Impacts of Bad Weathers in Growing Season on Apples and Post-disaster Management Measures

Apple cultivation has special requirements for climatic conditions. The period from May to August is a key period for apple growth.During this period,extreme weather occurs frequently,such as extreme high temperature,strong wind,hail,and floods. This paper introduced these extreme weathers and came up with some corresponding management measures.

Egyptianizing the Classical Approaches of Post-disaster Housing

This research is intended as a practical guide on how to custom-tailor post-disaster housing approaches to suit the countries in which they are implemented.Three classical approaches are chosen,discussed and analytically compared in order to unveil the shortcomings of their implementation in a country such as Egypt which is faced by technological,economic and time-related challenges in our current time.Strategies are synthesized to in order to overcome these challenges and enhance the prospect of implementing the approaches in the country.Finally,the research presents a series of recommendations which can guide the implementation of the strategically enhanced approaches while bearing reference to real-life challenges and opportunities.

Projects Lists Relating to Post-disaster Reconstruction

Aba Prefecture Company Name:Sichuan Xintong New Materials Co.Ltd. Address:Shuimo,Wenchuan Nature of Business:Private Project Name:Processing and Sale of Tourism Products Details:Producing and processing of Natural crystal products,man-made gem and other

Post-Disaster Reconstruction of Alishan Tsou Tribe in Different Place and Sustainable Development

After the Morakot disaster in 2009, the affected indigenous tribes suffered from the government’s use of permanent housing as a single reconstruction option, which forced the victims to leave their original land for a new life in a different reconstruction mode. The purpose of this study is to explore the ways adopted by tribal residents to maintain their own culture and tribal life in the process of disaster, post disaster reconstruction and post disaster adjustment. Veoveoana Village in Taiwan is an indigenous tribe that relocated after a disaster and was reconstructed and developed through tourism development. This study performed the research by participant observation and in-depth interviews on Veoveoana Village. The analytical results showed that: 1) development of the tourism industry can result in cultural reconstruction of the post-disaster tribe and maintain the people’s incomes;2) although the government constantly assists with the rehabilitation of tribal industry by various policies, the implementation cannot effectively continue and the outcome is insignificant;3) due to the gap between permanent prefabricated housing and original tribal cultural features, the residential rate is not high. According to the research findings, it is suggested that, in the process of post-disaster reconstruction, the government and private non-profit organizations should respect the intention of the majority of the indigenous people. In addition, it should cultivate professional manpower for the subsidized projects.

A Study on Post-Disaster Tourism Strategies in Osaka From the Perspective of City Public Diplomacy

International metropolises are playing an increasingly important role in public diplomacy.As a result,the development model and practical path of City Public Diplomacy has become an important issue.This paper explores the relationship between urban tourism strategies and City Public Diplomacy by analyzing Osaka’s post-disaster strategies for revitalizing the city’s tourism industry over the past 10 years,from the Great East Japan Earthquake in 2011 to the impact of the New Crown epidemic.In 2011,a turning point in Japan’s“tourism policy”,Osaka launched its“Urban Charm Strategy”to strengthen the city’s tourism infrastructure and cultural diffusion,with an emphasis on“diffusion power”in the world.In 2016,the“Urban Charm Strategy”focused on the“10 urban images”and the“power of presentation”of specific city images around the world.In 2021,the“Urban Charm Strategy”adapted to the development of the epidemic situation,pay attention to cross-cultural needs and integration,and attach importance to“attraction”.The strategy of building the image of the attractive city is based on the tourism strategy,and the public diplomacy strategy in the city to construct the image of Osaka as a cultural city among the world cities.

Whose Aid is Beneficial to Firms'Exports?Evidence from a Post-disaster Aid Experiment in China

Post-disaster aid is widely regarded as important in helping local recovery and development.This paper examines the effectiveness of post-disaster aid on exports,which are a driving factor of economic development.It reports a natural experiment in China–the case of post-disaster aid following the Wenchuan earthquake in 2008–to examine how donors'experiences affected the exports of manufacturing firms in disaster-stricken counties.The export experience of the donor was important.Aid coming from donors with more export experience was more beneficial to the exports of firms in recipient counties than aid from less experienced donors.“Learning from the donor”is a potential channel through which this effect occurred.That is,firms in recipient counties learned from donors'export experience by exporting more products similar to those of donors,exporting more to the destination countries of donors,and participating in the donors'supply-chain networks by exporting more of the donors'exports.Such“learning from the donor”effects show that knowledge spillover can occur between spatially distant parties,which complements the literature.

