Alternation and Evolution of the Fables of Pre-Qin Scholars Along With the Contextual Changes

The fables of Pre-Qin scholars occupied an important position in the history of the development of Chinese culture,thoughts,and literature,hence had profound and extensive influence on later generations.As a kind of carrier of thoughts,the fables of the Pre-Qin scholars were not immutable and frozen,for they have been influenced by various aspects in the process of transmitting and recognizing.This article attempts to study the evolution of the function,expression,and connotation of the fables of the Pre-Qin scholars.

Features of Gardens of Shu Kingdom in Pre-Qin Period of China

After the illustration of Shu Kingdom in pre-Qin period, the origin of Sichuan gardens has been discussed. Through the research on relevant materials of old Shu Kingdom, and by comparing with the archaeological discovery of Yangzi Mountain Terrace, the paper has proposed that the origin of Sichuan gardens can trace back to gardens in the period of Duyu King. It is considered that gardens in pre-Qin period are dominated by imperial gardens, emperors' or aristocratic cemeteries, among which the historical function and features of Yangzi Mountain Garden, Nanzhong Garden and Wudan Mountain Cemetery have been introduced. On this basis, characteristics of Sichuan gardens in pre-Qin period have been concluded, and the grand manner manifested through "Great Stone Worship" in ancient Shu Kingdom has been highlighted.

Discussion on Agricultural Religion in the Pre-Qin Period of China

Since ancient times,agricultural religion has been infiltrated into all aspects of economic,political and social life in China. Using rich historical data such as archeology,anthropology and ethnology,this paper discussed the historical process of agricultural religion in the pre-Qin period from animal worship to agricultural worship. It also discussed the agricultural objects,land,celestial nature,and labor ghosts.Finally,it revealed the inevitable trend of combination of social sacrificing activities.

Inheritance and Development of Three Pre-Qin Classics of Confucianism——An Application of Topic Modeling in Classical Chinese Text Analysis

The Analects, Mengzi and Xunzi are the top-three classical works of pre-Qin Confucianism, which epitomized thoughts and ideas of Confucius, Mencius and XunKuang1. There have been lots of spirited and in-depth discussions on their ideological inheritance and development from all kinds of academics. This paper tries to cast a new light on these discussions through “machine reading2”.

The History of Xu-style Garden in the Pre-Qin Period

Based on ancient documents and archaeology,this paper studied the general situation and landscape conditions of ancient Xuzhou in the pre-Qin period,including regional changes,economic development,and gardening activities and characteristics of Xu-style gardens.The study found that ancient Xuzhou had been inhabited by human beings as early as 6,000 years ago,and villages and kingdoms had gradually formed.When Yu the Great ruled the country(also known as Jiuzhou,or nine states),Xu was one of the nine states,known as Xuzhou.Local natural geographical environment was superior,the transportation was convenient,economy and society was relatively developed,thus by the Zhou Dynasty,ancient Xuzhou region had already had a large number of early garden forms.This period was the incubation period of Xu-style garden.

On the Ancient Educational Thought under the Opposite View of Human Nature of the Pre-Qin Scholars--On its Value to Contemporary Higher Education

The pre-qin Scholars’views on human nature could be divided into two types:malleable human nature and immalleable human nature.Based on the theory of the malleability of human nature,Confucianism formed an educational concept aiming at shaping the ideal personality of Confucianism.The theory of immutability of human nature has become the root of the two distinct educational concepts of Taoism,which advocates letting nature take its course,and Taoism,which aims at reforming human behavior.Either idea has its reasonableness.All of these have a very important impact on our higher education today.

Evolution of the Pre-Qin Theory of Shi Yan Zhi and Different Interpretations

The phrase,shi yan zhi(poetry expressing aspirations)is ancient China’s first ontology of poetry,and therefore its significance should be examined from the ontological perspective.This paper explores the historical context in which this theory is created in three respects:the maturity of the artistic form that integrates poetry,music,and dance,the establishment of governance through an education system,and the establishment of an ethical system.This paper holds that as an ancient and classical theory,shi yan zhi was embraced and carried forward by the scholar-officials of the Spring and Autumn Period when reciting poems,and later was cited and further expanded by the pre-Qin philosophers.Zhi is the unique attribute of The Book of Odes to distinguish it from other classics.This paper also investigates the evolution history from shi yan zhi to the six music language skills and six forms of poetry described in“The Office of Spring”in The Rites of Zhou,as well as the six essential elements mentioned in the Introduction to Mao’s Version of The Book of Odes,highlighting the contribution of“The Record of Music”in The Book of Rites to the development of shi yan zhi.

