An ever increasing demand for new lead compounds in the pharmaceutical industry has led scientists to search for natural bioactive products.Based on this extensive research,marine invertebrates now represent a rich so...An ever increasing demand for new lead compounds in the pharmaceutical industry has led scientists to search for natural bioactive products.Based on this extensive research,marine invertebrates now represent a rich source of novel substances with significant antineoplastic activities.As the current approach of synthesizing new and chemically modifying old drugs seems to have slowed down,and the identification of new anticancer drugs is not too promising,a new approach is clearly needed.The objective of this review is to present up-to-date data on these newer compounds.Based on the data summarized in this short review,it is clear that marine invertebrates represent an extremely important source of compounds with potential anti-cancer effects.Considering that we tested only a tiny number of Porifera and Coelenterata,the best is yet to come.展开更多
Here is currently little consensus on the branching order and phyletic status of the oldest metazoan groups, but sponges are widely believed to be the earliestbranching living metazoans. Porifera are thought to have d...Here is currently little consensus on the branching order and phyletic status of the oldest metazoan groups, but sponges are widely believed to be the earliestbranching living metazoans. Porifera are thought to have diverged before the emergence of developmental characters typical of Eumetazoa, such as well-defined symmetry; extant sponges show radial symmetry of indeterminate high order, or none, combined with polarisation along the axis. In contrast, other early-branching phyla include bilateral and tetraradial(Cnidaria) and biradial(Ctenophora) symmetry, or none(Placozoa). A variety of prismatic early fossil sponges had shown here where the shared symmetry has been overlooked, and also describe structural tetraradial symmetry in Cambrian sponges from South China. Based on this study, this symmetry is likely to have been a primitive feature of sponges, and that the earliest-known fossil sponges were highly organised, cellularly integrated individuals whose body form was under strict genetic control.展开更多
Various early Paleozoic （Cambrian Series 3-Middle Ordovician） reefs are found in the Taebaek Group, eastern Korea, located in the eastern margin of the Sino-Korean Block. They occur in every carbonate-dominant litho...Various early Paleozoic （Cambrian Series 3-Middle Ordovician） reefs are found in the Taebaek Group, eastern Korea, located in the eastern margin of the Sino-Korean Block. They occur in every carbonate-dominant lithostratigraphic unit of the group, but their morphology and composition differ markedly. The Daegi Formation （middle Cambrian： Cambrian Series 3） contains siliceous sponge-Epiphyton reefs formed in a shallow subtidal environment, which is one of the earliest metazoan-bearing microbial reefs after the archaeocyath extinction. The Hwajeol Formation （upper Cambrian： Furongian） encloses sporadic dendrolites consisting of Angulocellularia, which developed in a relatively deep subtidal environment, representing a rare deeper water example. The onset of the Ordovician radiation resulted in the formation of microbialite-Archaeoscyphia-calathiid patch reefs in shallow subtidal deposits of the Lower Ordovician Dumugol Formation. Subsequent late Early Ordovician relative sea-level fall established extensive peritidal environments, forming microbial mats and stromatolites of the Lower-Middle Ordovician Makgol Formation. Ensuing Ordovician radiation resulted in one of the earliest metazoan skeletal reefs of the Middle Ordovician Duwibong Formation, constructed by stromatoporoid Cystostroma and bryozoan Nicholsonella, and developed around shallow shoals. These reefs reflect ongoing evolution and sea-level change during the early Paleozoic, and exemplify a rare glimpse of peri-Gondwanan records of reef evolution, which warrant detailed investigations and comparison with their counterparts in other regions.展开更多
We report on a hexactinellid sponge new to science,Walteria demeterae sp.nov.,which was collected from the northwestern Pacific seamounts at depths of 1271–1703 m.Its tubular and basiphytous body,extensive lateral pr...We report on a hexactinellid sponge new to science,Walteria demeterae sp.nov.,which was collected from the northwestern Pacific seamounts at depths of 1271–1703 m.Its tubular and basiphytous body,extensive lateral processes,numerous oval lateral oscula which are irregularly situated in the body wall,the presence of microscleres with oxyoidal,discoidal and onychoidal outer ends,and the absence of anchorate discohexasters,indicate it belongs to the genus Walteria of family Euplectellidae,which is also supported by molecular phylogenetic evidence from 18 S,28 S,16 S rRNA and cytochrome c oxidase subunit I(COI)gene sequences.The unique morphotype,which is structured by a thin and rigid framework of body wall and lateral processes consisting of diactins,characterizes it as a new species.Local aggregations of individuals of this new species coupled with their associated macrofauna in the Suda Seamount are reported,highlighting its functional significance in providing biogenic microhabitats in the deep sea.展开更多