Factors Influencing Post-disaster Reconstruction Project Management for Housing Provision in the Gaza Strip, Occupied Palestinian Territories

In the Occupied Palestinian Territories, the Gaza Strip has suffered regular cycles of reconstruction due to systematic destruction during Israeli military operations, as in 2006, 2008–2009, 2012, and 2014. In this context of ongoing conflict this article aims to identify, rank, and discuss the most important factors influencing post-disaster reconstruction project management(PDRPM) for housing in the Gaza Strip. A set of key factors that influence PDRPM were assembled as a result of a global literature review. A questionnaire survey was conducted, and the obtained data were analyzed using a relative importance index for each PDRPM factor. Findings are presented in six groups: housing approaches, organizational behavior, project funding, supply chain and logistics, communication and coordination, and PDRPM context. Findings indicate that the most significant factors that influence PDRPM for housing provision in the Gaza Strip are related to issues associated with financial resources. It is critical that sufficient funding should be available in order to allow organizations to undertake housing projects in an effective and efficient way. Joint efforts are required from international donors and local organizations in order to effectively manage financial resources with the ultimate goal of improving PDRPM for housing provision.

Multi-stage Dynamic Post-disaster Recovery Strategy for Distribution Networks Considering Integrated Energy and Transportation Networks

To improve the resilience of distribution networks(DNs),a multi-stage dynamic recovery strategy is proposed in this paper,which is designed for post-disaster DN considering an integrated energy system(IES)and transportation network(TN).First,the emergency response quickly increases the output of gas turbines(GTs)in the natural gas network(NGN),and responsively reconfigures the DN in microgrids,to maximize the amount of loads to be restored.The single-commodity flow model is adopted to construct spanning tree constraints.Then,in the second stage of energy storage recovery,mobile energy storage systems(MESSs)are deployed to cover the shortages of power demands,i.e.,to further restore the loads after evaluating the load recovery situation.The Floyd algorithm based dynamic traffic assignment(DTA)is selected to obtain the optimal path of the MESSs.In the third stage,the outputs of various post-disaster recovery measures are adjusted to achieve an economically optimized operation.Case studies demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed dynamic post-disaster recovery strategy.

Healthcare Services Demand in Post-disaster Settings:The 2014 Earthquake in Ludian County,Yunnan Province,China

Healthcare relief teams dispatched to rural areas often face difficulties due to limited initial and ongoing health information in the affected community.The present study investigated patterns of healthcare service demand for a rural displaced population in a post-disaster situation.Three weeks after the 2014 Ludian County earthquake,the Institute for Disaster Management and Reconstruction(IDMR) at Sichuan University and Hong Kong Polytechnic University organized a disaster nursing team to support the rural community in Longtoushan,at the epicenter of the earthquake.A cross-sectional,records-based study of 2484 records obtained from a temporary hospital in Longtoushan(for the period of 14 September-1 October 2014) was conducted.The daily number of records by patients' sociodemographic characteristics and medical diagnoses were plotted on a time series graph to explore the temporal change during the study period.Findings indicate that healthcare service demand from younger age groups was higher than that of the older adult group.Three major health problems were observed:respiratory disease,skin problems,and ear,eye,and throat(EET) problems.All of these very real health problems are chronic issues that require long-term care.They are not health issues directly related to the disaster emergency itself.Yet disaster relief nursing teams were selected on the basis of their ability to cope primarily with traumatic disaster-related injuries.The existing practice of teaming up disaster relief professions might not be optimal.To better understand the healthcare needs of a displaced population,short- and long-term planning is needed.Planning will allow disaster response professionals to better organize and deploy healthcare personnel to manage the above-listed problems in a postdisaster situation.

