Attenuation compensation in multicomponent Gaussian beam prestack depth migration

Gaussian beam prestack depth migration is an accurate imaging method of subsurface media. Prestack depth migration of multicomponent seismic data improves the accuracy of imaging subsurface complex geological structures. Viscoelastic prestack depth migration is of practical significance because it considers the viscosity of the subsurface media. We use Gaussian beam migration to compensate for the attenuation in multicomponent seismic data. First, we use the Gaussian beam method to simulate the wave propagation in a viscoelastic medium and introduce the complex velocity Q-related and exact viscoelastic Zoeppritz equation. Second, we discuss PP- and PS-wave Gaussian beam prestack depth migration algorithms for common-shot gathers to derive expressions for the attenuation and compensation. The algorithms correct the amplitude attenuation and phase distortion caused by Q, and realize multicomponent Gaussian beam prestack depth migration based on the attenuation compensation and account for the effect of inaccurate Q on migration. Numerical modeling suggests that the imaging resolution of viscoelastic Gaussian beam prestack depth migration is high when the viscosity of the subsurface is considered.

High angle prestack depth migration with absorption compensation

The absorption effect of actual subsurface media can weaken wavefield energy, decrease the dominating frequency, and further lead to reduced resolution. In migration, some actions can be taken to compensate for the absorption effect and enhance the resolution. In this paper, we derive a one-way wave equation with an attenuation term based on the time- space domain high angle one-way wave equation. A complicated geological model is then designed and synthetic shot gathers are simulated with acoustic wave equations without and with an absorbing term. The derived one-way wave equation is applied to the migration of the synthetic gathers without and with attenuation compensation for the simulated shot gathers. Three migration profiles are obtained. The first and second profiles are from the shot gathers without and with attenuation using the migration method without compensation, the third one is from the shot gathers with attenuation using the migration method with compensation. The first and third profiles are almost the same, and the second profile is different from the others below the absorptive layers. The amplitudes of the interfaces below the absorptive layers are weak because of their absorption. This method is also applied to field data. It is concluded from the migration examples that the migration method discussed in this paper is feasible.

Beamlet prestack depth migration and illumination： A test based on the Marmousi model

Beamlet sources have strong local and directional character and can easily accomplish local illumination and migration. Besides, they provide better migration results than conventional migration methods. We introduce the basic principles of beamlet prestack depth migration that includes a windowed Fourier transform and frame theory. We explain the Gabor-Daubechies （G-D） frame based on a Gaussian function. Beamlet decomposition provides information on the local space and direction of wavefield. We synthesize the beamlet source and beamlet records in the wavelet domain using both rectangle and Gaussian windows and then extrapolate the synthesized data with a Fourier finite-difference operator. We test the method using the standard Marmousi model. By comparing and analyzing the migration results of single directional beamlet and beamlets with different windows and directions, we demonstrate the validity of the prestack depth migration with Gaussian beamlets method.

The Offset-Domain Prestack Depth Migration with Optimal Separable Approximation

The offset-domain prestack depth migration with optimal separable approximation, based on the double square root equation, is used to image complex media with large and rapid velocity variations. The method downward continues the source and the receiver wavefields simultaneously. The mixed domain algorithm with forward Fourier and inverse Fourier transform is used to construct the double square root equation wavefield extrapolation operator. This operator separates variables in the wave number domain and variables in the space domain. The phase operation is implemented in the wave number domain, whereas the time delay for lateral velocity variation is corrected in the space domain. The migration algorithm is efficient since the seismic data are not computed shot by shot. The data set test of the Marmousi model indicates that the offset-domain migration provides a satisfied seismic migration section on which complex geologic structures are imaged in media with large and rapid lateral velocity variations.

Traveltime tomography and prestack depth migration for vertical seismic profiling of an angle-domain walkaway on a complex surface

Walkaway VSP cannot obtain accurate velocity field,as it asymmetrically reflects ray path and provides uneven coverage to underground target,thereby presenting issues related to imaging quality.In this study,we propose combining traveltime tomography and prestack depth migration for VSP of an angle-domain walkaway,in a bid to establish accurate two-dimensional and three-dimensional(3 D)velocity models.First,residual curvature was defined to update velocity,and an accurate velocity field was established.To establish a high-precision velocity model,we deduced the relationship between the residual depth and traveltime of common imaging gathers(CIGs)in walkaway VSP.Solving renewal velocity using the least squares method,a four-parameter tomographic inversion equation was derived comprising formation dip angle,incidence angle,residual depth,and sensitivity matrix.In the angle domain,the reflected wave was divided into up-and down-transmitted waves and their traveltimes were calculated.The systematic cumulative method was employed in prestack depth migration of a complex surface.Through prestack depth migration,the offset-domain CIGs were obtained,and dip angle was established by defining the stack section horizon.Runge–Kutta ray tracing was employed to calculate the ray path from the reflection point to the detection point,to determine the incident angle,and to subsequently calculate the ray path from the reflection point to the irregular surface.The offset-domain residual depths were mapped to the angle domain,and a new tomographic equation was established and solved.Application in the double complex area of the Tarim Basin showed the four-parameter tomographic inversion equation derived in this paper to be both correct and practical and that the migration algorithm was able to adapt to the complex surface.