The overgrowth of octocorals by sponges is generally disadvantageous for the octocorals. When the growth of octocoral populations increases the reefs’ structural complexity, more substrate space becomes available for...The overgrowth of octocorals by sponges is generally disadvantageous for the octocorals. When the growth of octocoral populations increases the reefs’ structural complexity, more substrate space becomes available for epibionts to grow. One of these epibionts is the sponge Desmapsamma anchorata, known to grow exponentially faster than other sponges, and for its ability to overwhelm the substrate over which it grows. Our objective in this study is to determine if the overgrowth of branching octocorals by varying sponges is defined only by species-specific interactions, or if some physical attributes make this octocoral more susceptible to being overgrown than others. To determine this, on a reef south of Carrie Bow Cay, Belize, we monitored the attachment of various demosponges to branching octocorals in a series of experiments to assess the response effect of the interactions and properties leading to attachment and subsequent sponge overgrowth on branching octocorals. Substrate effects, species-specific reactions, and time of exposure were considered. Additionally, following successful-attachment, preliminary growth rates of two sponge species epizoic on two octocoral species were monitored. Differences in the observed interaction between species and treatments were analyzed with a multinomial response model to isolate a species-specific effect from other interacting effects of the properties tested. Results indicate that time of exposure of a sponge in direct contact with the octocoral fragment significantly affects the outcome of the interaction;secondly, physical properties and species-specific interactions also influence the attachment. Following the successful attachment to an octocoral, the growth of the sponge varies as a function of the sponge’s differential growth rate and the substrate species over which it grows. In the context of species successions, understanding interactions between coralreef organisms is important as these interactions explain species composition and diversity, and provide a basis for the prediction of future changes in complex reef communities.展开更多
Sponges are known for their symbiotic associations with bacteria and to a lesser extent with fungi.It has been argued that the association between fungi and sponges is not truly symbiotic,and fungal presence is incide...Sponges are known for their symbiotic associations with bacteria and to a lesser extent with fungi.It has been argued that the association between fungi and sponges is not truly symbiotic,and fungal presence is incidental.Nevertheless,a vertically transmitted endosymbiotic yeast has been observed by transmission electron microscopy in sponges of the genus Chondrilla.Our work was focused on documenting the presence of yeasts associated with marine sponges from Puerto Rico.Sponge samples were taken from healthy mature colonies of Ircinia strobilina,Tedania ignis,and Chondrilla caribensis.A total of 36 yeast morphotypes were isolated and analysed by sequencing the nuclear ribosomal ITS region.Saccharomyces cerevisiae,was isolated from all the samples,comprising the first report of this yeast as a common inhabitant in marine sponges.Other yeasts isolated include the halophilic black yeast,Hortaea werneckii,and an unidentified species belongs to the Sporidiobolales(Basidiomycota).The high isolation frequency of S.cerevisiae from our sponge samples supports the possibility that Saccharomyces cerevisiae as an active member of the sponges’microbial community.展开更多
The Limski kanal, a semi-closed inlet (channel-like bay) located on the western coast of Istria (Croatia), is an extraordinary sponge habitat. Research on the marine ecosystem has been conducted there for more than 10...The Limski kanal, a semi-closed inlet (channel-like bay) located on the western coast of Istria (Croatia), is an extraordinary sponge habitat. Research on the marine ecosystem has been conducted there for more than 100 years. Today, 42 valid Porifera species are described. 