Building-Back-Better in Post-Disaster Recovery: Lessons Learnt from Cyclone Idai-Induced Floods in Zimbabwe

This study evaluated the build-back-better considerations in post-disaster recovery,following the devastation of Chipinge and Chimanimani communities by Cyclone Idai-induced floods in 2019.Conducted in 2020,the study assessed the impact of Cyclone Idai-induced floods on communities in Chipinge and Chimanimani Districts of Zimbabwe;evaluated the build-back-better considerations;and analyzed the lessons learned.Based on a qualitative approach and case study design,the study depended on focus group discussions,interviews,and researcher observations to gather data from 85 participants.The findings indicate that Cyclone Idai-induced floods seriously impacted human lives,infrastructure,and livelihoods of communities that had been living with flood risk and vulnerability.Build-back-better considerations were absent in much of the post-disaster recovery effort to address the cyclone disaster impact.There are important early lessons for both practitioners and community members to learn from the Cyclone Idai event.These lessons still can inform policy and disaster risk reduction practice in the medium and long term.Build-back-better should be a mandatory objective in the recovery from any disaster impact.Continuous training is also recommended to improve the disaster knowledge of stakeholders and increase local ability to cope with future disaster events.

Remembering,Forgetting,and Absencing Disasters in the Post-disaster Recovery Process

Sustainable post-disaster recovery implies learning from past experience in order to prevent recreating forms of vulnerability.Memory construction supports both the healing process and redevelopment plans.Hence,memory of disaster results from the balance between remembering,forgetting,and absencing elements of the disaster,and can be both a tool and an obstacle to sustainable recovery.We explore here how collective memory is built in a post-disaster context to respond to the needs of this critical period,and how it shapes recovery.This ethnographic study,conducted between 2015 and 2017,explores the recovery processes in Montserrat,a small Caribbean island affected by an extended volcanic crisis from 1995 to 2010.Although this study does not give tangible solutions for disaster risk reduction in a post-disaster context,it highlights potential obstacles for learning from a disaster and how they may be surmounted.We argue that it is crucial to acknowledge evolving collective memory in order to implement effective measures for preserving and sharing a shared understanding of disaster across generations and social groups in a way that supports disaster risk awareness.We also maintain that acknowledging the dilemma faced by authorities and disaster management agencies during a period of conflicting needs may encourage the reconsideration of risk framing,and hence reveal how to improve implementation of disaster risk reduction measures.

An Inquiry into Success Factors for Post-disaster Housing Reconstruction Projects: A Case of Kerala, South India

The 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami triggered significant destruction to housing and related infrastructures across various coastal districts of south India.Research shows that tsunami reconstruction projects in Kerala experienced different degrees of success and failure.On this background,this study explored factors that contributed to the successful implementation of tsunami housing projects in Kerala by(1)consolidating various critical success factors(CSFs)for post-disaster reconstruction(PDR)projects under‘‘project management success traits’’through content analysis of existing literature;(2)deriving a conceptual model that envisages project success in PDR contexts;and(3)assessing the impacts of those success traits on tsunami housing projects using confirmatory factor analysis.Necessary data were gathered through a survey of various stakeholders involved in tsunami reconstruction projects in Kerala using structured questionnaires.The research revealed that PDR project success is attributed to critical dimensions of project management such as institutional mechanisms,reconstruction strategies,project implementation,and stakeholder management.A conceptual model with the interplay of project success,success traits,as well as their CSFs identified the project management actions that must be monitored during reconstruction.Since the project management approach is widely recognized for PDR projects,these success traits hold huge potential for effective organization and management of housing reconstruction projects.The study also helped to identify project management traits that need improvements for the successful implementation of post-disaster housing projects in Kerala.Thus the research findings can serve as a foundational study for formulating project management strategies appropriate to PDR projects in Kerala.