Prestack Depth Migration by a Parallel 3D PSPI

Prestack depth migration for seismic reflection data is commonly used tool for imaging complex geological structures such as salt domes, faults, thrust belts, and stratigraphic structures. Phase shift plus interpolation (PSPI) algorithm is a useful tool to directly solve a wave equation and the results have natural properties of the wave equation. Amplitude and phase characteristics, in particular, are better preserved. The PSPI algorithm is widely used in hydrocarbon exploration because of its simplicity, efficiency, and reduced efforts for computation. However, meaningful depth image of 3D subsurface requires parallel computing to handle heavy computing time and great amount of input data. We implemented a parallelized version of 3D PSPI for prestack depth migration using Open-Multi-Processing (Open MP) library. We verified its performance through applications to 3D SEG/EAGE salt model with a small scale Linux cluster. Phase-shift was performed in the vertical and horizontal directions, respectively, and then interpolated at each node. This gave a single image gather according to shot gather. After summation of each single image gather, we got a 3D stacked image in the depth domain. The numerical model example shows good agree- ment with the original geological model.

Preserved amplitude migration based on the one way wave equation in the angle domain

Traditional pre-stack depth migration can only provide subsurface structural information. However, simple structure information is insufficient for petroleum exploration which also needs amplitude information proportional to reflection coefficients. In recent years, pre-stack depth migration algorithms which preserve amplitudes and based on the one- way wave equation have been developed. Using the method in the shot domain requires a deconvolution imaging condition which produces some instability in areas with complicated structure and dramatic lateral variation in velocity. Depth migration with preserved amplitude based on the angle domain can overcome the instability of the one-way wave migration imaging condition with preserved amplitude. It can also offer provide velocity analysis in the angle domain of common imaging point gathers. In this paper, based on the foundation of the one-way wave continuation operator with preserved amplitude, we realized the preserved amplitude prestack depth migration in the angle domain. Models and real data validate the accuracy of the method.

Kirchhoff PSDM angle-gather generation based on the traveltime gradient

Angle-domain common-image gathers（ADCIGs） are the basic data in migration velocity analysis（MVA） and amplitude variation with angle（AVA） analysis. We propose a common-angle gather-generating scheme using Kirchhoff PSDM based on the traveltime gradient field. The scheme includes three major operations：（1） to calculate the traveltime field of the source and the receiver based on the dynamic programming approach;（2） to obtain the refl ection angle according to the traveltime gradient field in the image space; and（3） to generate the ADCIGs during the migration process. Because of the computation approach, the method for generating ADCIGs is superior to conventional ray-based methods. We use the proposed ADCIGs generation method in 3D large-scale seismic data. The key points of the method are the following.（1） We use common-shot datasets for migration,（2） we load traveltimes based on the shot aperture, and（3） we use the MPI and Open Mp memory sharing to decrease the amount of input and output（I/O）. Numerical examples using synthetic data suggest that the ADCIGs improve the quality of the velocity and the effectiveness of the 3D angle-gather generation scheme.

Plane wave shot PSDM and controlled illumination techniques

The Pre-Stack Depth Migration （PSDM） method based on wavefield continuation is the most reliable method for imaging complex structure in the subsurface, although there are large computational costs and poorly adaptive geometry. Plane wave shot migration is another method to perform exact wave equation prestack imaging with high computational efficiency and without the migration aperture problem. Moreover, wavefield energy can be compensated at the target zone by controlled illumination. In this paper, plane wave shot PSDM was implemented by the control of the plane down-going wavefield and selection of number and range of the raypaths in order to optimize the imaging effect. In addition, controlled illumination techniques are applied to enhance the imaging precision of interesting areas at different depths. Numerical calculation indicates that plane wave shot imaging is a rapid and efficient method with less computational cost and easy parallel computation compared to the single-square-root operator imaging for common shot gathers and double- square-root operator imaging for common midpoint gathers.

Influences of coarse grid selection on Kirchhoff beam migration

Kirchhoff beam migration is a beam migration method, which focuses on rapid imaging of geological structures. Although this imaging method ignores the amplitude information in the calculation process, it can calculate multi-arrival traveltime. This migration method takes into account both imaging accuracy and computational efficiency. Kirchhoff beam migration employs coarse grid techniques in several key steps such as traveltime calculation, weight function calculation, and imaging calculation. The selection of the coarse mesh size has an important influence on the computational efficiency and imaging accuracy of the migration imaging method. This paper will analyze this influence and illustrate the analysis results by the Marmousi data sets.

