Stochastic seismic inversion and Bayesian facies classification applied to porosity modeling and igneous rock identification

We apply stochastic seismic inversion and Bayesian facies classification for porosity modeling and igneous rock identification in the presalt interval of the Santos Basin. This integration of seismic and well-derived information enhances reservoir characterization. Stochastic inversion and Bayesian classification are powerful tools because they permit addressing the uncertainties in the model. We used the ES-MDA algorithm to achieve the realizations equivalent to the percentiles P10, P50, and P90 of acoustic impedance, a novel method for acoustic inversion in presalt. The facies were divided into five: reservoir 1,reservoir 2, tight carbonates, clayey rocks, and igneous rocks. To deal with the overlaps in acoustic impedance values of facies, we included geological information using a priori probability, indicating that structural highs are reservoir-dominated. To illustrate our approach, we conducted porosity modeling using facies-related rock-physics models for rock-physics inversion in an area with a well drilled in a coquina bank and evaluated the thickness and extension of an igneous intrusion near the carbonate-salt interface. The modeled porosity and the classified seismic facies are in good agreement with the ones observed in the wells. Notably, the coquinas bank presents an improvement in the porosity towards the top. The a priori probability model was crucial for limiting the clayey rocks to the structural lows. In Well B, the hit rate of the igneous rock in the three scenarios is higher than 60%, showing an excellent thickness-prediction capability.

Effect of slow shot speed on externally solidified crystal,porosity and tensile property in a newly developed high-pressure die-cast Al-Si alloy

The effect of slow shot speed on externally solidified crystal(ESC),porosity and tensile property in a newly developed high-pressure die-cast Al-Si alloy was investigated by optical microscopy(OM),scanning electron microscopy(SEM)and laboratory computed tomography(CT).Results showed that the newly developed AlSi9MnMoV alloy exhibited improved mechanical properties when compared to the AlSi10MnMg alloy.The AlSi9MnMoV alloy,which was designed with trace multicomponent additions,displays a notable grain refining effect in comparison to the AlSi10MnMg alloy.Refining elements Ti,Zr,V,Nb,B promote heterogeneous nucleation and reduce the grain size of primaryα-Al.At a lower slow shot speed,the large ESCs are easier to form and gather,developing into the dendrite net and net-shrinkage.With an increase in slow shot speed,the size and number of ESCs and porosities significantly reduce.In addition,the distribution of ESCs is more dispersed and the net-shrinkage disappears.The tensile property is greatly improved by adopting a higher slow shot speed.The ultimate tensile strength is enhanced from 260.31 MPa to 290.31 MPa(increased by 11.52%),and the elongation is enhanced from 3.72%to 6.34%(increased by 70.52%).

Diagenetic history and porosity evolution of the Middle Permian clastic-carbonate mixed system,Indus Basin,Pakistan:Implications for reservoir development

This study deals with unraveling the diagenesis-induced porosity evolution in a mixed clastic-carbonate sequence of the Middle Permian Indus Basin,Pakistan.Multiple data sets including outcrop,petrography,cathodoluminescence,scanning electron microscopy(SEM),mineralogy,and geochemical isotopic compositions were integrated to establish a link between porosity evolution and diagenesis.The spatial thickness and facies variations of the strata at outcrop scale are inherently controlled by the underlying bathymetry of the basin with deepening westward trend.The low values ofδ^(18)O of the target strata,relative to average values of the Permian carbonate,hints to diagenetic alteration in the strata.The data sets used in this study reveal modification of the strata in four environments,that is,i)early marine diagenesis indicated by micritization,pervasive dolomitization and isopachous fibrous cements,followed by ii)meteoric dissolution,and iii)shallow burial diagenetic processes including the precipitation of blocky cement,compaction of skeletal and non-skeletal allochems,and stylolites,and iv)a deep burial environment,characterized by pressure solution,and micro-fractures.The clastic intervals host subangular to subrounded quartz grains,floating textures,and almost complete absence of deleterious clay minerals,consequently resulting in the preservation of primary porosity.The primary porosity of carbonate intervals is preserved in the form of intercrystalline and intracrystalline porosity.The secondary porosity evolved through various diagenetic phases in the form of fractures and dissolution.The diagenetic solution mediated by organic matter in carbonates may have experienced both bacterial decomposition and thermochemical sulfate reduction,precipitating sulfides within the pores.The plug porosity/permeability analyses generally suggest high porosity in the siliciclastic unit,and carbonates with wackestone fabric while lower values were observed for the inner shelf pure carbonate facies.However,both intervals show very low permeability values probably due to isolated moldic pores and intense micritization.Therefore,clastic intervals may provide an opportunity to serve as a moderate reservoir;however,the carbonate intervals possess very low permeability values and could generally be considered as low-moderate reservoir potential.

