Glucocorticoid therapy in pancreatic portal hypertension associated with autoimmune pancreatitis:A case report

BACKGROUND Autoimmune pancreatitis(AIP)is a chronic form of pancreatitis characterized by diffused enlargement of the pancreas and irregular stenosis of the main pancreatic duct.Some studies have reported that AIP can cause hemorrhage of gastric varices(GV)related to portal hypertension(PH).However,such cases are rare.In addition,the association of PH with AIP is unclear.At the same time,the efficacy and duration of glucocorticoid therapy is also controversial.CASE SUMMARY In this case,we reported a case of GV in pancreatic PH associated with AIP.Enhanced abdominal computed tomography(CT)suggested splenic vein(SV)and superior mesenteric vein(SMV)thromboses.The patient received a long-term glucocorticoid therapy,that the initial dose of 40 mg is reduced weekly by 5 mg,and then reduced to 5 mg for long-term maintenance.CT and gastroscopic examination after 8 mo of treatment indicated that SV and SMV were recanalized,pancreatic stiffness and swelling were ameliorated,and the GV almost completely disappeared.CONCLUSION Long-term glucocorticoid therapy can alleviate the development of GV in patients with AIP and has potential reversibility.

Contemporary concepts of the medical therapy of portal hypertension under liver cirrhosis

Severe complications of liver cirrhosis are mostly related to portal hypertension. At the base of the pathogenesis of portal hypertension is the increase in hepatic vascular resistance to portal blood flow with subsequent development of hyperdynamic circulation, which, despite of the formation of collateral circulation, promotes progression of portal hypertension. An important role in its pathogenesis is played by the rearrangement of vascular bed and angiogenesis. As a result, strategic directions of the therapy of portal hypertension under liver cirrhosis include selectively decreasing hepatic vascular resistance with preserving or increasing portal blood flow, and correcting hyperdynamic circulation and pathological angiogenesis, while striving to reduce the hepatic venous pressure gradient to less than 12 mm Hg or 20% of the baseline. Over the last years, substantial progress in understanding the pathophysiological mechanisms of hemodynamic disorders under liver cirrhosis has resulted in the development of new drugs for their correction. Although the majority of them have so far been investigated only in animal experiments, as well as at the molecular and cellular level, it might be expected that the introduction of the new methods in clinical practice will increase the efficacy of the conservative approach to the prophylaxis and treatment of portal hypertension complications. The purpose of the review is to describe the known methods of portal hypertension pharmacotherapy and discuss the drugs that may affect the basic pathogenetic mechanisms of its development.

Antiangiogenic therapy for portal hypertension in liver cirrhosis: Current progress and perspectives

Developing medicines for hemodynamic disorders that are characteristic of cirrhosis of the liver is a relevant problem in modern hepatology. The increase in hepatic vascular resistance to portal blood flow and subsequent hyperdynamic circulation underlie portal hypertension(PH) and promote its progression, despite the formation of portosystemic collaterals. Angiogenesis and vascular bed restructurization play an important role in PH pathogenesis as well. In this regard, strategic directions in the therapy for PH in cirrhosis include selectively decreasing hepatic vascular resistance while preserving or increasing portal blood flow, and correcting hyperdynamic circulation and pathological angiogenesis. The aim of this review is to describe the mechanisms of angiogenesis in PH and the methods of antiangiogenic therapy. The Pub Med database, the Google Scholar retrieval system, and the reference lists from related articles were used to search for relevant publications. Articles corresponding to the aim of the review were selected for 2000-2017 using the keywords: "liver cirrhosis", "portal hypertension", "pathogenesis", "angiogenesis", and "antiangiogenic therapy". Antiangiogenic therapy for PH was the inclusion criterion. In this review, we have described angiogenesis inhibitors and their mechanism of action in relation to PH. Although most of them were studie donly in animal experiments, this selective therapy for abnormally growing newly formed vessels is pathogenetically reasonable to treat PH and associated complications.

