Simultaneous prestack inversion of variable-depth streamer seismic data

Variable-depth streamer seismic data are characterized by low and high frequencies and can be used to obtain high-quality and resolution images of complex subsurface structures. Taking advantage of the frequency range in the variable-depth streamer data, we propose the simultaneous inversion of prestack data from variable-offset stack gathers to obtain the P-wave impedance, S-wave impedance, and density. Next, we validate the method by using model and actual variable-depth streamer data from the Huizhou block. The results suggest that the broadband data recorded by variable-depth streamers improve the signal-to-noise ratio and quality of the inversion results and outperform the constant-depth streamer data in delineating the underground stratigraphy.

Inversion of shear wave interval velocity on prestack converted wave data

Seismic velocity is important to migration of seismic data, interpretation of lithology and lithofacies as well as prediction of reservoir. The information of shear wave velocity is required to reduce the uncertainty for discriminating lithology, identifying fluid type in porous material and calculating gas saturation in reservoir prediction. Based on Zoeppritz equations, a numeral and scanning method was proposed in this paper. Shear wave velocity can be calculated with prestack converted wave data. The effects were demonstrated by inversion of theoretical and real seismic data.

Study of the Sensitive Properties of Marine Gas Hydrate Based on the Prestack Elastic Inversion

Using a bottom simulating reflector(BSR)on a seismic profile to identify marine gas hydrate is a traditional seismic exploration method.However,owing to the abundance differences between the gas hydrate and free gas in different regions,the BSR may be unremarkable on the seismic profile and invisible in certain cases.With the improvement of exploration precision,difficulty arises in meeting the requirements of distinguishing the abundance differences in the gas hydrate based on BSR.Hence,we studied other sensitive attributes to ascertain the existence of gas hydrate and its abundance variations,eventually improving the success rate of drilling and productivity.In this paper,we analyzed the contradiction between the seismic profile data and drilling sampling data from the Blake Ridge.We extracted different attributes and performed multi-parameter constraint analysis based on the prestack elastic wave impedance inversion.Then,we compared the analysis results with the drilling sampling data.Eventually,we determined five sensitive attributes that can better indicate the existence of gas hydrate and its abundance variations.This method overcomes the limitations of recognizing the gas hydrate methods based on BSR or single inversion attribute.Moreover,the conclusions can notably improve the identification accuracy of marine gas hydrate and provide excellent reference significance for the recognition of marine gas hydrate.Notably,the different geological features of reservoirs feature different sensitivities to the prestacking attributes when using the prestack elastic inversion in different areas.

Prestack inversion identification of organic reef gas reservoirs of Permian Changxing Formation in Damaoping area, Sichuan Basin, SW China

Organic reef reservoirs in the platform margin of Kaijiang-Liangping trough in Damaoping area, Sichuan Basin are thin in single layer, fast in lateral variation, and have small P-impedance difference from the surrounding rock, it is difficult to identify and predict the reservoirs and fluid properties by conventional post-stack inversion. Through correlation analysis of core test data and logging P-S wave velocity, this work proposed a formula to calculate the shear wave velocity in different porosity ranges, and solved the issue that some wells in the study area have no S-wave data. AVO forward analysis reveals that formation porosity is the main factor affecting the variation of AVO type, the change of water saturation cannot affect the AVO type, but it has an effect on the change range of AVO. Through cross-plotting analysis of elastic parameters, it is found that fluid factor is a parameter sensitive to gas-bearing property of organic reef reservoir in the study area. By comparing results of post-stack impedance inversion, post-stack high frequency attenuation property, pre-stack simultaneous inversion and AVO anomaly analysis of angle gathers, it is found that the gas-bearing prediction of organic reef reservoirs by using fluid factor derived from simultaneous pre-stack inversion had the highest coincidence rate with actual drilling data. At last, according to the characteristics of fluid factor distribution, the favorable gas-bearing area of the organic reef reservoir in Changxing Formation was predicted, and the organic reef trap at the top of Changxing Formation in Block A of Damaoping area was sorted out as the next exploration target.

Application of Amplitude Ratio Profiles Extracted with Prestack Kirchhoff Integral Migration

The Z component and X component profiles of seismic waves extracted with the prestack Kirchhoff integral migration could approximate to the primary wave （P wave） and converted shear wave （PS wave） profiles under certain conditions. The relative change of their reflection amplitude reflects the formation stress anomaly and subsurface media anisotropy. The principle and method for extracting amplitude ratios were studied and the application of amplitude ratio profiles was also examined when processing and interpreting actual seismic data. The amplitude ratio profile is an effective supplementary means of identifying the stratigraphic boundary and lithology.