A study on the temperature sensitivity of NMR porosity in porous media based on the intensity of magnetization Dedicated to the special issue “Magnetic Resonance in Porous Media”

The measurement of nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR)porosity is affected by temperature.Without considering the impact of NMR logging tools,this phenomenon is mainly caused by variations in magnetization intensity of the measured system due to temperature fluctuations and difference between the temperature of the porous medium and calibration sample.In this study,the effect of temperature was explained based on the thermodynamic theory,and the rules of NMR porosity responses to temperature changes were identified through core physics experiments.In addition,a method for correcting the influence of temperature on NMR porosity measurement was proposed,and the possible factors that may affect its application were also discussed.

Regression analysis and its application to oil and gas exploration:A case study of hydrocarbon loss recovery and porosity prediction,China

In oil and gas exploration,elucidating the complex interdependencies among geological variables is paramount.Our study introduces the application of sophisticated regression analysis method at the forefront,aiming not just at predicting geophysical logging curve values but also innovatively mitigate hydrocarbon depletion observed in geochemical logging.Through a rigorous assessment,we explore the efficacy of eight regression models,bifurcated into linear and nonlinear groups,to accommodate the multifaceted nature of geological datasets.Our linear model suite encompasses the Standard Equation,Ridge Regression,Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator,and Elastic Net,each presenting distinct advantages.The Standard Equation serves as a foundational benchmark,whereas Ridge Regression implements penalty terms to counteract overfitting,thus bolstering model robustness in the presence of multicollinearity.The Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator for variable selection functions to streamline models,enhancing their interpretability,while Elastic Net amalgamates the merits of Ridge Regression and Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator,offering a harmonized solution to model complexity and comprehensibility.On the nonlinear front,Gradient Descent,Kernel Ridge Regression,Support Vector Regression,and Piecewise Function-Fitting methods introduce innovative approaches.Gradient Descent assures computational efficiency in optimizing solutions,Kernel Ridge Regression leverages the kernel trick to navigate nonlinear patterns,and Support Vector Regression is proficient in forecasting extremities,pivotal for exploration risk assessment.The Piecewise Function-Fitting approach,tailored for geological data,facilitates adaptable modeling of variable interrelations,accommodating abrupt data trend shifts.Our analysis identifies Ridge Regression,particularly when augmented by Piecewise Function-Fitting,as superior in recouping hydrocarbon losses,and underscoring its utility in resource quantification refinement.Meanwhile,Kernel Ridge Regression emerges as a noteworthy strategy in ameliorating porosity-logging curve prediction for well A,evidencing its aptness for intricate geological structures.This research attests to the scientific ascendancy and broad-spectrum relevance of these regression techniques over conventional methods while heralding new horizons for their deployment in the oil and gas sector.The insights garnered from these advanced modeling strategies are set to transform geological and engineering practices in hydrocarbon prediction,evaluation,and recovery.

Insight to the enhanced microwave absorption of porous N-doped carbon driven by ZIF-8:Competition between graphitization and porosity