POST-DISASTER SURVEY OF TYPHOON MEGI IN WENZHOU CITY

This paper reports the post-disaster results due to Typhoon Megi. The survey was conducted by a joint survey team of Shanghai Typhoon Institute in 14 December 2016, with the support of Wenzhou Meteorological Bureau and some meteorological departments in disaster areas. The survey results show that Typhoon Megi brought torrential rain and heavy rainstorm to the southern of Wenzhou City. The precipitation characters of Typhoon Megi are strong intensity, high accumulation, long duration and broken historical record. Typhoon winds affected wide,with large peripheral wind. According to the needs of defense and emergency rescue of Typhoon Megi,Wenzhou meteorological departments made every effort, including closely monitor, strengthening consultation, roll forecast, timely warning, active reporting, and targeted service. In order to provide scientific reference for government decision, the service of weather protection and disaster relief were done well. The results of typhoon forecast shows as follows.(1) The track, landing location and time of typhoon forecast were basically consistent with the actual situation.(2) The wind forecast was close to the actual.(3) The forecasted area precipitation was slightly lower, and the extreme value of process precipitation was too low. While the prediction of Dongtou Island Station was too high, this investigation shows that we are still insufficient in forecasting precipitation grades of typhoons breaking historical records, especially for precipitation quantification and meticulous prediction. In this case, more attention should be paid as below. 1) Effect of topography on precipitation enhancement. 2) Summary of similar cases. 3) Improve the defense ability and residents' awareness of risk. 4)Combine modem methods of early warning information with traditional methods. 5) Quantitative, fixed-pointed and precision forecast. 6) Rapid access of referent information to forecasters, 7) Modern monitoring technology(3 S, unmanned aerial vehicle) should be used for disaster investigation, monitor and hidden trouble detection.8) Carry out the renovation of the engineering construction design standards, impact assessment and structure of buildings.

Post-disaster Psychosocial Capacity Building for Women in a Chinese Rural Village

Mental health interventions following disasters have been criticized as individualistic, incomplete, and culturally insensitive. This article showcases the effects of a culturally relevant and sustainable psychosocial capacitybuilding project at the epicenter of the 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake. Specifically, the project focuses on women, a group that has received limited attention in post-disaster recovery in China. This qualitative research study(N = 14)sheds light on the characteristics and processes of the implementation of a post-disaster psychosocial intervention project in rural China. In addition, by adopting the Success Case Method as an evaluation approach, this study elucidates its effects on the psychological and social changes of the disaster victims. The findings capture five aspects of psychosocial changes: enriched daily life, better mood,enhanced self-confidence, increased willingness to socialize, and the provision of mutual help. This study hopes to encourage more culturally relevant and empowering practices for women in building their psychosocial capacity after disasters.

Social Vulnerability Factors and Reported Post-Disaster Needs in the Aftermath of Hurricane Florence

This research examines the relationship between social vulnerability factors and reported needs following Hurricane Florence.Weighted least squares regression models were used to identify predictor variables for valid registrations that reported needs pertaining to emergencies,food,and shelter.Data consisted of zip codes in North Carolina and South Carolina that received individual assistance for Hurricane Florence(N=406).The results suggest that when controlling for event-specific factors and flood mitigation factors,the proportions of the population that is female,the population over 65,the population aged5 and under,the population older than 5 years not speaking English,and the minority population were all predictors of the per capita reported emergency needs.When controlling for the same variables,the proportions of the population over the age of 25 with a Bachelor’s degree,the female population,the population aged 5 and under,the population above 5 years old that does not speak English,and the minority population were all predictors of the per capita reported food needs.With the same variables controlled for,three variables—the proportions of the population over65,the population aged 5 and under,and the non-Englishspeaking population above 5 years of age—were all predictors of the per capita reported shelter needs.The results suggest that more attention should be given to these vulnerable populations in the pre-disaster planning process.

Fusion of color and hallucinated depth features for enhanced multimodal deep learning-based damage segmentation

Recent advances in computer vision and deep learning have shown that the fusion of depth information can significantly enhance the performance of RGB-based damage detection and segmentation models.However,alongside the advantages,depth-sensing also presents many practical challenges.For instance,the depth sensors impose an additional payload burden on the robotic inspection platforms limiting the operation time and increasing the inspection cost.Additionally,some lidar-based depth sensors have poor outdoor performance due to sunlight contamination during the daytime.In this context,this study investigates the feasibility of abolishing depth-sensing at test time without compromising the segmentation performance.An autonomous damage segmentation framework is developed,based on recent advancements in vision-based multi-modal sensing such as modality hallucination(MH)and monocular depth estimation(MDE),which require depth data only during the model training.At the time of deployment,depth data becomes expendable as it can be simulated from the corresponding RGB frames.This makes it possible to reap the benefits of depth fusion without any depth perception per se.This study explored two different depth encoding techniques and three different fusion strategies in addition to a baseline RGB-based model.The proposed approach is validated on computer-generated RGB-D data of reinforced concrete buildings subjected to seismic damage.It was observed that the surrogate techniques can increase the segmentation IoU by up to 20.1%with a negligible increase in the computation cost.Overall,this study is believed to make a positive contribution to enhancing the resilience of critical civil infrastructure.

