Spi1 regulates the microglial/macrophage inflammatory response via the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway after intracerebral hemorrhage

Preclinical and clinical studies have shown that microglia and macrophages participate in a multiphasic brain damage repair process following intracerebral hemorrhage.The E26 transformation-specific sequence-related transcription factor Spi1 regulates microglial/macrophage commitment and maturation.However,the effect of Spi1 on intracerebral hemorrhage remains unclear.In this study,we found that Spi1 may regulate recovery from the neuroinflammation and neurofunctional damage caused by intracerebral hemorrhage by modulating the microglial/macrophage transcriptome.We showed that high Spi1expression in microglia/macrophages after intracerebral hemorrhage is associated with the activation of many pathways that promote phagocytosis,glycolysis,and autophagy,as well as debris clearance and sustained remyelination.Notably,microglia with higher levels of Soil expression were chara cterized by activation of pathways associated with a variety of hemorrhage-related cellular processes,such as complement activation,angiogenesis,and coagulation.In conclusion,our results suggest that Spi1 plays a vital role in the microglial/macrophage inflammatory response following intracerebral hemorrhage.This new insight into the regulation of Spi1 and its target genes may advance our understanding of neuroinflammation in intracerebral hemorrhage and provide therapeutic targets for patients with intracerebral hemorrhage.

Alleviatory effect of isoquercetin on benign prostatic hyperplasia via IGF-1/PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway

We evaluated the effect of isoquercetin(quercetin-O-3-glucoside-quercetin,IQ)as a functional component of Abeliophyllum disistichum Nakai ethanol extract(ADLE)on prostate cell proliferation and apoptosis and its effects on the IGF-1/PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway in benign prostatic hyperplasia(BPH).Metabolites in ADLE were analyzed using UHPLC-qTOF-MS and HPLC.IQ was orally administered(1 or 10 mg/kg)to a testosterone propionate-induced BPH rat model,and its effects on the prostate weight were evaluated.The effect of IQ on androgen receptor(AR)signaling was analyzed in LNCaP cells.Whether IGF-1 and IQ affect the IGF-1/PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway in BPH-1 cells was also examined.The metabolites in ADLE were identified and quantified,which confirmed that ADLE contained abundant IQ(20.88 mg/g).IQ significantly reduced the prostate size in a concentration-dependent manner in a BPH rat model,and significantly decreased the expression of AR signaling factors in the rat prostate tissue and LNCaP cells in a concentration-dependent manner.IQ also inhibited the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway activated by IGF-1 treatment in BPH-1 cells.In BPH-1 cells,IQ led to G0/G1 arrest and suppressed the expression of proliferation factors while inducing apoptosis.Thus,IQ shows potential for use as a pharmaceutical and nutraceutical for BPH.

Antitumor activity of miR-188-3p in gastric cancer is achieved by targeting CBL expression and inactivating the AKT/mTOR signaling

BACKGROUND Altered miR-188-3p expression has been observed in various human cancers.AIM To investigate the miR-188-3p expression,its roles,and underlying molecular events in gastric cancer.METHODS Fifty gastric cancer and paired normal tissues were collected to analyze miR-188-3p and CBL expression.Normal and gastric cancer cells were used to manipulate miR-188-3p and CBL expression through different assays.The relationship between miR-188-3p and CBL was predicted bioinformatically and confirmed using a luciferase gene reporter assay.A Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to associate miR-188-3p or CBL expression with patient survival.A nude mouse tumor cell xenograft assay was used to confirm the in vitro data.RESULTS MiR-188-3p was found to be lower in the plasma of gastric cancer patients,tissues,and cell lines compared to their healthy counterparts.It was associated with overall survival of gastric cancer patients(P<0.001),tumor differentiation(P<0.001),lymph node metastasis(P=0.033),tumor node metastasis stage(I/II vs III/IV,P=0.024),and American Joint Committee on Cancer stage(I/II vs III/IV,P=0.03).Transfection with miR-188-3p mimics reduced tumor cell growth and invasion while inducing apoptosis and autophagy.CBL was identified as a direct target of miR-188-3p,with its expression antagonizing the effects of miR-188-3p on gastric cancer(GC)cell proliferation by inducing tumor cell apoptosis and autophagy through the inactivation of the Akt/mTOR signaling pathway.The in vivo data confirmed antitumor activity via CBL downregulation in gastric cancer.CONCLUSION The current data provides ex vivo,in vitro,and in vivo evidence that miR-188-3p acts as a tumor suppressor gene or possesses antitumor activity in GC.