Porous carbon-based materials are promised to be lightweight dielectric microwave absorbents.Deeply understanding the influence of graphitization grade and porous structure on the dielectric parameters is urgently required.Herein,utilizing the low boiling point of Zn,porous N-doped carbon was fabricated by carbonization of ZIF-8(Zn)at different temperature,and the microwave absorption performance was investigated.The porous N-doped carbon inherits the high porosity of ZIF-8 precursor.By increasing the carbonization temperature,the contents of Zn and N elements are decreased;the graphitization degree is improved;however,the specific surface area and porosity are increased first and then decreased.When the carbonization temperature is 1000°C,the porous N-doped carbon behaves enhanced microwave absorption.With an ultrathin thickness of 1.29 mm,the ideal RL reaches-50.57 dB at 16.95 GHz and the effective absorption bandwidth is 4.17 GHz.The mechanism of boosted microwave absorption is ascribed to the competition of graphitization and porosity as well as N dopants,resulting in high dielectric loss capacity and good impedance matching.The porous structure can prolong the pathways and raise the contact opportunity between microwaves and porous carbon,causing multiple scattering,interface polarization,and improved impedance matching.Besides,the N dopants can induce electron polarization and defect polarization.These results give a new insight to construct lightweight carbon-based microwave absorbents by regulating the graphitization and porosity.

Porosity, permeability and rock mechanics of Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation deep shale under temperature-pressure coupling in the Sichuan Basin, SW China

To investigate the porosity, permeability and rock mechanics of deep shale under temperature-pressure coupling, we selected the core samples of deep shale from the Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation in the Weirong and Yongchuan areas of the Sichuan Basin for porosity and permeability experiments and a triaxial compression and sound wave integration experiment at the maximum temperature and pressure of 120 ℃ and 70 MPa. The results show that the microscopic porosity and permeability change and the macroscopic rock deformation are mutually constrained, both showing the trend of steep and then gentle variation. At the maximum temperature and pressure, the porosity reduces by 34%–71%, and the permeability decreases by 85%–97%. With the rising temperature and pressure, deep shale undergoes plastic deformation in which organic pores and clay mineral pores are compressed and microfractures are closed, and elastic deformation in which brittle mineral pores and rock skeleton particles are compacted. Compared with previous experiments under high confining pressure and normal temperature,the experiment under high temperature and high pressure coupling reveals the effect of high temperature on stress sensitivity of porosity and permeability. High temperature can increase the plasticity of the rock, intensify the compression of pores due to high confining pressure, and induce thermal stress between the rock skeleton particles, allowing the reopening of shale bedding or the creation of new fractures along weak planes such as bedding, which inhibits the decrease of permeability with the increase of temperature and confining pressure. Compared with the triaxial mechanical experiment at normal temperature, the triaxial compression experiment at high temperature and high pressure demonstrates that the compressive strength and peak strain of deep shale increase significantly due to the coupling of temperature and pressure. The compressive strength is up to 435 MPa and the peak strain exceeds 2%, indicating that high temperature is not conducive to fracture initiation and expansion by increasing rock plasticity. Lithofacies and mineral composition have great impacts on the porosity, permeability and rock mechanics of deep shale. Shales with different lithologies are different in the difficulty and extent of brittle failure. The stress-strain characteristics of rocks under actual geological conditions are key support to the optimization of reservoir stimulation program.

Computed X-ray Tomography Investigation of Porosity and Permeability of the Liujiagou Formation Sandstone Exposed to CO_(2)-Saturated Brine

In order to improve CO_(2) capture,utilization and storage(CCUS) to solve carbon emission,sandstone from the Triassic Liujiagou Formation(LF) from the Ordos Basin in China was investigated using permeability tests and computed X-ray tomography(CT) scanning.The presence of reactive minerals within the geological CO_(2) sequestration target storage formation can allow reaction with injected CO_(2),which changes the porosity and permeability of the LF beds,affecting storage effectiveness.To investigate the effect of chemical reactions on the pore structure and permeability of sandstone cores representing the LF CO_(2) storage,tests were conducted to analyze the changes in porosity and permeability of sandstone cores induced by CO_(2)-saturated brine at different reaction times(28-day maximum reaction period).Porosity and permeability of the sandstone increased after reaction with CO_(2)-saturated brine due to mineral dissolution.The sandstone exhibited an increase in porosity and permeability after 15 days of reaction with CO_(2)-saturated brine.Moreover,there was an increase in the volume of large pores in the sandstone after the 28-day period.The pore network of the sandstone was established through CT results,and the porosity calculated based on the obtained pore network was close to that measured in the test,demonstrating the feasibility to use CT to study the evolution of the microstructure of sandstone after long-time exposure to CO_(2)-saturated brine.