Comprehensive Evaluation of Flood and Flood in the Yellow River Basin Based on Gray Correlation Analysis

Due to the concentrated rainfall and serious soil erosion in July and August in the Yellow River Basin, the flood discharge is not timely leading to serious floods. Therefore, a reasonable assessment of the flood-affected areas, advance arrangements for the deployment of the Yellow River basin flood disaster prevention and control plays a decisive role. For this purpose, this paper proposes a level assessment method based on the flood which analyzes three factors related to flooding disaster (disaster impact range, social index, and property index) through the gray correlation analysis method, to evaluate the level of flood disaster. Different from the traditional assessment method, which evaluates the nature of flood from the perspective of indicators such as frequency, duration, and magnitude, or indirect factors such as rainfall and soil loss, this paper conducts qualitative calculation of macro-scale indicators from the perspective of post-disaster losses in previous years. This study provides a new way of thinking and method for the classification of the flood disaster, which has certain practical application value under the condition of conforming to its own use.

Management of Gas Gangrene in Wenchuan Earthquake Victims

Gas gangrene is an emergency condition,which usually develops after injuries or surgery.This study was designed to investigate clinical characteristics,appropriate therapy,and effective control of nosocomial cross-infection of gas gangrene in Wenchuan earthquake victims.Data on diagnosis,treatment,and prevention of confirmed,suspected,or highly suspected gas gangrene were collected.Sixty-seven（2.41%） cases of suspected gas gangrene were found,in which 32 cases were highly suspected of gas gangrene and 5 cases were confirmed by culture of Clostridium perfringens.Thereof,injury sites were mainly located on the limbs,and typical indications,including crepitation,severe localized pain,swelling,wound discoloration,dark red or black necrotic muscle,foul smell as well as different degrees of systemic toxic performance were common among them.After hospitalization,all patients were isolated and had surgery quickly to remove dead,damaged or infected tissue.The wounds were also exposed for drainage and washed or padded with 3% liquid hydrogen peroxide for disinfection before all diagnostic test results were available.Additionally,high doses of antibiotics（mainly penicillin） were given for the prevention of infection,and supportive therapy was applied for corresponding symptoms control.Among those cases,no fatality was reported.In summary,in post-disaster emergency relief,the diagnosis of gas gangrene should be primarily based on clinical manifestationswhile patient isolation,wound debridement and disinfection,as well as antibiotics treatment,is the main measures for proper treatment and control of nosocomial infection for gas gangrene.

A Framework to Assess Possible Sources of Stakeholder Exploitation:A Developing Country Case

Solving complex post-disaster reconstruction challenges requires the altruistic involvement of heterogeneous stakeholder groups.However,small,more organized groups,such as government parastatals,private developers,and contractors often exploit large,unorganized groups,such as affected communities,leaving them more vulnerable to future disasters.Based on data collected from a case study in Pakistan,this study proposed a framework to assess,anticipate,and mitigate the exploitation of vulnerable stakeholders in post-disaster reconstruction projects.The framework draws on influential management theories and utilizes reciprocal relationships between stakeholder attributes(power,legitimacy,and urgency),participation,and exploitation.The study also argued for non-binary treatment of stakeholder attributes.The framework will allow practitioners to address issues around the exploitation of stakeholder interests in future post-disaster reconstruction projects.

Community Insights:Citizen Participation in Kamaishi Unosumai Decade-Long Recovery from the Great East Japan Earthquake

Numerous scholars and researchers have long advocated for citizen engagement in post-disaster recovery and reconstruction initiatives,although unique opportunities and challenges in effectively implementing citizen engagement still exist.It has been 12 years since the Great East Japan Earthquake,where the government called for a citizen-centered recovery and reconstruction process,and reconstruction in most areas in the Tohoku region has almost been concluded.Using qualitative data acquired through interviews with the residents,field observations during the World Bosai Walk,and questionnaire and archival research,this study aimed to discuss the overall reconstruction of Unosumai in Iwate Prefecture,giving the residents'perspective on the benefits and challenges they faced in participating in recovery planning and reconstruction and how the community has been able to strengthen their participation in disaster reduction initiatives since the earthquake and tsunami.This discussion is crucial as it would effectively offer lessons on engaging residents in post-disaster recovery and reconstruction after mega-disasters.