Portal hypertension: Imaging of portosystemic collateral pathways and associated image-guided therapy

Portal hypertension is a common clinical syndrome, defined by a pathologic increase in the portal venous pressure. Increased resistance to portal blood flow, the primary factor in the pathophysiology of portal hypertension, is in part due to morphological changes occurring in chronic liver diseases. This results in rerouting of blood flow away from the liver through collateral pathways to low-pressure systemic veins. Through a variety of computed tomographic, sonographic, magnetic resonance imaging and angiographic examples, this article discusses the appearances and prevalence of both common and less common portosystemic collateral channels in the thorax and abdomen. A brief overview of established interventional radiologic techniques for treatment of portal hypertension will also be provided. Awareness of the various imaging manifestations of portal hypertension can be helpful for assessing overall prognosis and planning proper management.

Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt and splenectomy are more effective than endoscopic therapy for recurrent variceal bleeding in patients with idiopathic noncirrhotic portal hypertension

BACKGROUND Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt(TIPS),splenectomy plus esophagogastric devascularization(SED)and endoscopic therapy+non-selectiveβ-blockers(ET+NSBB)are widely applied in secondary prevention of recurrent gastroesophageal variceal bleeding in patients with liver cirrhosis.These different treatments,however,have not been compared in patients with idiopathic noncirrhotic portal hypertension(INCPH).AIM To compare the outcomes of TIPS,SED and ET+NSBB in the control of variceal rebleeding in patients with INCPH.METHODS This retrospective study recruited patients from six centers across China.Demographic characteristics,baseline profiles and follow-up clinical outcomes were collected.Post-procedural clinical outcomes,including incidence of rebleeding,hepatic encephalopathy(HE),portal vein thrombosis(PVT)and mortality rates,were compared in the different groups.RESULTS In total,81 patients were recruited,with 28 receiving TIPS,26 SED,and 27 ET+NSBB.No significant differences in demographic and baseline characteristics were found among these three groups before the procedures.After treatment,blood ammonia was significantly higher in the TIPS group;hemoglobin level and platelet count were significantly higher in the SED group(P<0.01).Rebleeding rate was significantly higher in the ET+NSBB group(P<0.01).Mortality was 3.6%,3.8%and 14.8%in the TIPS,SED and ET+NSBB groups,respectively,with no significant differences(P=0.082).Logistic regression analysis showed that mortality was significantly correlated with rebleeding,HE,portal thrombosis and superior mesenteric vein thrombosis(P<0.05).CONCLUSION In patients with INCPH,TIPS and SED were more effective in controlling rebleeding than ET+NSBB,but survival rates were not significantly different among the three groups.Mortality was significantly correlated with rebleeding,HE and PVT.

Clinical Effects of the Qi-acupuncture Therapy of TCM on Portal Hypertension

Objective:To explore the effective prevention and treatment of portal hypertension(PH).Methods:A total of 220 patients who came to our hospital from March 2015 to October 2018 were treated.They were randomly divided into the treatment group and the control group,each with 110 cases.Before treatment,there was no significant differences in age,sex,clinical symptoms,signs,laboratory tests and color Doppler ultrasound related examinations between the 2 groups(P>0.05).Among them,the treatment group on the basis of traditional Chinese and Western medicine treatment in our hospital,the Qi-acupuncture therapy of TCM was added.The extra meridian acupoints along with acupoints were selected.The control group received conventional treatment with traditional Chinese and Western medicine in our hospital.Results:There were significant differences in clinical symptoms,signs and chemistry between groups after treatment(P<0.01).There were significant differences in test,color ultrasound related examination and so on(P<0.01).Those in the treatment group was significantly better than the control group(P<0.01).Conclusion:On the basis of the Qi-acupuncture therapy of TCM,selecting extra meridian acupoint and acupoints can effectively treat PH.