Mechanical and hydraulic properties of carbonate rock:The critical role of porosity

Carbonate rocks are extensively used in civil infrastructure and play a critical role in geoenergy geoengineering,either as hydrocarbon reservoirs or potential repositories for CO_(2)geological storage.Carbonate genesis and diagenetic overprint determine the properties of carbonate rocks.This study combines recent data gathered from Madison Limestone and an extensive dataset compiled from published sources to analyze the hydraulic and mechanical properties of limestone carbonate rocks.Physical models and data analyses recognize the inherently granular genesis of carbonate rocks and explain the strong dependency of physical properties on porosity.The asymptotically-correct power model in terms of(1-Ф/Ф*)a is a good approximation to global trends of unconfined stiffness E and unconfined compressive strength UCS,cohesive intercept in Mohr-Coulomb failure envelopes,and the brittle-toductile transition stress.This power model is the analytical solution for the mechanical properties of percolating granular structures.We adopted a limiting granular porosityФ*=0.5 for all models,which was consistent with the loosest packing of monosize spheres.The fitted power model has exponent(α=2)in agreement with percolation theory and highlights the sensitivity of mechanical properties to porosity.Data and models confirm a porosity-independent ratio between unconfined stiffness and strength,and the ratio follows a log-normal distribution with mean(E/UCS)≈300.The high angle of internal shear strength measured for carbonate rocks reflects delayed contact failure with increased confinement,and it is not sensitive to porosity.Permeability spans more than six orders of magnitude.Grain size controls pore size and determines the reference permeability k^(*)at the limiting porosityФ*=0.5.For a given grain size from fine to coarse-grained dominant carbonates,permeability is very sensitive to changes in porosity,suggesting preferential changes in the internal pore network during compaction.

Shale porosity measurement by the saturated oil method: Removing the contribution from oils dissolved in kerogen

Shale porosity measurements have crucial scientific and economical applications in unconventionalpetroleum systems. As a standard technique, liquid saturation methods, including water saturation (WS)and oil saturation (OS), have been widely used to measure the porosity of many rock types. For clay-richshale reservoirs with high organic matter content, it is well known that the WS method may cause clayswelling and induce structural changes in the pore system. The OS method affects the accuracy ofporosity measurements because of some of the oil being dissolved by kerogen within the shale;however,this has not received sufficient research attention. In this study, we compare the previously reported andnewly tested OS porosities with helium (He) expansion porosity. Results show that OS porosity generallyexceeds the He porosity. Furthermore, the higher the total organic carbon (TOC) content and lower thematurity of shale, the greater the difference between the OS and helium porosities. When using the OSmethod, the effect of kerogen-dissolved oil causes an overestimation of the shale porosity by ~30%. To thebest of our knowledge, this is the first time to note the kerogen-dissolve oil effects on OS porosity. Herein,we propose a new, simple, and effective correction method for estimating OS porosity that involvessubtracting the kerogen-dissolved oil content from raw OS porosity. In addition, the quantification modelof kerogen-dissolved oil capacity is established, taking into account the abundance and maturity oforganic matter. Taking the He porosity as the benchmark, the absolute error of the corrected OS porositydoes not exceed 1% and the average relative error is only ~10%. The obtained results can help improve theaccuracy of shale porosity evaluation methods.

Impacts of anisotropy coefficient and porosity on the thermal conductivity and P-wave velocity of calcarenites used as building materials of historical monuments in Morocco

It is essential to study the porosity,thermal conductivity,and P-wave velocity of calcarenites,as well as the anisotropy coefficients of the thermal conductivity and P-wave velocity,for civil engineering,and conservation and restoration of historical monuments.This study focuses on measuring the thermal conductivity using the thermal conductivity scanning(TCS)technique and measuring the P-wave ve-locity using portable equipment.This was applied for some dry and saturated calcarenite samples in the horizontal and vertical directions(parallel and perpendicular to the bedding plane,respectively).The calcarenites were selected from some historical monuments in Morocco.These physical properties were measured in the laboratory to find a reliable relationship between all of these properties.As a result of the statistical analysis of the obtained data,excellent linear relationships were observed between the porosity and both the thermal conductivity and porosity.These relationships are characterized by relatively high coefficients of determination for the horizontal and vertical samples.Based on the thermal conductivity and P-wave velocity values in these two directions,the anisotropy coefficients of these two properties were calculated.The internal structure and the pore fabric of the calcarenite samples were delineated using scanning electron microscopy(SEM),while their chemical and mineral compositions were studied using the energy dispersive X-ray analysis(EDXA)and X-ray diffraction(XRD)techniques.

