dipoles in an alkali halide matrix are polarized to the extent of 1/3 of the total number of IV dipoles. An experimental procedure is suggested in this article which will help in the polarization of IV dipoles to the extent of 2/3 of the total number of IV dipoles. In the suggested experimental procedure, the electric field will be applied at first in one direction and then will be applied in succession in opposite direction. Ionic thermocurrent technique is employed to ascertain the increase in polarization of IV dipoles.

Quantification of polarization distribution from polarizing light microscopy images of ferroelectric single crystals

Qualification of polarization can be realized either on a macroscopic scale as an average property by P-E hysteresis measurements or on a nano/micro scale by piezoelectric force microscopy,transmission electron microscopy,scanning electron microscopy,and so on.However,visualization and qualification of polarization distribution in the micron to millimeter scale is still a challenge.Polarizing light microscopy(PLM)is often used in the study of ferroelectric domain structures mainly for domain patterns.A phe-nomenon called“chromatic polarization”has been observed in transparent ferroelectric crystals by using a crossed-PLM system viewed with white light,which contains rich information about local polariza-tion distribution.In this study,an automatic full-angle light intensity detection(AFALID)algorithm com-bined with colorimetry is developed to analyze the distribution of nonuniform local spontaneous polar-ization distribution in transparent ferroelectric single crystals.Temperature-dependent spontaneous po-larizations from the color analysis for PMN-0.36PT single crystals with single tetragonal domain state are in good coincidence with those extracted from temperature-dependent hysteresis loops and pyroelectric current measurements.We further apply this method to quantify the nonuniform domain distributions with nano-indentations.This non-contact and non-destructive characterization can provide fast and au-tomatic detection of polarization distributions in ferroelectric materials.

Bidirectionally polarizing surface chemistry of heteroatom-doped carbon matrix towards fast and longevous lithium-sulfur batteries

Herein, a bidirectional polarization strategy is proposed for hosting efficient and durable lithium-sulfur battery(Li-S) electrochemistry. By co-doping electronegative N and electropositive B in graphene matrix(BNrGO), the bidirectional electron redistribution enables a higher polysulfide affinity over its monodoped counterparts, contributing to strong sulfur immobilization and fast conversion kinetics. As a result,BNrGO as the cathode host matrix realizes excellent cycling stability over 1000 cycles with a minimum capacity fading of 0.027% per cycle, and superb rate capability up to 10 C. Meanwhile, decent areal capacity(6.46 m Ah/cm^(2)) and cyclability(300 cycles) are also achievable under high sulfur loading and limited electrolyte. This work provides instructive insights into the interaction between doping engineering and sulfur electrochemistry for pursuing superior Li-S batteries.

一种基于Polar译码度量选择的第三方高效PDCCH盲检方法

为研究和设计面向第三方场景的高效盲检方法,提出了一种基于Polar译码度量选择的第三方高效PDCCH盲检方法,其技术路线包括Polar译码算法与物理的下行控制信道(PDCCH)盲检算法2个板块.基于Polar译码盲检算法,引入一种基于下行控制信息(DCI)长度的Polar译码度量,提出了改进的基于Polar译码度量选择的第三方盲检方法.基于PDCCH盲检算法,引入一种重排序盲检算法.将改进的Polar译码算法与重排序盲检算法有机结合,提出面向第三方场景的高效PDCCH盲检方法.基于MATLAB平台搭建5G PDCCH盲检仿真链路,对所提方法进行验证与分析.结果表明,该方法能够同时有效减小PDCCH盲检次数与DCI候选长度数量,在保证目标捕获准确率的前提下提高盲检效率.