Fast least-squares prestack time migration via accelerating the explicit calculation of Hessian matrix with dip-angle Fresnel zone

Amplitude versus offset analysis is a fundamental tool for determining the physical properties of reservoirs but generally hampered by the blurred common image gathers(CIGs).The blurring can be optimally corrected using the blockwise least-squares prestack time migration(BLS-PSTM),where common-offset migrated sections are divided into a series of blocks related to the explicit offsetdependent Hessian matrix and the following inverse filtering is iteratively applied to invert the corresponding reflectivity.However,calculating the Hessian matrix is slow.We present a fast BLS-PSTM via accelerating Hessian calculation with dip-angle Fresnel zone(DFZ).DFZ is closely related to optimal migration aperture,which significantly attenuates migration swings and reduces the computational cost of PSTM.Specifically,our fast BLS-PSTM is implemented as a two-stage process.First,we limit the aperture for any imaging point with an approximated the projected Fresnel zone before calculating the Hessian matrix.Then,we determine whether a seismic trace contributes to the imaging point via DFZ during calculating the Hessian matrix.Numerical tests on synthetic and field data validate the distinct speedup with higher-quality CIGs compared to BLS-PSTM.

Seismic 3D Prestack Time Migration on Parallel Computers

Parallel versions of prestack KirchhofT 3D integral migration algorithm, which is suitable forseismic data processing, are described in this paper. Firstly, the inherent parallel characteristics of seismicdata processing are analyzed. Then some principles in algorithm partition are discussed. Based on these analyses and the system architecture, communication mechanism, this algorithm is divided into four subtasksallocated to four nodes of 990 STAR-l. Then we describe in detail a module-partitioning method-theI / O processing and communication are separated from the computation process, the processes includingI / O processing and communication are allocated to transputer T805 and the other is allocated to processori860. These two processes are synchronized by shared memory and memory-lock mechanism, but the communication betWeen different nodes is implemented through links of transputer. Load balance among fourprocessor modules is performed dynamically. Finally, we discussed the speed--up of the parallel versions ofprestack KirchhofT 3D integral migration algorithm running on four nodes. Some further researches are also melltioned in this paper.

The Offset-Domain Prestack Depth Migration with Optimal Separable Approximation

The offset-domain prestack depth migration with optimal separable approximation, based on the double square root equation, is used to image complex media with large and rapid velocity variations. The method downward continues the source and the receiver wavefields simultaneously. The mixed domain algorithm with forward Fourier and inverse Fourier transform is used to construct the double square root equation wavefield extrapolation operator. This operator separates variables in the wave number domain and variables in the space domain. The phase operation is implemented in the wave number domain, whereas the time delay for lateral velocity variation is corrected in the space domain. The migration algorithm is efficient since the seismic data are not computed shot by shot. The data set test of the Marmousi model indicates that the offset-domain migration provides a satisfied seismic migration section on which complex geologic structures are imaged in media with large and rapid lateral velocity variations.

Interval attenuation estimation from prestack seismic data:A case study from the Arabian Peninsula

Accurately estimated interval attenuation(1/Q)values have several applications,such as in quantitative interpretation and seismic resolution enhancement.Although Q values can be estimated by measuring the spectral ratio between seismic reflections from a target and a reference reflector,the results are influenced by factors such as overburden inhomogeneities.Here,we quantitatively analyze the overburden influence on interval Q estimations using the spectral ratio method,time-space domain prestack Q inversion(PSQI),andτ-p domain PSQI.We compare these three methods using a synthetic dataset and a field dataset acquired onshore the Arabian Peninsula.Synthetic seismic gathers are generated from a three-layer model with a low-Q inclusion in the first layer to mimic overburden inhomogeneity.The fi eld data are preconditioned image gathers from a producing oil fi eld.The synthetic data test shows that the small low-Q body produces a considerable error in estimated Q values.The smallest error(i.e.,13.3%)is in theτ-p domain PSQI result.Theoretically,τ-p domain PSQI could obtain more accurate Q values when there are overburden infl uences because of the simultaneous inversion scheme and the application in theτ-p domain.The fi eld data application also illustrates that theτ-p domain PSQI produces reasonable interval Q values.Our measured Q values are also comparable with the Q values estimated from hydrocarbon saturated carbonate reservoirs.