深反射地震成像揭示的班公湖-怒江缝合带中段Moho断阶及其大地构造意义

揭示班公湖-怒江(班怒)缝合带Moho(莫霍面)结构对于认识中特提斯洋壳俯冲和南羌塘坳陷成因具有重要地球动力学意义。基于横跨班怒缝合带的深反射地震数据(88°30′E),本文采用了中长波长静校正、噪声压制、优化叠加和叠前深度偏移(PSDM)等地震处理技术,获得了深度域地震反射偏移剖面、层速度场和高分辨率Moho结构。由深度域剖面显示,班怒缝合带Moho位于地表以下65~80 km,呈不连续北向抬升趋势,指示在拉萨地块与南羌塘地块之间存在岩石圈上地幔断阶,最大阶步可达15 km。综合分析缝合带两侧的Moho形态认为,这些断阶受南侧拉萨地体的岩石圈上地幔以19.5°北倾俯冲与北侧南羌塘地块的上地壳抬升驱动,可能与深部存在局部熔融相关。班怒缝合带下的Moho结构表明,随着晚侏罗世—早白垩世中特提斯洋闭合,南羌塘地体由边缘海沉积向前陆盆地转换,形成南羌塘坳陷。

应用曲率谱和Siamese网络的叠前深度偏移速度建模

速度建模是叠前深度偏移的重要环节,通常需要在层位约束下对观测点的地层速度进行横向外推,然而在速度建模初期缺乏地震解释层位等格架信息。为此,文中提出了一种基于曲率谱横向相似性和改进循环结构Siamese网络的速度模型建立方法。Siamese网络是目前常用的基于深度学习的目标识别和追踪网络,可以快速进行目标图像的相似度对比,而且不需要人工制作标签。曲率谱可以看成反应地层特征和速度信息的二维图像,将速度建模作为横向特征相似性类比问题,通过类比曲率谱可以自动得到地层的格架和速度更新信息。首先,将叠前深度偏移后的道集转换为曲率谱;其次,确定待搜索曲率谱图像及其对应的目标追踪对象,并求取当前追踪对象与目标追踪对象的相似系数;然后,基于相似系数更新参考曲率谱图像和当前追踪对象;最后,在遍历完全部追踪对象时,基于各个追踪对象的层速度及深度建立速度模型。理论模型和实际数据试验结果表明,该方法能在没有解释资料的条件下快速生成符合地质构造和地层特征的速度模型。

Reverse-Time Prestack Depth Migration of GPR Data from Topography for Amplitude Reconstruction in Complex Environments

With increased computational power, reverse-time prestack depth migration（RT-PSDM） has become a preferred imaging tool in seismic exploration, yet its use has remained relatively limited in ground-penetrating radar（GPR） applications. Complex topography alters the wavefield kinematics making for a challenging imaging problem. Model simulations show that topographic variation can substantially distort reflection amplitudes due to irregular wavefield spreading, attenuation anomalies due to irregular path lengths, and focusing and defocusing effects at the surface. The effects are magnified when the topographic variations are on the same order as the depth of investigation––a situation that is often encountered in GPR investigations. Here, I use a full wave-equation RT-PSDM algorithm to image GPR data in the presence of large topographic variability relative to the depth of investigation. The source and receiver wavefields are propagated directly from the topographic surface and this approach inherently corrects for irregular kinematics, spreading and attenuation. The results show that when GPR data are acquired in areas of extreme topography, RT-PSDM can accurately reconstruct reflector geometry as well as reflection amplitude.

Methods for wave equation prestack depth migration and numerical experiments

In this paper the methods of wave theory based prestack depth migration and their implementation are studied. Using the splitting of wave operator, the wavefield extrapolation equations are deduced and the numerical schemes are presented. The numerical tests for SEG/EAEG model with MPI are performed on the PC-cluster. The numerical results show that the methods of single-shot (common-shot) migration and synthesized-shot migration are of practical values and can be applied to field data processing of 3D prestack depth migration.