融合路径度量值和行重特性的Polar码SCL译码算法

首先提出基于初始对数似然比(Log-Likelihood Ratio,LR)与路径度量值(Path Metric,PM)的PM-LLR-SCL译码算法,在接收端初始LLR和PM值之间建立映射关系,并通过重排PM值完成翻转功能。其次,提出基于极化码生成矩阵的行重特性和PM值的PM-RW-SCL译码算法,不仅考虑了Polar码的最小码距和极化子信道可靠度,同时将路径分裂每一层的PM值引入到译码策略中,从而提高了译码性能。仿真结果显示,与串行抵消列表比特翻转(Successive Cancellation List Bit-flip,SCLF)相比,提出的PM-LLR-SCL算法最大可获得约0.23 dB的性能增益,而基于路径数量的复杂度降低了约62%;与基于行权重的串行抵消列表翻转译码算法相比,PM-RW-SCL算法最大可获得约1.5 dB的性能增益,而复杂度降低了约39%。

动态扰动辅助的串行抵消双比特翻转Polar译码算法

针对串行抵消翻转译码算法(Successive Cancellation Flip,SCF)受限于单比特翻转而性能提升有限问题,提出了一种双比特翻转译码算法(Successive Cancellation Flip with 2 Bits,SCF2)。针对SCP算法扰动方差初始值固定的问题,设计了一种扰动方差可随码长和码率变化的改进SCP算法。在此基础上,结合翻转和扰动机制,提出了一种动态扰动辅助的串行抵消双比特翻转(Dynamic Perturbation-Aided SCF2,DPA-SCF2)译码算法,并对其译码复杂度和性能进行了分析。仿真结果显示,相比于列表长度为4的循环冗余校验辅助串行抵消列表(Cyclic Redundancy Check Aided Successive Cancellation List,CA-SCL)译码算法,所提算法最大可获得约0.5 dB的性能增益。

Hybrid-Vlasov simulation of soft X-ray emissions at the Earth’s dayside magnetospheric boundaries

Solar wind charge exchange produces emissions in the soft X-ray energy range which can enable the study of near-Earth space regions such as the magnetopause,the magnetosheath and the polar cusps by remote sensing techniques.The Solar wind Magnetosphere Ionosphere Link Explorer(SMILE)and Lunar Environment heliospheric X-ray Imager(LEXI)missions aim to obtain soft Xray images of near-Earth space thanks to their Soft X-ray Imager(SXI)instruments.While earlier modeling works have already simulated soft X-ray images as might be obtained by SMILE SXI during its mission,the numerical models used so far are all based on the magnetohydrodynamics description of the space plasma.To investigate the possible signatures of ion-kinetic-scale processes in soft Xray images,we use for the first time a global hybrid-Vlasov simulation of the geospace from the Vlasiator model.The simulation is driven by fast and tenuous solar wind conditions and purely southward interplanetary magnetic field.We first produce global X-ray images of the dayside near-Earth space by placing a virtual imaging satellite at two different locations,providing meridional and equatorial views.We then analyze regional features present in the images and show that they correspond to signatures in soft X-ray emissions of mirrormode wave structures in the magnetosheath and flux transfer events(FTEs)at the magnetopause.Our results suggest that,although the time scales associated with the motion of those transient phenomena will likely be significantly smaller than the integration time of the SMILE and LEXI imagers,mirror-mode structures and FTEs can cumulatively produce detectable signatures in the soft X-ray images.For instance,a local increase by 30%in the proton density at the dayside magnetopause resulting from the transit of multiple FTEs leads to a 12%enhancement in the line-of-sight-and time-integrated soft X-ray emissivity originating from this region.Likewise,a proton density increase by 14%in the magnetosheath associated with mirror-mode structures can result in an enhancement in the soft X-ray signal by 4%.These are likely conservative estimates,given that the solar wind conditions used in the Vlasiator run can be expected to generate weaker soft X-ray emissions than the more common denser solar wind.These results will contribute to the preparatory work for the SMILE and LEXI missions by providing the community with quantitative estimates of the effects of small-scale,transient phenomena occurring on the dayside.