139 species are listed for the area around Rovinj and 159 species for the northern Adriatic Sea. While several scientists described the sponge fauna, information on the abiotic situation or an explanation for the diversity differences is missing. This study interprets physicochemical and ecological parameters including depth profiles (temperature, salinity, pH-value, oxygen, water current velocity, photosynthetically active radiation [PAR], water transparency and nutrients). Their variances are linked with the distribution patterns of the prevailing sponge fauna. The channel is characterised as predominantly marine habitat. Although a shallow sediment barrier and a headland reduce the impact of the northern Adriatic Sea, differences between the channel and the open sea seem to be limited. Compared to the more homogenous water body of the Adriatic sampling locations, the channel shows variations and gradients of ecological parameters between different locations (e.g., due to freshwater influx: nutrients, temperature, oxygen content, salinity and water current velocity) – this offering habitat diversity. The sponge fauna changes along those ecological gradients. It is dominated by the photophilic species Aplysina aerophoba and Chondrilla nucula, but sciaphilic species such as Dysidea avara, Axinella polypoides and Aplysina cavernicola can be found, too. Some specialised species (e.g., Geodia cydonium, Tethya aurantium) even populate the muddy bottom of the channel.展开更多
本文描述了云南寒武纪早期澄江生物群中原始单轴针海绵化石一新属种——群体小卵海绵Ovulispongia multa gen. et sp. nov.。群体小卵海绵为小型薄壁海绵,整体呈卵形,骨骼双层,由四个方向的单轴骨针穿插成网状,左倾方向和右倾方向骨针...本文描述了云南寒武纪早期澄江生物群中原始单轴针海绵化石一新属种——群体小卵海绵Ovulispongia multa gen. et sp. nov.。群体小卵海绵为小型薄壁海绵,整体呈卵形,骨骼双层,由四个方向的单轴骨针穿插成网状,左倾方向和右倾方向骨针与水平骨针和纵向骨针斜交呈45度角;骨针之间无叠接;海绵体无口须和根须。群体小卵海绵在外部形态和骨架类型上与其他的原始单轴针海绵存在明显差异,其半紧密型骨架处于无规则排列的鬃毛海绵骨架和规则排列的细丝海绵骨架之间。另外新材料显示在海底固着取食的生态环境中,新属种用高密度的个体分布来获得竞争优势。群体小卵海绵独特的过渡形态的骨架结构和高密度生态分布为研究古生代原始单轴针海绵的骨架演化与生态空间扩张之间的关系提供了线索,也为研究寒武纪早期海绵动物的起源和多样化提供新的化石材料。展开更多
The capacity of all cells to respond to stimuli implies the conduction of information at least over short distances.In multicellular organisms,more complex systems of integration and coordination of activities are nec...The capacity of all cells to respond to stimuli implies the conduction of information at least over short distances.In multicellular organisms,more complex systems of integration and coordination of activities are necessary.In most animals,the processing of information is performed by a nervous system.Among the most basal taxa,sponges are nerveless so that it is traditionally assumed that the integrated neuro-sensory system originated only once in Eumetazoa,a hypothesis not in agreement with some recent phylogenomic studies.The aim of this review is to show that recent data on sponges might provide clues for understanding the origin of this complex system.First,sponges are able to react to external stimuli,and some of them display spontaneous movement activities.These coordinated behaviors involve nervous system-like mechanisms,such as action potentials and/or neurotransmitters.Second,genomic analyses show that sponges possess genes orthologous to those involved in the patterning or function-ing of the neuro-sensory system in Eumetazoa.Finally,some of these genes are expressed in specific cells(flask cells,choanocytes).Together with ultrastructural data,this gives rise to challenging hypotheses concerning cell types that might play neuro-sensory-like roles in sponges.展开更多
文摘An ever increasing demand for new lead compounds in the pharmaceutical industry has led scientists to search for natural bioactive products.Based on this extensive research,marine invertebrates now represent a rich source of novel substances with significant antineoplastic activities.As the current approach of synthesizing new and chemically modifying old drugs seems to have slowed down,and the identification of new anticancer drugs is not too promising,a new approach is clearly needed.The objective of this review is to present up-to-date data on these newer compounds.Based on the data summarized in this short review,it is clear that marine invertebrates represent an extremely important source of compounds with potential anti-cancer effects.Considering that we tested only a tiny number of Porifera and Coelenterata,the best is yet to come.
基金supported by the Chinese Academy ofSciences(KZZD-EW-02)the Project-Oriented Hundred TalentsProgram of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(KZCX2-YW-BR-23)the National Science Foundation of China Research Fellowshipfor International Young Scientists(41150110152)
文摘Here is currently little consensus on the branching order and phyletic status of the oldest metazoan groups, but sponges are widely believed to be the earliestbranching living metazoans. Porifera are thought to have diverged before the emergence of developmental characters typical of Eumetazoa, such as well-defined symmetry; extant sponges show radial symmetry of indeterminate high order, or none, combined with polarisation along the axis. In contrast, other early-branching phyla include bilateral and tetraradial(Cnidaria) and biradial(Ctenophora) symmetry, or none(Placozoa). A variety of prismatic early fossil sponges had shown here where the shared symmetry has been overlooked, and also describe structural tetraradial symmetry in Cambrian sponges from South China. Based on this study, this symmetry is likely to have been a primitive feature of sponges, and that the earliest-known fossil sponges were highly organised, cellularly integrated individuals whose body form was under strict genetic control.