复杂山地深度域地震成像处理方法--以龙门山山前带海棠铺复杂构造区为例

山前带复杂构造区蕴藏了丰富的油气资源。地震资料信噪比低和速度建模困难是目前山前带地震数据精确成像面临的主要问题。以龙门山山前带海棠铺地区地震数据为例,开展了叠前深度域地震成像处理方法攻关研究,重点在叠前噪声压制和叠前深度偏移速度建模等两方面开展了研究,具体如下。①加强低频弱信号保护,采用二次信噪分离技术,对噪声记录中有效信号进行二次信噪分离,最大限度保护低频弱信号不受损伤。②优化叠前深度偏移速度建模流程:首先优化传统深度域速度场更新输入道集与偏移输入道集共用一个道集的方式,对驱动速度场更新的输入道集进行五维数据规则化处理以提高其信噪比;然后以地质导向为基础,精细刻画强反射速度缺失界面,联合层析反演并融合深度域近地表速度模型,建立具有地质模型约束的深度域速度场;得到了精确的速度模型后,再修改偏移成像输入道集及偏移方法,将五维数据规则化前的地震道集作为输入道集,将全方位角度域叠前深度偏移作为最终偏移成像方法。将该方法应用于川西北海棠铺地区的地震数据处理,结果表明所提方法大幅提高了研究区的地震成像精度,最终得到的叠前深度偏移成像结果信噪比高,偏移归位合理,为进一步推动该区的深入勘探开发,提供了可供借鉴的深度域地震成像处理经验。

鄂尔多斯盆地南部黄土塬高密度三维地震处理技术与效果

长期以来,地震勘探技术在鄂尔多斯盆地油气勘探中发挥了重要作用(何文渊等,2011)。近年来,中石化在鄂尔多斯盆地南部黄土塬地区逐步开展准高密度、高密度三维地震勘探。黄土塬区地震地质条件异常复杂。一方面,地表覆盖巨厚黄土层,压实作用较弱,结构松散,地震波在传播过程中产生严重的吸收衰减作用和能量屏蔽作用.

库车坳陷阿瓦特地区高精度地震成像技术及应用

阿瓦特区块位于塔里木盆地库车坳陷克拉苏冲断带西段,地表高程变化大、起伏剧烈,地下构造极其复杂。受地表及地下地质条件的影响,地震资料叠前深度偏移处理准确成像困难。笔者针对该区特殊的地质特征,通过近真地表叠前深度偏移技术、高精度浅表层速度建模技术、特殊岩性体速度精细刻画技术、多方位网格层析成像技术等系列高精度地震成像技术的应用,大幅度提升了该区地震资料的叠前深度偏移成像品质,为后续地质解释及油气勘探开发奠定了坚实的数据基础。

库车坳陷复杂高陡构造地震成像研究

复杂构造地震成像主要取决于叠前地震数据品质、偏移速度可靠性和偏移算子成像精度.库车坳陷异常复杂的近地表条件导致极低信噪比的地震采集数据.该区逆冲推覆高陡构造刺穿盐体大面积分布,盐层厚度变化大、顶底面形态复杂,盐下断裂带破碎、小断块发育,形成异常复杂的地震成像问题.本文重点研究三个关键环节:(1)精细的叠前地震预处理研究:根据该区地震地质复杂性和地震资料特征,采用一些新的方法技术和技术组合从振幅与时移的大、中、小尺度变化三个层次来解决资料信噪比问题,重建深部反射信号;(2)三级偏移速度分析研究:利用库车坳陷盐刺穿逆冲推覆构造建模理论及变速成图配套技术解决叠前时间偏移速度场时深转换问题,利用井约束低频速度地震迭代反演技术解决连井层速度场与偏移速度场的融合问题,实现从DMO速度分析、叠前时间偏移速度分析到叠前深度偏移速度分析的有机衔接,建立拓扑结构相对保持的叠前深度偏移速度模型;(3)基于退化Fourier偏移算子的半解析波动方程叠前时间和深度偏移研究,极大地改善了地震偏移过程中高波数波的成像问题.通过对库车坳陷大北、博孜、却勒、西秋4和西秋10等复杂高陡构造的叠前时间和深度偏移地震成像处理,取得了较好的应用效果.

叠前深度偏移在复杂地区的应用

简要介绍了叠前深度偏移 (PSDM)的方法技术 ,主要包括叠前深度偏移成像 ,旅行时计算和速度模型建立3个部分。将叠前深度偏移技术应用于 3个有代表性的复杂构造地区 ,其结果在断层显示的清晰度、断块识别的准确度以及高速盐体的边界成像精度等方面均有明显的提高。

地震叠前深度偏移方法流程及应用

针对复杂介质的成像问题，提出了一套地震资料叠前深度偏移方法流程，主要包括三部分：（１）地震资料精细预处理；（２）速度－深度模型建立；（３）叠前深度偏移成像．以Ｋｉｒｃｈｈｏｆｆ偏移理论为基础，强调地质与地球物理的综合以及地震处理与解释的一体化．在ＺＸ地区成功地实现了二维地震资料叠前深度偏移，所获得的ＮＥ２０６叠前深度偏移剖面揭示了复杂的ＺＸ古潜山及其内部构造，并清楚地展示了逆掩断层的存在．