Connotations and Internal Cultural Meanings of Chinese Jade in Chu Culture at Pre-Qin Period

The thesis conducts its analysis fromthe perspective of cultural characteristics of Chu state of Pre-Qin period in ancient China.The culture of Chu,usually focusing on ceremony sacrifice and several other activities,presents unique characteristics of the development of Chinese society and culture.Actually,the jade artifact at that time shows cultural features both at artistic and spiritual level and bears prominent cultural connotations like national spirit of solemnness and generosity.Chinese jade of Chu state of Pre-Qin period due to its abundant cultural connotations and meanings,poses to be an essential element of traditional Chinese culture,which shows artistic and national features of traditional jade culture and can directly influence development of modern society and culture.

从“氏族之人”到“编户齐民”——试论先秦时期社会成员身份的变迁

夏商西周时期,社会上几乎所有的人都生活于“族”之中。这些族,夏商时期称为“氏族”,西周时期则多称为“宗族”。春秋战国时期,虽然“人”“民”多混用无别,但两者的使用却出现了有所侧重的情况。“民”能够以地域为称,但并不以族为称,它所表现的是社会成员的地域特征,而“人”则可以表现其作为某族的血缘关系特征。社会成员间血缘关系的影响在削弱,而国家地域关系的影响在增强。社会成员身份的巨大变化是由氏族(宗族)之人,变成了国家控制下的编户齐民。“编户齐民”肇端于战国时期诸国授田制度的实施,到秦代则成为国家控制天下民众的最主要的制度。这种居民身份的变化深刻地影响着古代中国的历史发展。

先秦时期生态文化述论

先秦时期是中华民族的先民在中华大地上筚路蓝缕、开疆扩土、探索生态环境并协调人与自然关系的早期阶段。在该阶段,中华大地优越的生境保证了先民的稳态延续,而先民在与纷繁的自然环境互动的同时也创造了灿烂的生态文化。如钻木取火和刀耕火种提高了生计水平,治水保卫了生境安全,历法和节气提高了人们对自然规律的掌握,生态保护律法减小了对环境的破坏力度,专门的生态论著则使生态保护上升到哲学的高度等。而其中蕴含的敬畏自然、艰苦探索、遵德循礼、居安思危的生态理念维护了先秦时期人与自然的和谐共生。这些生态文化尽管历史久远,但是仍对我国新时代生态文明建设留下了宝贵的精神财富,赋予了诸多参考和借鉴的意义。

先秦文学神游书写的文化隐义

先秦文学中有丰富的神游书写,其所涉及山水客体内隐着丰富的文化要义。时间流逝伴随着神游主体记忆的消亡,时间永恒引发的理想诉求,有无相生,动机效果关系,凡此种种,体现了古人对于山水的哲学思辨。神游主体之于山水客体的美丑感受,神游书写展示出的雄伟、缥缈、轻盈、朦胧、谲怪、奇诡等审美意象,开发了中国古典美学多种审美范式。神游中的山水与神仙的结盟,固化为一种“仙山”理念,开创了中国本土宗教中仙道文化的先河。这些文化隐义对中国古代文学中的神仙赋、游仙诗、玄言诗、梦境文学的形成产生了深远的影响。

