污染物释放和转移登记(Pollutant Release and Transfer Register,PRTR)制度是国际上重要的化学品环境管理制度,对推动化学品环境安全管理、企业环境信息公开和污染减排具有重要作用.我国虽开展过相关试点工作,但尚未真正建立起PRTR制度...污染物释放和转移登记(Pollutant Release and Transfer Register,PRTR)制度是国际上重要的化学品环境管理制度,对推动化学品环境安全管理、企业环境信息公开和污染减排具有重要作用.我国虽开展过相关试点工作,但尚未真正建立起PRTR制度.借鉴国际经验,建立我国PRTR制度,对补齐有毒有害化学品环境管理短板以及构建多方共治的现代化环境管理体系十分必要.该研究选取国际上7个规模较大且相对完善的PRTR制度作为研究对象,并选择两种特定的化学物质--汞和含汞化合物以及苯,对研究对象的核心技术要素进行横向对比,结果表明:研究对象的共同点为按照一套工业分类系统界定出需要管理的行业范围,设置分类管控的化学品清单,以及对不同化学品设定具体的报告阈值;不同点为覆盖化学品种类和分类方式不同以及报告阈值表征方式不同,且同一特定化学品的阈值设定不同,甚至差别较大.基于对比研究结果,总结国际经验,提出了建立实施我国PRTR制度的相关建议:①制定完善的PRTR核心技术体系,包括按照《国民经济行业分类》界定覆盖行业范围,参考加拿大和墨西哥PRTR制度设置分类管控的化学品清单,结合使用释放量阈值、生产加工和以其他方式使用量(MPO)阈值、企业规模阈值等表征方式分类设置化学品报告阈值;②从法律政策、社会认知和试点实践等方面逐步推动建立PRTR制度;③加强与美国、加拿大、欧盟和经合组织(OECD)等国家和组织的沟通合作,强化我国PRTR制度设计的国际规范性.展开更多
It is thought that there are many unregulated anthropogenic chemicals in the environment.For risk assessment of chemicals, it is essential to estimate the predicted environmental concentrations. As an effort of identi...It is thought that there are many unregulated anthropogenic chemicals in the environment.For risk assessment of chemicals, it is essential to estimate the predicted environmental concentrations. As an effort of identifying residual organic contaminants in air and water in Korea, nontarget screening using two-dimensional gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry（GC × GC-TOFMS） was conducted at 10 sites using polyurethane foam passive air sampler and at 6 sites using polydimethyl siloxane（PDMS） passive water sampler in three different seasons in 2014. More than 600 chemical peaks were identified satisfying the identification criteria in air and water samples, respectively, providing a list for further investigation. Chemical substances with reported national emission rates in2014（n = 149） were also screened for potential existence in the environment using a level Ⅱ fugacity model. Most of chemical substances classified as not detectable were not identified with detection frequency greater than 20% by nontarget screening, indicating that a simple equilibrium model has a strong potential to be used to exclude chemicals that are not likely to remain in the environment after emissions from targeted monitoring.展开更多
文摘污染物释放和转移登记(Pollutant Release and Transfer Register,PRTR)制度是国际上重要的化学品环境管理制度,对推动化学品环境安全管理、企业环境信息公开和污染减排具有重要作用.我国虽开展过相关试点工作,但尚未真正建立起PRTR制度.借鉴国际经验,建立我国PRTR制度,对补齐有毒有害化学品环境管理短板以及构建多方共治的现代化环境管理体系十分必要.该研究选取国际上7个规模较大且相对完善的PRTR制度作为研究对象,并选择两种特定的化学物质--汞和含汞化合物以及苯,对研究对象的核心技术要素进行横向对比,结果表明:研究对象的共同点为按照一套工业分类系统界定出需要管理的行业范围,设置分类管控的化学品清单,以及对不同化学品设定具体的报告阈值;不同点为覆盖化学品种类和分类方式不同以及报告阈值表征方式不同,且同一特定化学品的阈值设定不同,甚至差别较大.基于对比研究结果,总结国际经验,提出了建立实施我国PRTR制度的相关建议:①制定完善的PRTR核心技术体系,包括按照《国民经济行业分类》界定覆盖行业范围,参考加拿大和墨西哥PRTR制度设置分类管控的化学品清单,结合使用释放量阈值、生产加工和以其他方式使用量(MPO)阈值、企业规模阈值等表征方式分类设置化学品报告阈值;②从法律政策、社会认知和试点实践等方面逐步推动建立PRTR制度;③加强与美国、加拿大、欧盟和经合组织(OECD)等国家和组织的沟通合作,强化我国PRTR制度设计的国际规范性.
基金supported by the National Institute of Environmental Research(No.NIER-RP-2014-335)
文摘It is thought that there are many unregulated anthropogenic chemicals in the environment.For risk assessment of chemicals, it is essential to estimate the predicted environmental concentrations. As an effort of identifying residual organic contaminants in air and water in Korea, nontarget screening using two-dimensional gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry（GC × GC-TOFMS） was conducted at 10 sites using polyurethane foam passive air sampler and at 6 sites using polydimethyl siloxane（PDMS） passive water sampler in three different seasons in 2014. More than 600 chemical peaks were identified satisfying the identification criteria in air and water samples, respectively, providing a list for further investigation. Chemical substances with reported national emission rates in2014（n = 149） were also screened for potential existence in the environment using a level Ⅱ fugacity model. Most of chemical substances classified as not detectable were not identified with detection frequency greater than 20% by nontarget screening, indicating that a simple equilibrium model has a strong potential to be used to exclude chemicals that are not likely to remain in the environment after emissions from targeted monitoring.