Anticoagulation therapy prevents portal-splenic vein thrombosis after splenectomy with gastroesophageal devascularization

AIM:To compare the incidence of early portal or splenic vein thrombosis(PSVT) in patients treated with irregular and regular anticoagulantion after splenectomy with gastroesophageal devascularization.METHODS:We retrospectively analyzed 301 patients who underwent splenectomy with gastroesophageal devascularization for portal hypertension due to cirrhosis between April 2004 and July 2010.Patients were categorized into group A with irregular anticoagulation and group B with regular anticoagulation,respectively.Group A(153 patients) received anticoagulant monotherapy for an undesignated time period or with aspirin or warfarin without low-molecular-weight heparin(LMWH) irregularly.Group B(148 patients) received subcutaneous injection of LMWH routinely within the first 5 d after surgery,followed by oral warfarin and aspirin for one month regularly.The target prothrombin time/international normalized ratio(PT/INR) was 1.25-1.50.Platelet and PT/INR were monitored.Color Doppler imaging was performed to monitor PSVT as well as the effectiveness of thrombolytic therapy.RESULTS:The patients' data were collected and analyzed retrospectively.Among the patients,94 developed early postoperative mural PSVT,including 63 patients in group A(63/153,41.17%) and 31 patients in group B(31/148,20.94%).There were 50(32.67%) patients in group A and 27(18.24%) in group B with mural PSVT in the main trunk of portal vein.After the administration of thrombolytic,anticoagulant and antiaggregation therapy,complete or partial thrombus dissolution achieved in 50(79.37%) in group A and 26(83.87%) in group B.CONCLUSION:Regular anticoagulation therapy can reduce the incidence of PSVT in patients who undergo splenectomy with gastroesophageal devascularization,and regular anticoagulant therapy is safer and more effective than irregular anticoagulant therapy.Early and timely thrombolytic therapy is imperative and feasible for the prevention of PSVT.

TIPSS术使用组合支架与Viatorr支架治疗肝硬化并发门静脉高压症患者长期疗效比较

目的探讨经颈静脉肝内门体静脉分流术(TIPSS)中使用组合支架与Viatorr支架的长期疗效。方法2013年7月~2022年8月新疆医科大学第一附属医院介入治疗中心诊治的肝硬化并发门静脉高压症患者51例,均接受TIPSS术治疗,其中使用组合支架29例,使用Viatorr支架22例。术后随访5年。使用影像学检查肝内分流道通畅情况,应用Kaplan-Meler法分析比较两组分流道累积通畅率和生存率。结果使用Viatorr支架手术花费为73282.9(68190.6,81242.2)元,显著高于使用组合支架【61912.7(53713.6,67530.3)元,P<0.05】;第一年、二年、三年、四年和五年,Viatorr支架组肝内分流道累积通畅率分别为90.9%、77.3%、72.7%、71.4%和68.4%,组合支架组分别为86.7%、80.0%、76.7%、73.3%和70.0%,两组无统计学差异(P>0.05);Viatorr支架组累计生存率分别为95.5%、77.3%、72.7%、68.2%和59.1%,组合支架组分别为93.3%、86.7%、83.3%、83.3%和79.9%,两组无统计学差异(P>0.05)。结论本组资料显示,在行TIPSS手术时使用组合支架或Viatorr支架均可获得较好的临床效果,可根据供给情况选择使用。

肝移植术后严重门静脉狭窄的三维可视化成像与门静脉支架植入术疗效分析

目的分析肝移植术后严重门静脉狭窄的三维成像特征与优势,评估门静脉支架植入术效果。方法回顾性分析10例肝移植术后因严重门静脉狭窄接受门静脉支架植入的患者的临床资料,分析严重门静脉狭窄的影像学特征、三维重建的成像优势及介入治疗效果。结果10例患者中狭窄类型包括向心性缩窄3例,曲折成角致狭窄2例,受压狭窄2例,长段狭窄和(或)血管闭塞3例。三维重建图像在狭窄的准确判断、狭窄类型的辨别和狭窄累及长度判断方面具有优势。所有患者均成功接受门静脉支架植入术,支架植入后门静脉最狭窄处直径较治疗前增加[(6.2±0.9)mm比(2.6±1.7)mm,P<0.05],吻合口流速较治疗前下降[(57±19)cm/s比(128±27)cm/s,P<0.05],近肝处门静脉主干流速较治疗前增加[(41±6)cm/s比(18±6)cm/s,P<0.05]。1例患者因介入穿刺引起肝内血肿,经保守观察治疗后好转,其余患者均未出现相关并发症。结论三维可视化技术可以立体直观展示狭窄部位、特征与严重程度,有利于临床医师进行治疗决策和辅助介入操作。及时的门静脉支架植入术可以有效逆转病变进程并改善门静脉血流。