Prestack gathers feature enhancement method based on BEMD and CTKEO

The hydrocarbon detection method based on pre-stack gather data has higher accuracy and reliability than those methods based on post-stack data.This kind of method requires that pre-stack gather data have high SNR(Signal Noise Ratio)and obvious AVO(amplitude variation with offset)characteristics.Therefore,it is important to optimize the pre-stack gathers and enhance their AVO(Amplitude variation with offset)effect.This abstract proposes a gather optimization and AVO feature enhanced method for hydrocarbon detection.The gather optimization method based on the improved BEMD(bidimensional empirical mode decomposition).It starts from the original signal directly,and can be optimized as pre-stack gather steadily and quickly.Then,the characters of CTKEO(Corss Teager-Kaiser energy)algorithm which is strong sensitivity to interaction of two signals is fully utilized to enhance AVO features.The method proposed in this abstract provides a good data base for pre-stack inversion from gather optimization to AVO feature enhancement.

Prestack Depth Migration by a Parallel 3D PSPI

Prestack depth migration for seismic reflection data is commonly used tool for imaging complex geological structures such as salt domes, faults, thrust belts, and stratigraphic structures. Phase shift plus interpolation (PSPI) algorithm is a useful tool to directly solve a wave equation and the results have natural properties of the wave equation. Amplitude and phase characteristics, in particular, are better preserved. The PSPI algorithm is widely used in hydrocarbon exploration because of its simplicity, efficiency, and reduced efforts for computation. However, meaningful depth image of 3D subsurface requires parallel computing to handle heavy computing time and great amount of input data. We implemented a parallelized version of 3D PSPI for prestack depth migration using Open-Multi-Processing (Open MP) library. We verified its performance through applications to 3D SEG/EAGE salt model with a small scale Linux cluster. Phase-shift was performed in the vertical and horizontal directions, respectively, and then interpolated at each node. This gave a single image gather according to shot gather. After summation of each single image gather, we got a 3D stacked image in the depth domain. The numerical model example shows good agree- ment with the original geological model.

Beamlet prestack depth migration and illumination： A test based on the Marmousi model

Beamlet 来源容易让强壮的本地、方向性的人物和罐头完成本地照明和移植。而且，他们比常规迁居方法提供更好的迁居结果。我们介绍让的横梁的基本原则包括窗口的 Fourier 变换和框架理论的 prestack 深度移植。我们基于 Gaussian 功能解释 Gabor-Daubechies (G-D ) 框架。Beamlet 分解在波浪地的本地空格和方向提供信息。我们综合横梁让来源和横梁在使用矩形和 Gaussian 窗口的小浪域让记录然后外推有一个 Fourier 有限差别的操作符的综合数据。我们用标准 Marmousi 模型测试方法。由比较并且分析让并且微笑的方向性的横梁与不同窗户和方向让的单身者的迁居结果，我们证明有 Gaussian 横梁的 prestack 深度迁居的有效性让方法。

One-way wave equation seismic prestack forward modeling with irregular surfaces

数学地震检波器(MG )(et ) 并且相等时间的叠原则被用来实现向前用单程的声学的波浪方程与不规则的表面当模特儿的地震 prestack。这个方法从表面下的使用受到地震主要思考一套虚拟 MG。接收装置能位于在任何地方不规则的观察表面。而且， ETS 方法利用单程的声学的波浪方程到容易并且快速想象并且外推地震思考数据。方法用普通射击集合由二个简单模型，的数字前面的建模计算了的高单个噪音的比率被说明有扁平的表面的和有不规则的表面的，和复杂正常指责模型。为不规则的表面地形学的一个 prestack 深度迁居方法被用来与高精确性复制正常差错模型。