Transient infiltration tests in pyroclastic soils with double porosity

Fallout volcanic deposits of SommaVesuvius(Campania,southern Italy),characterized by the presence of layers with contrasting textural and hydraulic properties,are frequently affected by shallow landslides during rainwater infiltration.The soils of the stratigraphic sequence present intraparticle pores,originated by the gases escaped during magma decompression in the volcanic conduit,thus are characterized by double porosity(i.e.,intraparticle and interparticle pores),which is expected to affect their hydraulic behaviour,and to play a key role in rainwater infiltration through layered deposits.To understand the effect of double porosity on the hydraulic behaviour of the involved soils,controlled experiments have been carried out in an infiltration column.The experimental apparatus is provided with newly designed non-invasive Time Domain Reflectometry(TDR)probes,not buried in the investigated soil layers so as to minimize disturbance to the flow,allowing water content measurement during vertical flow processes.Specifically,transient flow experiments are carried out through reconstituted specimens of black scoriae and grey pumices,both loose pyroclastic granular soils from fallout deposits of Somma-Vesuvius,featuring double porosity with different pore size distributions,that were estimated by X-ray tomography and Mercury Intrusion Porosimetry.The experimental results highlight the effects of the double porosity and clearly indicate the different behaviour of the two soils during wetting and drying processes,mainly related to the different dimensions of intraparticle pores.

Characterization of reservoir properties and pore structure based on micro-resistivity imaging logging: Porosity spectrum, permeability spectrum, and equivalent capillary pressure curve

According to the capillary theory,an equivalent capillary model of micro-resistivity imaging logging was built.On this basis,the theoretical models of porosity spectrum(Ф_(i)),permeability spectrum(K_(i))and equivalent capillary pressure curve(pe)were established to reflect the reservoir heterogeneity.To promote the application of the theoretical models,the Archie's equation was introduced to establish a general model for quantitatively characterizing bi,K,and pei.Compared with the existing models,it is shown that:(1)the existing porosity spectrum model is the same as the general equation of gi;(2)the Ki model can display the permeability spectrum as compared with Purcell's permeability model;(3)the per model is constructed on a theoretical basis and avoids the limitations of existing models that are built only based on the component of porosity spectrum,as compared with the empirical model of capillary pressure curve.The application in the Permian Maokou Formation of Well TsX in the Central Sichuan paleo-uplift shows that the Ф_(i),K_(i),and p_(ci) models can be effectively applied to the identification of reservoir types,calculation of reservoir properties and pore structure parameters,and evaluation of reservoir heterogeneity.

Non-invasive optical characterization and estimation of Zn porosity in gas tungsten arc welding of Fe–Al joints using CR model and OES measurements

In this study,we employed a non-invasive approach based on the collisional radiative(CR)model and optical emission spectroscopy(OES)measurements for the characterization of gas tungsten arc welding(GTAW)discharge and quantification of Zn-induced porosity during the GTAW process of Fe–Al joints.The OES measurements were recorded as a function of weld current,welding speed,and input waveform.The OES measurements revealed significant line emissions from Zn-I in 460–640 nm and Ar-I in 680–800 nm wavelength ranges in all experimental settings.The OES coupled CR model approach for Zn-I line emission enabled the simultaneous determination of both essential discharge parameters i.e.electron temperature and electron density.Further,these predictions were used to estimate the Zn-induced porosity using OES-actinometry on Zn-I emission lines using Ar as actinometer gas.The OES-actinometry results were in good agreement with porosity data derived from an independent approach,i.e.x-ray radiography images.The current study shows that OES-based techniques can provide an efficient route for real-time monitoring of weld quality and estimate porosity during the GTAW process of dissimilar metal joints.