Still'dwelling in the possibility'-critical update on stem cell therapy for acute on chronic liver failure

Stem cells therapy could improve survival in patients with liver failure.Studies on stem cell therapy and related growth factors in decompensated cirrhosis has been on the forefront but has shown heterogenous results.Recent high-quality studies have shown a lack of efficacy and safety.Patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure(ACLF)are a unique group with high mortality in the short-term associated with rapid onset extrahepatic organ failures.In these patients,there is an urgent need to identify treatments that can improve liver cell function and mass,prevent sepsis/organ failure,ameliorate systemic inflammation,and increase transplant-free survival.Stem cells are a novel treatment in ACLF but with unclear efficacy and safety.In this narrative review,we discuss the basics of liver regeneration in patients with ACLF and update current clinical status of stem cell use in patients with ACLF for improving our understanding of future directions.

TIPS序贯TACE、靶向和/或免疫治疗BCLC D期原发性肝细胞癌伴严重门静脉高压并发症

目的 观察TIPS序贯TACE、靶向和/或免疫治疗巴塞罗那临床肝癌(BCLC)D期原发性肝细胞癌(HCC)伴严重门静脉高压并发症的效果。方法 回顾性分析20例BCLC D期HCC伴严重门静脉高压并发症患者,均首先接受TIPS,之后序贯接受TACE、靶向和/或免疫治疗,观察治疗效果、并发症和预后。结果 20例TIPS均获成功,18例术中以弹簧圈或联合组织胶栓塞曲张静脉。TIPS前门体压力梯度为(32.25±4.51)mmHg,术后(18.05±7.54)mmHg,较术前降低(P<0.01),门静脉高压症状均得到有效缓解;未见手术相关并发症及围手术期死亡。术后1个月功能状态(PS)评分较术前降低(P<0.01);17例肿瘤分期下降,其中14例降至BCLC C期、2例降至BCLC B期、1例降至BCLC A期。后续11例接受靶向治疗,接受TACE联合靶向治疗、TACE联合靶向及免疫治疗、靶向联合免疫治疗各3例。随访0~26个月,期间均未出现消化道出血,难治性腹腔积液均明显改善;未出现肝性脑病或分流道再狭窄。Kaplan-Meier生存曲线显示,术后3、6、12和24个月累积生存率分别为73%、61%、35%和4%。结论 TIPS序贯TACE、靶向和/或免疫治疗BCLC D期原发性HCC伴严重门静脉高压并发症安全、有效。

经颈静脉肝内门体静脉分流术治疗门静脉高压专家共识

经颈静脉肝内门体静脉分流术(TIPS)广泛应用于门静脉高压及其并发症的治疗。近年来,TIPS的适应证、手术方式、术后管理等相关研究都有了新的进展。中华医学会消化病学分会消化微创介入协作组邀请TIPS领域(包括消化科、肝病科、介入放射科、肝胆外科)的相关专家,以循证医学为依据,更新TIPS治疗门静脉高压共识意见,旨在规范和推进TIPS技术在门静脉高压治疗中的临床应用和术后管理。

超声内镜在食管胃底静脉曲张治疗及预后评估中的作用

超声内镜(EUS)通过全面评估门静脉高压侧支循环建立情况,既可预测评估食管胃底静脉曲张首次出血、治疗后复发及再出血的风险,又可引导并参与静脉曲张的治疗。介绍了EUS在食管胃底静脉曲张治疗及预后评估中的独特优势,为肝硬化合并食管胃底静脉曲张患者的个体化治疗提供了重要参考依据,并且提高了治疗的安全性和有效率,通过EUS系统诊治门静脉高压症已成为近几年的研究热点。

川芎嗪对缺氧肺动脉高压大鼠血浆内皮素、降钙素基因相关肽水平的影响

用酶免疫检测法测定缺氧３周大鼠血浆内皮素－１（ＥＴ－１）、降钙素基因相关肽（ＣＧＲＰ）含量，研究缺氧肺动脉高压（ＨＰＨ）大鼠血浆ＥＴ－１、ＣＧＲＰ水平及川芎嗪对其影响。结果表明，缺氧可使血浆ＥＴ－１水平升高，血浆ＣＧＲＰ水平降低，ＥＴ－１和ＣＧＲＰ与ＨＰＨ形成密切相关，ＣＧＲＰ／ＥＴ－１比值失衡可能是ＨＰＨ发生发展的重要因素之一；川芎嗪对ＨＰＨ的形成有预防作用，此预防作用可能与纠正失衡的ＣＧＲＰ／ＥＴ－１比值有关。