深反射地震成像揭示的班公湖-怒江缝合带中段Moho断阶及其大地构造意义

揭示班公湖-怒江(班怒)缝合带Moho(莫霍面)结构对于认识中特提斯洋壳俯冲和南羌塘坳陷成因具有重要地球动力学意义。基于横跨班怒缝合带的深反射地震数据(88°30′E),本文采用了中长波长静校正、噪声压制、优化叠加和叠前深度偏移(PSDM)等地震处理技术,获得了深度域地震反射偏移剖面、层速度场和高分辨率Moho结构。由深度域剖面显示,班怒缝合带Moho位于地表以下65~80 km,呈不连续北向抬升趋势,指示在拉萨地块与南羌塘地块之间存在岩石圈上地幔断阶,最大阶步可达15 km。综合分析缝合带两侧的Moho形态认为,这些断阶受南侧拉萨地体的岩石圈上地幔以19.5°北倾俯冲与北侧南羌塘地块的上地壳抬升驱动,可能与深部存在局部熔融相关。班怒缝合带下的Moho结构表明,随着晚侏罗世—早白垩世中特提斯洋闭合,南羌塘地体由边缘海沉积向前陆盆地转换,形成南羌塘坳陷。

准东地区云质岩储层叠前反演及脆性预测

脆性是一种评价致密储层可压裂性的重要指标,对油气勘探与开发有着重要的意义。准东地区勘探程度低、探井少,二叠系中下部云质岩致密储层的精细描述和脆性的准确预测均有着很大的难度。为此,根据岩石物理实验结果,利用叠前地震角度域数据体,开展储层叠前反演及脆性预测。通过AVO反演,获取P(截距)+G(梯度)和P×G属性;通过Y(杨氏模量,E)P(泊松比,σ)D(密度,ρ)和L(拉梅常数,λ)M(μ)R(ρ)反演,获取弹性参数的变化率(反射系数);通过测井约束反演,获取弹性参数的实际值,并用多种表征公式计算脆性,分析其物理含义及应用效果。研究结果表明:①研究区横波速度与纵波速度有较好的拟合关系,杨氏模量、泊松比和密度对泥岩、非泥岩区分度明显;②云质岩具有高速特征,研究区储层呈双“甜点”结构;③用三个小角度数据体直接反演弹性参数反射系数,YPD反演方法相较LMR的储层识别效果更好、分辨率更高,密度反射系数数据体可见比较明显的扇体及河道冲积特征;④脆性表征结果与弹性参数特征有一定的区别,脆性表征的云质岩有利区呈条带状分布,而弹性参数预测的云质岩有利区基本呈连续、成片分布;⑤ρE/σ为研究区最佳的脆性表征公式,可为类似油田云质岩储层脆性预测提供借鉴。

一种基于改进门控循环单元的叠前时变子波提取方法

子波的精确提取是地震勘探后续反演与成像的前提,针对传统时变子波提取方法受到的各类假设限制,且需分别提取子波振幅谱与相位谱的问题,本文提出了一种基于改进门控循环单元(GRU)网络的叠前时变地震子波提取方法.根据实际叠前地震数据分布特征与非平稳性质,本方法首先建立非平稳地震记录与添加随机噪声的时变子波训练数据集;为对提取出的时序特征进行拓展,提升传统GRU网络对长时序列的处理能力,本方法搭建起含多层GRU模块与全连接神经网络的改进门控循环单元网络模型;利用建立的训练数据集对网络模型进行训练使网络具备提取时变子波的能力;为提高训练效率与提取精度,本方法在训练的反向传播过程中应用自定义WaveLoss损失函数衡量误差,最终实现叠前时变子波的估计.经合成数据仿真实验与不同方法对比验证,本文提出的叠前时变子波提取方法具有更高的准确度;经对中国西部不同地区实际叠前地震资料处理与反褶积验证分析,该方法可有效提高目标区叠前地震剖面分辨率.

基于重加权L1的ATpV正则化叠前反演方法

地震叠前反演能够准确获取地下储层介质的各类参数,是油气的勘探与开发中重要技术之一。然而,地震反演是典型的病态问题,为了克服此问题,通常使用正则化约束目标函数,来减轻反演问题的病态性。但是正则化约束忽略了地层边界的振幅信息,使用重加权方法可以很好地克服这一问题,更好地恢复稀疏性。提出了一种基于重加权L1的ATpV正则化叠前三参数反演方法(ATpV-L1方法),首次将重加权L1方法与ATpV方法结合,并引入到叠前反演中。采用交替方向乘子算法(ADMM)建立反演框架,对目标函数进行分块优化,有效提高了收敛速度。首先,介绍ATpV-L1方法,建立了基于ATpV-L1的叠前反演目标函数;然后,应用理论模拟数据对比新方法和ATpV方法反演结果,验证了方法的效果;最后,使用实际数据进行实验分析,进一步验证了ATpV-L1方法的反演精度及可行性。实验结果表明,提出的ATpV-L1方法可以有效恢复反演结果的稀疏性,提高反演精度。