Studies on the phase properties of lyotropic liquid crystals of Brij35/sodium oleate/oleic acid/water system: By means of polarizing microscope, SAXS, 2H-NMR and rheological methods

The pseudo-quaternary phase diagram of Brij35/sodium oleate/oleic acid/water systems has been investigated, and the liquid crystal area has been identified, which covers about two thirds of the whole phase diagram. The liquid crystal structure and behavior have been also studied by using polarizing texture, small angle X-ray scattering, 2H-NMR and rheometer etc. The result shows that when the composition of the system changes along the line of AA′ in this large liquid crystal region, the structural change is cubic→cubic/lamellar→lamellar→lamellar/hexagonal→hexagonal. Meanwhile, we made the first attempt of systematic study of the rheological properties of the above system. The lattice constants of cubic and hexagonal liquid crystals are 10.53 and 5.68 nm, respectively.

Cell polarization in ischemic stroke: molecular mechanisms and advances

Ischemic stroke is a cerebrovascular disease associated with high mortality and disability rates. Since the inflammation and immune response play a central role in driving ischemic damage, it becomes essential to modulate excessive inflammatory reactions to promote cell survival and facilitate tissue repair around the injury site. Various cell types are involved in the inflammatory response, including microglia, astrocytes, and neutrophils, each exhibiting distinct phenotypic profiles upon stimulation. They display either proinflammatory or anti-inflammatory states, a phenomenon known as ‘cell polarization.’ There are two cell polarization therapy strategies. The first involves inducing cells into a neuroprotective phenotype in vitro, then reintroducing them autologously. The second approach utilizes small molecular substances to directly affect cells in vivo. In this review, we elucidate the polarization dynamics of the three reactive cell populations(microglia, astrocytes, and neutrophils) in the context of ischemic stroke, and provide a comprehensive summary of the molecular mechanisms involved in their phenotypic switching. By unraveling the complexity of cell polarization, we hope to offer insights for future research on neuroinflammation and novel therapeutic strategies for ischemic stroke.

Valleytronic topological filters in silicene-like inner-edge systems

Inner edge state with spin and valley degrees of freedom is a promising candidate for designing a dissipationless device due to the topological protection. The central challenge for the application of the inner edge state is to generate and modulate the polarized currents. In this work, we discover a new mechanism to generate fully valley-and spin–valley-polarized current caused by the Bloch wavevector mismatch(BWM). Based on this mechanism, we design some serial-typed inner-edge filters. By using once of the BWM, the coincident states could be divided into transmitted and reflected modes, which can serve as a valley or spin–valley filter. In particular, while with twice of the BWM, the incident current is absolutely reflected to support an off state with a specified valley and spin, which is different from the gap effect.These findings give rise to a new platform for designing valleytronics and spin-valleytronics.

Linear dichroism transition and polarization-sensitive photodetector of quasi-one-dimensional palladium bromide

Perpendicular optical reversal of the linear dichroism transition has promising applications in polarization-sensitive optoelectronic devices. We perform a systematical study on the in-plane optical anisotropy of quasi-one-dimensional PdBr_(2) by using combined measurements of the angle-resolved polarized Raman spectroscopy(ARPRS) and anisotropic optical absorption spectrum. The analyses of ARPRS data validate the anisotropic Raman properties of the PdBr_(2) flake.And anisotropic optical absorption spectrum of PdBr_(2) nanoflake demonstrates distinct optical linear dichroism reversal. Photodetector constructed by PdBr_(2) nanowire exhibits high responsivity of 747 A·W^(-1) and specific detectivity of 5.8×10^(12) Jones. And the photodetector demonstrates prominent polarization-sensitive photoresponsivity under 405-nm light irradiation with large photocurrent anisotropy ratio of 1.56, which is superior to those of most of previously reported quasi-one-dimensional counterparts. Our study offers fundamental insights into the strong optical anisotropy exhibited by PdBr_(2), establishing it as a promising candidate for miniaturization and integration trends of polarization-related applications.