肝炎后肝硬化门脉高压症患者行脾切断流术后门静脉系统血栓形成的风险因素分析及处理

目的分析肝炎后肝硬化门脉高压症患者行脾切除加贲门周围血管离断术后门静脉系统血栓形成的相关因素及溶栓治疗效果。方法回顾分析西安交通大学医学院第一附属医院2005年1月至2011年12月收治的肝炎后肝硬化门脉高压症行脾切除加贲门周围血管离断术患者71例。根据抗凝剂使用情况将其分为3组:A组23人(术后早期应用抗凝药);B组29人(术后血小板>300×109/L时使用抗凝药);C组19人(术后未使用抗凝药)。比较各组门静脉系统血栓发生率和血栓分布特点以及发生血栓后经溶栓治疗后的效果,分析术前和手术相关因素与门静脉系统血栓形成的关系。结果脾静脉直径和术前低血小板计数是脾切断流术后门静脉系统血栓形成的独立风险因素。脾切断流术后门静脉系统血栓总的发生率为40.8%(29/71),A、B和C组分别为26.1%(6/23)、44.8%(13/29)和52.6%(10/19),各组之间差异均无统计学意义。脾切断流术后门静脉及主要分支均可发生血栓,其中脾静脉血栓占72.4%。溶栓治疗后门静脉和肠系膜上静脉血栓完全消融率为76.2%(16/21),而脾静脉血栓完全消融率仅23.8%(5/21),两者比较差异有统计学意义(χ2=11.524,P=0.001)。结论脾静脉直径和术前低血小板计数是肝炎后肝硬化门脉高压症患者行脾切断流术后门静脉系统血栓形成的独立风险因素。预防性使用抗凝药对降低门静脉系统血栓的发生率无显著作用。发生血栓后经全身溶栓治疗,门静脉和肠系膜上静脉血栓消融率高于脾静脉血栓消融率。

肝硬化常见并发症的中医外治法研究进展

门静脉高压、内毒素血症、肝性脑病、腹水为肝硬化常见的并发症,现代医学行之有效的方法不多。介绍了穴位敷贴、中药灌肠、穴位注射、肝病治疗仪肝区照射等常见中医外治法的概念、方法及用途。从肝硬化门静脉高压症、肝硬化内毒素血症、肝硬化肝性脑病、肝硬化腹水甚至乙型肝炎肝硬化抗病毒治疗应答情况等角度回顾近年来穴位敷贴、中药灌肠、穴位注射、肝病治疗仪肝区照射在各自领域的疗效、机制研究等方面的相关文献,肯定了中医外治法对肝硬化并发症治疗的积极作用和疗效,其简便易行、安全性好、价格低廉,患者易于接受。同时,对目前中药外治如何使用透皮促进剂来提高药物吸收度问题、对中医外治法的研究对照组设置等提出进一步研究的建议。

复方芪麻胶囊治疗气虚痰浊型单纯收缩期高血压病60例临床观察

【目的】观察复方芪麻胶囊治疗气虚痰浊型单纯收缩期高血压病(ISH)的临床疗效。【方法】选择符合WHO/ISH高血压诊断标准的120例ISH患者,随机分为2组。治疗组60例采用复方芪麻胶囊治疗,对照组60例采用硝苯地平缓释片治疗。2组疗程均为1个月。观察2组的降压疗效和中医证候疗效,比较2组治疗前后血压、24 h动态血压的变化,并评价其安全性和不良反应。【结果】(1)疗效方面:降压总有效率治疗组为73.3%,对照组为78.4%,2组比较差异无显著性意义(P>0.05);中医证候疗效总有效率治疗组为95.0%,对照组为73.3%,2组比较差异有显著性意义(P<0.05)。(2)血压变化方面:治疗后2组收缩压(SBP)较治疗前均明显下降(P<0.05或P<0.01),但治疗后2组间比较差异无显著性意义(P>0.05)。治疗后2组的24 h动态血压各项指标均明显改善(与治疗前比较,P<0.05),其中对照组24 h舒张压(DBP)、昼DBP、夜DBP下降幅度更明显(与治疗组比较,P<0.05)。(3)安全性和不良反应方面:治疗过程中对照组有3例轻度不良反应,未影响继续治疗。【结论】复方芪麻胶囊可以有效降低气虚痰浊型单纯收缩期高血压病患者的收缩压,缩小脉压差,且能明显改善患者的临床症状,是治疗单纯收缩期高血压病的有效中药制剂。