物理、数据先验认识融合的叠前解耦分步反演

AVA三参数反演在地层弹性参数预测中发挥着重要作用。由于AVA理论公式(即物理先验认识)中的角度不易确定,加之大型稀疏矩阵的病态性,导致常规叠前反演过程不稳定。为此,提出物理、数据先验认识融合的叠前解耦分步反演方法。首先,基于物理先验认识构建非稀疏正演框架,以增加参数反演的稳定性,为解耦分步反演奠定基础;然后,以井资料为数据先验认识,将物理、数据先验认识融合,对叠前地震数据进行解耦,以得到更准确的叠前地震属性数据;最后,对解耦后的叠前地震属性进行反演得到地层弹性参数。该方法通过井数据先验认识修正反演过程,可以避免因物理先验认识中角度不准带来的误差。实际数据测试结果表明,相比于业界三参数AVA反演方法,本方法的反演结果具有更高的精度,其中拉梅参数、剪切模量和密度的精度分别提高14.1%、13.6%和11.9%。

基于地震反演技术的地应力建模方法在江汉新沟嘴组页岩油中的应用

江汉盆地新沟嘴组页岩油地质评价资源量为3.6×108 t,具有良好的勘探潜力,其中地质评价Ⅰ类有利区陈沱口凹陷有多口井在新沟嘴组新下段Ⅱ油组泥质白云岩中获得油流。由于页岩油井通常采用“水平井+分段压裂”工艺实现经济开采,因而地应力研究对该区水平井储层压裂改造具有重要的意义。三维地应力建模研究的核心问题在于提升井间地应力预测效果,传统的有限元方法由于方法本身的限制,井间预测效果较差,有必要利用地震资料反演技术来提升井间地应力预测的效果。针对该区页岩层矿物组分多、局部发育硫酸盐岩、地应力条件复杂的问题,首先对新沟嘴组页岩层开展基于实验室测量值约束的精细测井评价,其结果与岩心全岩X衍射测量结果吻合;在此基础上,选择自相容近似地震岩石物理建模流程,对目标层的弹性参数进行了正演模拟,正演结果与实测曲线基本吻合。然后,基于地层压力、实验室测量的岩石力学性能参数和测井解释结果,依据不同岩性的动静态关系,采用有效应力比值和构造应变法计算井的地应力参数。最后运用基于地震叠前反演技术的三维地应力建模方法,使用与一维地质力学建模相同的相关性和参数约束,建立了新沟嘴组页岩油的三维地应力模型。与一维地质力学研究成果相比,该三维地应力模型提取的伪曲线与工区大部分井一维地应力结果基本吻合,验证了该方法在新沟嘴页岩油地应力评价中的适用性和准确性。

基于精确Zoeppritz方程的贝叶斯叠前地震随机反演

基于精确Zoeppritz方程的叠前地震反演方法在面向低信噪比地震资料的应用时仍然存在较大挑战。马尔科夫链蒙特卡洛(Markov chain Monte Carlo, MCMC)模拟是一种启发式的全局寻优算法,是实现叠前弹性参数非线性反演的有效途径。常规基于MCMC算法的叠前反演采用高斯分布来刻画弹性参数的统计特征,在应用于复杂岩性储层时有较大的局限性。同时,由于地下模型参数空间巨大以及地震数据中噪声等因素的影响,MCMC对弹性参数后验概率分布的搜索过程极易受到局部极值的影响,这使得基于MCMC的叠前反演较难获得稳定、准确的结果。本文针对实际复杂储层及低信噪比地震资料条件下基于精确Zoeppritz方程的叠前反演问题,提出了一种改进的MCMC弹性参数反演方法。该方法首先利用低频模型约束,将待反演参数转换为模型参数的扰动量,从而降低后验概率分布的复杂度;其次,通过对似然函数取对数,并利用低频模型来约束地震正演过程;最后,利用基于随机子空间采样的多链算法对叠前非线性反演问题进行全局寻优,以避免采样过程过早地收敛到局部极值。低信噪比模拟数据和实际数据的测试表明,本文所提方法能够获得更加准确、稳定的弹性参数反演结果,并且能够对反演结果给出可信、定量的不确定性估计。