功能冲突论视域下先秦冲突的军事考古学观察

科塞功能冲突论可为以古代军事遗存及行为为主要研究对象的军事考古学研究,提供不同的视角和思路。在简要梳理其主要观点的基础上,从先秦冲突的原因、影响和调控诸方面切入,探讨其对军事考古学研究的启示,以期深化古史研究及认识当今面临的问题。先秦冲突爆发的原因可主要分为物质性和非物质性两大类,其中物质性原因主要与各方对资源占有和(或)使用的规则存在异议有关,不同的异议可能会影响冲突的模式和新规则的制定,神权因素在早期社会和国家形态的冲突中也占有重要位置。先秦时期冲突和角逐对华夏文化圈、早期文化共同体以及早期国家的形成和初步发展在某种意义上有着较显著的激发作用,但其形式上的暴力性、残酷性和复杂性也在日益增长,春秋战国以降尤其如此。冲突双方的会盟誓诅、和亲、质物交换等敌意替代、转移或释放机制可一定程度地调控冲突,但往往因未彻底解决核心矛盾难以取得稳定长效,特别在神权和王权逐渐淡出盟誓核心后。而一些对外冲突的原因中,不排除存在因统治者不愿或不敢直面自身内部矛盾,试图将敌对情绪转移至外部的可能,属于激进极端的敌意替代举措,未及矛盾根本。在军事考古学研究中,应始终坚持和平导向,以史为鉴,为促进社会和谐稳定发展,推动人类命运共同体构建提供学科支持。

先秦时期北方地区民族交错地带的变迁及特点

先秦时期,长城以南、黄河中下游以北地区是北方各族与华夏民族交往交流交融的主要发生地。这一区域具有开放包容、丰富多元的文化样态及其文化积淀,并呈现出局部稳定和整体波动的变迁过程。近两千年的交往互动,使各民族及其文化发展都得到了相应的回报,为更大规模、更大范围、更多民族的融合奠定了深厚的经济、政治、人文基础。到战国中后期,秦赵燕长城修筑后,该区域皆被纳入中原王朝的管辖范围。

先秦时期婚姻中媒人谫论

媒人在古代婚姻中发挥着重要作用,这是在先秦时期奠定的基础。最早的媒人,当出现于人类进入族外婚的史前时代。每个部族的女性祖先,应该就是该部族祭祀的负责人口繁衍与男女婚姻的女神“高禖”(高媒),比如夏人的涂山氏、商人的简狄、周人的姜嫄等。《周礼》中的“媒氏”,是周代官方的婚姻媒介组织,负责婚姻男女的统计与管理工作,实施劝导早婚多育,为适龄单身男女提供组成婚姻家庭的机会,其最高长官应是由颇有生育管理经验的老年女性担任。《仪礼·士昏礼》中的“使者”“使”“宾”,应该是在贵族婚姻过程中担任说合任务的媒人。《左传》记载了一些诸侯国君之间的跨国婚姻,媒人级别也比较高,一般由该国的执政大臣或宰相担任。《诗经》“国风”中反映家庭、婚姻、爱情的诗篇,多有平民阶层婚姻的媒人,应是当时社会主要的媒人群体。作为一个古老且重要的社会角色,媒人需要有较高的职业修养和语言能力,非一般人所能胜任。

沈长云先生在先秦史研究领域的重要贡献

20世纪80年代起,我国先秦史研究领域进入一个思想解放、鼎故革新的阶段。沈长云先生伴随这一历程,通过求实创新的治学精神、独具一格的学术视野和科学合理的研究方法,对先秦历史的诸多重要问题提出了颇为深刻的学术观点,为先秦史研究做出了重要贡献。在国家起源等重要问题上,沈先生既遵循马克思历史唯物主义的基本原则,又主张理论与实际结合,同时还结合塞维斯“酋邦”理论和最新考古发现。作为中国古代“无奴派”早期代表性学者,沈先生提出中国古代不同于希腊、罗马,虽存在一定数量的奴隶制经济,但并非以奴隶制为主。相比五种社会形态说,中国古代社会演进道路更接近亚细亚生产方式。我国直接由血缘氏族组织进入早期国家形态,是氏族、部落首领由“公仆”蜕变为统治阶层,这种“家国同构”的权力结构成为帝制时代的君主专制主义的基础。在三代族源考索方面,沈先生坚持认为夏代是存在的,且夏族兴起于古河济地区,商族起源于晋中地区,周人、夏人没有族属方面的传承关系,周族起源于白狄。沈长云先生注重古典文献的考订、甄别,他参与点校的《国语集解》是海内外学者研究春秋史的重要参考文献。