基金supported by a Korea University Grant to JHL and JHby Korean Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries(KOPRI,PM14030) to JW+2 种基金by the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF-2013R1A2A2A 01067612) to DJLby the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF-2015R1A2A2A01007063)a grant from Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning and Ministry of Knowledge and Economy(2011201030006B) to SJC
文摘Various early Paleozoic （Cambrian Series 3-Middle Ordovician） reefs are found in the Taebaek Group, eastern Korea, located in the eastern margin of the Sino-Korean Block. They occur in every carbonate-dominant lithostratigraphic unit of the group, but their morphology and composition differ markedly. The Daegi Formation （middle Cambrian： Cambrian Series 3） contains siliceous sponge-Epiphyton reefs formed in a shallow subtidal environment, which is one of the earliest metazoan-bearing microbial reefs after the archaeocyath extinction. The Hwajeol Formation （upper Cambrian： Furongian） encloses sporadic dendrolites consisting of Angulocellularia, which developed in a relatively deep subtidal environment, representing a rare deeper water example. The onset of the Ordovician radiation resulted in the formation of microbialite-Archaeoscyphia-calathiid patch reefs in shallow subtidal deposits of the Lower Ordovician Dumugol Formation. Subsequent late Early Ordovician relative sea-level fall established extensive peritidal environments, forming microbial mats and stromatolites of the Lower-Middle Ordovician Makgol Formation. Ensuing Ordovician radiation resulted in one of the earliest metazoan skeletal reefs of the Middle Ordovician Duwibong Formation, constructed by stromatoporoid Cystostroma and bryozoan Nicholsonella, and developed around shallow shoals. These reefs reflect ongoing evolution and sea-level change during the early Paleozoic, and exemplify a rare glimpse of peri-Gondwanan records of reef evolution, which warrant detailed investigations and comparison with their counterparts in other regions.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract No.41706149the Foundation of China Ocean Mineral Resources R&D Association under contract Nos DY135-E2-2-03 and DY135-E2-2-06the Scientific Research Fund of the Second Institute of Oceanography,Ministry of Natural Resources,under contract No.JG1716
文摘We report on a hexactinellid sponge new to science,Walteria demeterae sp.nov.,which was collected from the northwestern Pacific seamounts at depths of 1271–1703 m.Its tubular and basiphytous body,extensive lateral processes,numerous oval lateral oscula which are irregularly situated in the body wall,the presence of microscleres with oxyoidal,discoidal and onychoidal outer ends,and the absence of anchorate discohexasters,indicate it belongs to the genus Walteria of family Euplectellidae,which is also supported by molecular phylogenetic evidence from 18 S,28 S,16 S rRNA and cytochrome c oxidase subunit I(COI)gene sequences.The unique morphotype,which is structured by a thin and rigid framework of body wall and lateral processes consisting of diactins,characterizes it as a new species.Local aggregations of individuals of this new species coupled with their associated macrofauna in the Suda Seamount are reported,highlighting its functional significance in providing biogenic microhabitats in the deep sea.
文摘The overgrowth of octocorals by sponges is generally disadvantageous for the octocorals. When the growth of octocoral populations increases the reefs’ structural complexity, more substrate space becomes available for epibionts to grow. One of these epibionts is the sponge Desmapsamma anchorata, known to grow exponentially faster than other sponges, and for its ability to overwhelm the substrate over which it grows. Our objective in this study is to determine if the overgrowth of branching octocorals by varying sponges is defined only by species-specific interactions, or if some physical attributes make this octocoral more susceptible to being overgrown than others. To determine this, on a reef south of Carrie Bow Cay, Belize, we monitored the attachment of various demosponges to branching octocorals in a series of experiments to assess the response effect of the interactions and properties leading to attachment and subsequent sponge overgrowth on branching octocorals. Substrate effects, species-specific reactions, and time of exposure were considered. Additionally, following successful-attachment, preliminary growth rates of two sponge species epizoic on two octocoral species were monitored. Differences in the observed interaction between species and treatments were analyzed with a multinomial response model to isolate a species-specific effect from other interacting effects of the properties tested. Results indicate that time of exposure of a sponge in direct contact with the octocoral fragment significantly affects the outcome of the interaction;secondly, physical properties and species-specific interactions also influence the attachment. Following the successful attachment to an octocoral, the growth of the sponge varies as a function of the sponge’s differential growth rate and the substrate species over which it grows. In the context of species successions, understanding interactions between coralreef organisms is important as these interactions explain species composition and diversity, and provide a basis for the prediction of future changes in complex reef communities.
基金supported by the Howard Hughes Medical Institute(HHMI 2012-NCE).