3D bioprinting of complex biological structures with tunable elastic modulus and porosity using freeform reversible embedding of suspended hydrogels

Three-dimensional(3D)bioprinting has been used widely for the construction of hard tissues such as bone and cartilage.However,constructing soft tissues with complex structures remains a challenge.In this study,complex structures characterized by both tunable elastic modulus and porosity were printed using freeform reversible embedding of suspended hydrogels(FRESHs)printing methods.A mixture of alginate and gelatin was used as the main functional component of the bioink.Rheological analysis showed that this bioink possesses shear thinning and shear recovery properties,supporting both cryogenic and FRESH printing methods.Potential printing capabilities and limitations of cryogenic and FRESH printing were then analyzed by printability tests.A series of complex structures were printed by FRESH printing methods which could not be realized using conventional approaches.Mechanical tests and scanning electron microscopy analysis showed that the printed structure is of excellent flexibility and could be applied in various conditions by adjusting its mechanical modulus and porosity.L929 fibroblast cells maintained cell viability in cell-laden-printed structures,and the addition of collagen further improved the hydrogels’biocompatibility.Overall,all results provided useful insight into the building of human soft tissue organ blocks.

Effects of Porosity on Piezoelectric Characteristics of Polyvinylidene Fluoride Films for Biomedical Applications

Objective:The objective of this work is to study the effects of porosity on mechanical and piezoelectric properties of polyvinylidene fluoride(PVDF)films for biomedical applications.Impact Statement:By investigating the piezoelectric properties of PVDF and the porosity effect on its electromechanical performance,there is potential for further development of PVDF as a hemodynamic sensor that can lead to further technological advancements in the biomedical field,benefiting patients and physicians alike.Introduction:PVDF thin films have shown potential in the application of hemodynamic flow sensing and monitoring the effects on blood flow caused by prosthetic valve implantation via the transcatheter aortic valve replacement operation.The piezoelectric performance of PVDF films can be influenced by the porosity of the material.Methods:In this study,strain tracking was performed on thin film PVDF specimens with various levels of porosity and pore sizes to determine the mechanical properties of the specimens.The mechanical properties were used to model the PVDF material in COMSOL multiphysics software,in which compression test simulations were performed to determine the piezoelectric coefficient d33 of the PVDF.Results:A decline in the elastic modulus was found to be highly inversely correlated with porosity of the specimens and the simulation results show that elastic modulus had a much greater effect on the piezoelectric properties than Poisson’s ratio.Conclusion:A combination of experimental and computational techniques was able to characterize and correlate the mechanical properties of PVDF films of varying porosities to their piezoelectric properties.

“Rigid-elastic chimera” pore skeleton model and overpressure porosity measurement method for shale: A case study of the deep overpressure siliceous shale of Silurian Longmaxi Formation in southern Sichuan Basin, SW China

Based on analysis of pore features and pore skeleton composition of shale,a“rigid elastic chimeric”pore skeleton model of shale gas reservoir was built.Pore deformation mechanisms leading to increase of shale porosity due to the pore skeleton deformation under overpressure were sorted out through analysis of stress on the shale pore and skeleton.After reviewing the difficulties and defects of existent porosity measurement methods,a dynamic deformed porosity measurement method was worked out and used to measure the porosity of overpressure Silurian Longmaxi Formation shale under real formation conditions in southern Sichuan Basin.The results show:(1)The shale reservoir is a mixture of inorganic rock particles and organic matter,which contains inorganic pores supported by rigid skeleton particles and organic pores supported by elastic-plastic particles,and thus has a special“rigid elastic chimeric”pore structure.(2)Under the action of formation overpressure,the inorganic pores have tiny changes that can be assumed that they don’t change in porosity,while the organic pores may have large deformation due to skeleton compression,leading to the increase of radius,connectivity and ultimately porosity of these pores.(3)The“dynamic”deformation porosity measurement method combining high injection pressure helium porosity measurement and kerosene porosity measurement method under ultra-high variable pressure can accurately measure porosity of unconnected micro-pores under normal pressure conditions,and also the porosity increment caused by plastic skeleton compression deformation.(4)The pore deformation mechanism of shale may result in the"abnormal"phenomenon that the shale under formation conditions has higher porosity than that under normal pressure,so the overpressure shale reservoir is not necessarily“ultra-low in porosity”,and can have porosity over 10%.Application of this method in Well L210 in southern Sichuan has confirmed its practicality and reliability.