出土《日书》所见先秦礼俗的特点

出土《日书》作为一种实物史料,弥补了传世文献记载的不足之处,为学者们提供了一个直接了解先秦社会礼俗的契机。出土《日书》能够看出先秦礼俗具有实用性、地域性、传承性及约束性,这些特点是礼俗自身发展的结果。从生子、服饰、建筑、农业及祭祀礼俗等方面可以看出《日书》中礼俗的实用性,从内容的设置方面也能看出先秦《日书》中礼俗的实用性。目前发现的先秦《日书》主要包括秦、楚二国,从这两种《日书》可以看出秦楚两国礼俗的差异。《日书》所见先秦礼俗具有传承性主要体现在生命礼俗、生活礼俗及生产礼俗方面。《日书》中关于礼俗的约定性可以从相关礼俗的禁忌日期与禁忌后果两方面看出。

先秦时期的浙江饮食文化研究

在经历良渚文化的高峰之后,先秦时期的浙江饮食文化一度陷入停滞,直到商周以后开始逐渐发展起来。越国建立之后,於越先民在适应、改造自然环境的过程中,大力发展农业、畜牧业、渔业、制盐业,形成了以稻米为主食,贝类、蛤蜊、鱼蟹等水产品,猪、狗、牛、鸡等禽畜,以及各类果蔬为主要副食的饮食结构,饮酒之风盛行,烹调技艺完备,创制出的原始瓷烧制技术开创了瓷质饮食器具的先河,对中国饮食文化产生了深刻影响。饮食思想上接受了中原食礼制度的熏陶。先秦时期浙江饮食文化的发展既体现了自身的区域特点,又表现出与外来文化相融合的一面,为中华民族饮食文化的多样性做出了重要贡献,也为现在浙江饮食文化的发展奠定了基础。

先秦儒家理论中“文”字的思想内涵

“文”字是先秦儒家理论中的“文”“文学”“文章”等概念的理论核心。殷商甲骨文中以“文”作为美称来赞美先王,西周初年沿袭“文”字的这种用法,并以有礼为“文”,以有“文”为德,大力提倡明德精神,提出“文德”概念。春秋时期,以个人道德操守、个人品行、文化素养与言辞文采为“文”,同时认为《诗》《书》等典籍的学习可以培养这种品性,“文”概念的礼仪与文化的思想观念有了分化趋势,《论语》中提出的“文学”概念是礼的范畴,是孔子授徒课业的主要内容,《论语》中多以“文”指代这种课业中《诗》《书》等典籍学习,以“礼”字指礼仪学习,“文”概念理论内涵分化趋势更明显。战国时代,“礼文”与艺文被区分开来,以“文章”指礼,以“文学”指学子课业的《诗经》《尚书》等典籍,“文学”概念就逐渐脱离了礼学的理论阈限,特别是《荀子》一书中,“文学”直接与《诗》《书》经典相关联,为后代文艺理论的文学概念的提出,开创了理论源头。

试论出土先秦简帛文献的“牛”

出土先秦简帛文献记有的农业资料是先秦农业及其相关研究的重要参考,但并未引起学界足够重视。结合考古发现和传世文献记载,搜集整理出土先秦简帛文献所记的牛的资料,具体分析其中疑难文字的形音义,逐一探讨“■”“戠牛”“■”“■”等不同称法的牛,阐释总结牛的社会功用,以期为出土先秦简帛文献、先秦农业史和先秦农业科技史等研究提供借鉴。

“犬”“豚”辨异——兼论勾践生育奖励政策中蕴含的性别观

传世名篇《勾践灭吴》中有关生育奖励的措施影响深远,但生男生女分别奖励犬豚的做法却广受争议,颇多分歧。从语言、历史、文化多角度辨析“犬”“豚”之异,明确先秦时期犬、豚同为重要肉食来源,但越人纵狗行猎,在越国,犬的地位高于豚;犬阳豚阴的动物阴阳观念乃汉人习气,并不适用于当时的越国;勾践分别奖励是出于犬、豚的不同文化蕴含,体现的是男尊女卑思想下男女分工的不同。勾践各尽其用的性别观对当今社会亦有借鉴启示意义。