文摘Sponges are known for their symbiotic associations with bacteria and to a lesser extent with fungi.It has been argued that the association between fungi and sponges is not truly symbiotic,and fungal presence is incidental.Nevertheless,a vertically transmitted endosymbiotic yeast has been observed by transmission electron microscopy in sponges of the genus Chondrilla.Our work was focused on documenting the presence of yeasts associated with marine sponges from Puerto Rico.Sponge samples were taken from healthy mature colonies of Ircinia strobilina,Tedania ignis,and Chondrilla caribensis.A total of 36 yeast morphotypes were isolated and analysed by sequencing the nuclear ribosomal ITS region.Saccharomyces cerevisiae,was isolated from all the samples,comprising the first report of this yeast as a common inhabitant in marine sponges.Other yeasts isolated include the halophilic black yeast,Hortaea werneckii,and an unidentified species belongs to the Sporidiobolales(Basidiomycota).The high isolation frequency of S.cerevisiae from our sponge samples supports the possibility that Saccharomyces cerevisiae as an active member of the sponges’microbial community.
基金part of the BIOTECmarin project supported by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research(BMBF,03F0414D)and the Universitat Stuttgart
文摘The Limski kanal, a semi-closed inlet (channel-like bay) located on the western coast of Istria (Croatia), is an extraordinary sponge habitat. Research on the marine ecosystem has been conducted there for more than 100 years. Today, 42 valid Porifera species are described. 139 species are listed for the area around Rovinj and 159 species for the northern Adriatic Sea. While several scientists described the sponge fauna, information on the abiotic situation or an explanation for the diversity differences is missing. This study interprets physicochemical and ecological parameters including depth profiles (temperature, salinity, pH-value, oxygen, water current velocity, photosynthetically active radiation [PAR], water transparency and nutrients). Their variances are linked with the distribution patterns of the prevailing sponge fauna. The channel is characterised as predominantly marine habitat. Although a shallow sediment barrier and a headland reduce the impact of the northern Adriatic Sea, differences between the channel and the open sea seem to be limited. Compared to the more homogenous water body of the Adriatic sampling locations, the channel shows variations and gradients of ecological parameters between different locations (e.g., due to freshwater influx: nutrients, temperature, oxygen content, salinity and water current velocity) – this offering habitat diversity. The sponge fauna changes along those ecological gradients. It is dominated by the photophilic species Aplysina aerophoba and Chondrilla nucula, but sciaphilic species such as Dysidea avara, Axinella polypoides and Aplysina cavernicola can be found, too. Some specialised species (e.g., Geodia cydonium, Tethya aurantium) even populate the muddy bottom of the channel.
文摘本文描述了云南寒武纪早期澄江生物群中原始单轴针海绵化石一新属种——群体小卵海绵Ovulispongia multa gen. et sp. nov.。群体小卵海绵为小型薄壁海绵,整体呈卵形,骨骼双层,由四个方向的单轴骨针穿插成网状,左倾方向和右倾方向骨针与水平骨针和纵向骨针斜交呈45度角;骨针之间无叠接;海绵体无口须和根须。群体小卵海绵在外部形态和骨架类型上与其他的原始单轴针海绵存在明显差异,其半紧密型骨架处于无规则排列的鬃毛海绵骨架和规则排列的细丝海绵骨架之间。另外新材料显示在海底固着取食的生态环境中,新属种用高密度的个体分布来获得竞争优势。群体小卵海绵独特的过渡形态的骨架结构和高密度生态分布为研究古生代原始单轴针海绵的骨架演化与生态空间扩张之间的关系提供了线索,也为研究寒武纪早期海绵动物的起源和多样化提供新的化石材料。
基金supported by the following programs:the Russian Foundation for Basic Research(RFBR No.09-04-00337)the European Marie Curie Mobility program(Fellowship of A.Ereskovsky,MIF1-CT-2006-040065).
文摘The capacity of all cells to respond to stimuli implies the conduction of information at least over short distances.In multicellular organisms,more complex systems of integration and coordination of activities are necessary.In most animals,the processing of information is performed by a nervous system.Among the most basal taxa,sponges are nerveless so that it is traditionally assumed that the integrated neuro-sensory system originated only once in Eumetazoa,a hypothesis not in agreement with some recent phylogenomic studies.The aim of this review is to show that recent data on sponges might provide clues for understanding the origin of this complex system.First,sponges are able to react to external stimuli,and some of them display spontaneous movement activities.These coordinated behaviors involve nervous system-like mechanisms,such as action potentials and/or neurotransmitters.Second,genomic analyses show that sponges possess genes orthologous to those involved in the patterning or function-ing of the neuro-sensory system in Eumetazoa.Finally,some of these genes are expressed in specific cells(flask cells,choanocytes).Together with ultrastructural data,this gives rise to challenging hypotheses concerning cell types that might play neuro-sensory-like roles in sponges.