部分脾栓塞术在肝癌介入治疗中的应用

目的 :探讨部分脾栓塞术 (PSE)治疗肝癌伴门脉高压及脾亢的价值。材料与方法 :12 8例患者白细胞、血小板平均值分别为 2 6× 10 9/L、5 6 8× 10 9/L ,食道胃底静脉曲张 98例 (76 6 % ) ,门静脉癌栓 38例 (2 9 7% ) ,肝动脉 门静脉瘘 2 5例 (19 5 % )。全部患者在肝癌介入治疗的同时行PSE ,其中 32例行 2次以上。结果 :85 9% (110 /12 8)患者术后白细胞及血小板恢复正常 ,2个月复查白细胞、血小板平均值分别为 5 7× 10 9/L、16 9 2× 10 9/L ,6个月复查为 4 8× 10 9/L、110 5×10 9/L ,较术前明显增高 ,门脉高压症状减轻 ,肝功能改善 ,1、2、3年存活率分别为 6 8 1%、38 2 %、2 0 6 %。结论 :肝脾双介入治疗肝癌伴门脉高压、脾亢是一种安全有效的方法 ,伴门静脉癌栓、肝动脉

补肾和脉方对老年单纯收缩期高血压动脉僵硬度的干预效应

【目的】探讨补肾和脉方对高血压高危患者动脉弹性功能(管壁僵硬度)的影响。【方法】采用随机、单盲、对照研究方法。于2周洗脱期后,在年龄60～79岁、脉压(PP)≥60 mmHg的1级和2级单纯收缩期高血压(ISH)肾虚证(包括肾气虚、肾阴虚、肾阳虚)患者中,比较左旋氨氯地平+吲哒帕胺(对照组,N=58)和左旋氨氯地平+吲哒帕胺+补肾和脉方(试验组,N=57)对坐位收缩压(SBP)、PP和臂踝脉搏波传导速度(baPWV)的近期影响,疗程为24周。【结果】在意向性分析(ITT)人群中,与对照组比较,试验组baPWV降幅更为显著;校正基线差异后,组间baPWV自基线的平均降幅(95%CI)分别为-131(-193,-69)cm/s和-281(-328,-233)cm/s,差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。此外,SBP平均降幅、PP平均降幅、血压达标率(SBP<140 mmHg且PP<60 mmHg)、SBP达标率和PP达标率的组间比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01)。【结论】补肾和脉方能进一步改善ISH的动脉僵硬度,提高SBP/PP的控制率,可能具有延缓血管衰老的优势。

TIPSS技术在门脉癌栓性门脉高压中的应用

目的 探讨TIPSS技术在治疗门静脉癌栓合并门脉高压中的技术特点及禁忌证。方法16例门静脉癌栓合并门脉高压症患者 ,9例门静脉主干完全堵塞 ,7例门静脉主干及分支有不同程度栓塞 ;6例合并门脉海绵样变 ;1例单纯上消化道大出血 ;4例单纯顽固性腹水 ;11例上消化道大出血合并顽固性腹水。结果 16例中 11例患者成功行TIPSS治疗 ,技术成功率约 6 8.8% ,门脉压力从术前 4.9kPa降至 2 .4kPa ,平均降低 2 .5kPa ,腹水减少或消失 ,症状缓解 ,平均生存 136d。 5例失败。结论 TIPSS是治疗门脉癌栓引起的上消化道大出血和顽固性腹水的有效方法 ,门脉海绵样变是该术的禁忌证。