Quantitative evaluation of fracture porosity from dual laterlog based on deep learning method

Fracture porosity is one of the key parameters for characterizing fractured reservoirs.However,fracture porosity calculation is difficult with conventional logging data due to severe anisotropy of the reservoirs.To deal with the problem,the equivalent macroscopic anisotropic formation model based on dual laterolog(DLL)data is adopted to cyclically assign such parameters as bedrock resistivity(RB),fluid resistivity in fractures(RFL),fracture dip angle(FDA)and fracture thickness as well as fracture spacing,and to produce massive data for formation modeling.A large number of training data obtained through three dimensional finite element forward modeling and the functional relationship between DLL responses and fracture parameters that are trained and summarized by deep neural network,are combined to establish a new fast forward model for calculating DLL responses in fractured formations.A new fracture porosity inversion model for fractured reservoirs based on gradient optimization inversion algorithm combined with multi-initial inversion strategy is then proposed.While running the model,formation is divided into eight intervals according to bedrock resistivity and fracture dip angle from 0°to 90°is divided every 0.5°to improve the operation speed and efficiency.The results of numerical verification show that when bedrock resistivity is greater than 1000Ωm,the mean absolute error(MAE)of fracture porosity inversion is 0.001658%for horizontal fractures,0.00413%for intermediate fractures and 0.0027%for quasi-vertical fractures.When bedrock resistivity is between 100Ωm and 1000Ωm,MAE of fracture porosity inversion is 0.003%for horizontal fractures,0.0034%for intermediate fractures and 0.00348%for quasi-vertical fractures.Fracture parameters determined by the fracture porosity inversion model with actual data are in good agreement with the results of micro resistivity imaging logging.

Controls of fracturing on porosity in pre-salt carbonate reservoirs

This work aims to improve the understanding of how fracture zones affect carbonate reservoir properties based on observations of a pre-salt well located in the Santos Basin,Brazil.The identification of fracture zones allowed for the observation of a relationship between the occurrence of rock fractures and the silicification,as the latter plays an important role in determining porosity(higher silica content may increase brittleness of the rocks therefore increasing the likelihood of creating fractures zones and fractures may be filled up reducing the total porosity).To support the proposed observation,an integrated study was conducted using borehole imaging,spectroscopy logs,and sidewall core samples.The porosities were defined using nuclear magnetic resonance log analysis,alongside sidewall core samples,and thin sections.The integration of rock samples and well data with seismic analysis was performed to analyze the presence of a regional fault system that could explain high fracture densities as well as observed silica content characteristics.The results show how different types of cement filling up the formation pores affect fracture densities and total porosity.Furthermore,it was possible to infer that the amount of silica content observed in well logs and thin sections relates to hydrothermal fluids reaching out the reservoir through regional fault systems detected in the seismic section.Therefore,this paper supports the comprehension of how diagenetic processes can significantly affect the properties of presalt reservoirs.

Sandstone Diagenesis and Porosity Evolution of Paleogene in Huimin Depression

The sandstones of the paleogene in the Huimin Depression have undergone numerous diagenetic processes, such as compaction, cementation, dissolution, metasomasis and recrystallization. The first three — compaction, cementation and dissolution — affect reservoir properties most intensively. An average porosity loss due to compaction is 0.78% per 100 meters, slightly higher in the central and southern parts and lower in the northern. Cementation has resulted in the porosity loss from 8% to 20% at a depth below 1,500 meters. Dissolution, which in most cases is the dissolution of feldspar and of carbonate cement, primarily occurs in two depth intervals, from 1,400 to 2,500 meters and 2,700 to 4,000 meters respectively. New porosity is created through dissolution from 4% to 14%. The sandstones experienced stage A and stage B of early diagenesis and stage A of late diagenesis. At present, most of them are experiencing Phase A2 of late diagenesis. The types of pores in the sand reservoir can be grouped into primary and secondary ones.