基于PTEN/PI3K/Akt/mTOR信号通路探讨淫羊藿苷联合地塞米松对阿霉素诱导足细胞损伤的保护作用及机制

目的探讨淫羊藿苷联合地塞米松对阿霉素诱导足细胞损伤的保护作用及分子机制。方法体外培养大鼠肾小球足细胞,阿霉素诱导建立足细胞损伤模型,分为:空白组、模型组、淫羊藿苷联合地塞米松组及氯喹组。免疫荧光法测定足细胞特异性骨架蛋白synaptopodin的表达;转染mRFP-GFP-LC3双荧光自噬指示体系,激光共聚焦显微镜观察足细胞内自噬流的强弱;透射电镜观察足细胞内自噬体、自噬溶酶体的变化;Western Blot法检测足细胞自噬相关蛋白LC3-Ⅱ、p62及自噬信号通路蛋白PTEN、p-PI3K、p-Akt、p-mTOR的表达。结果与模型组比,淫羊藿苷联合地塞米松组的synaptopodin的表达升高(P<0.05);足细胞内自噬流水平、自噬体及自噬溶酶体数量均增加(P<0.01);LC3-Ⅱ、PTEN的表达上调(P<0.01),但p62、pPI3K、p-Akt、p-mTOR的表达下调(P<0.01)。与淫羊藿苷联合地塞米松组比,氯喹组synaptopodin的表达降低(P<0.05);足细胞内自噬流的水平降低;自噬体数量增加(P<0.05),自噬溶酶体的数量减少(P<0.01);且LC3-Ⅱ和p62表达同步升高(P<0.05,P<0.01),但PTEN、p-PI3K、p-Akt、p-mTOR的表达无明显变化(P>0.05)。结论淫羊藿苷联合地塞米松可能通过激活PTEN,抑制PI3K/Akt/mTOR信号通路,增强足细胞自噬水平,达到保护足细胞的作用。

PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway inhibitors in proliferation of retinal pigment epithelial cells

AIM: To determine whether the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway is activated in proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) in homo-sapiens. METHODS: The retina of controls and patients with PVR were collected and their levels of PI3K, phospho-AKT, phospho-mTOR, phospho-p70S6k and phospho-4EBP-1 were determined by Western blot. The cultured human retinal pigment epithelial cell line D407 was treated with a specific mTOR inhibitor, rapamycin (RAPA) or a PI3K inhibitor, LY294002, of various concentrations and durations. Cell morphology was observed by phase contrast microscopy and the proliferation and apoptosis of treated cells were determined by MTT assay and flow cytometry. RESULTS: Levels of PI3K, phospho-AKT, phospho-mTOR, phospho-P70S6K and phospho-4EBP1 was increased in the retina in PVR (P <0.05). In D407 cells, both RAPA and LY294002 significantly inhibited cell proliferation and cell cycle progression, and promoted apoptosis (P <0.05); morphologically, the cells became smaller. Both RAPA and LY294002 reduced levels of phospho-AKT, phospho-mTOR, phospho-p70S6k and phospho-4EBP1 expression (P <0.05). RAPA, but not LY294002, had no significant effect on PI3K expression. CONCLUSION: PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway is highly activated in the retinal pigment epithelial cells of PVR. The inhibitors of PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway, RAPA and LY294002, could inhibited the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway by reducing the levels of phosphorylation of mTOR pathway components.

Celastrol Induces Apoptosis and Autophagy via the AKT/mTOR Signaling Pathway in the Pituitary ACTH-secreting Adenoma Cells

Objective Pituitary adrenocorticotropic hormone(ACTH)-secreting adenoma is a relatively intractable endocrine adenoma that can cause a range of severe metabolic disorders and pathological changes involving multiple systems.Previous studies have shown that celastrol has antitumor effects on a variety of tumor cells via the AKT/mTOR signaling.However,whether celastrol has pronounced antitumor effects on pituitary ACTH-secreting adenoma is unclear.This study aimed to identify a new effective therapeutic drug for pituitary ACTH-secreting adenoma.Methods Mouse pituitary ACTH-secreting adenoma cells(AtT20 cells)were used as an experimental model in vitro and to establish a xenograft tumor model in mice.Cells and animals were administered doses of celastrol at various levels.The effects of celastrol on cell viability,migration,apoptosis and autophagy were then examined.Finally,the potential involvement of AKT/mTOR signaling in celastrol’s mechanism was assessed.Results Celastrol inhibited the proliferation and migration of pituitary adenoma cells in a time-and concentration-dependent manner.It blocked AtT20 cells in the G0/G1 phase,and induced apoptosis and autophagy by downregulating the AKT/mTOR signaling pathway.Similar results were obtained in mice.Conclusion Celastrol exerts potent antitumor effects on ACTH-secreting adenoma by downregulating the AKT/mTOR signaling in vitro and in vivo.

Bta-miR-34b controls milk fat biosynthesis via the Akt/mTOR signaling pathway by targeting RAI14 in bovine mammary epithelial cells

Background:The biosynthesis of milk fat affects both the technological properties and organoleptic quality of milk and dairy products.MicroRNAs(miRNAs)are endogenous small non-coding RNAs that inhibit the expression of their mRNA targets and are involved in downstream signaling pathways that control several biological processes,including milk fat synthesis.miR-34b is a member of the miR-34 miRNA cluster,which is differentially expressed in the mammary gland tissue of dairy cows during lactation and dry periods.Previous studies have indicated miR-34b is a potential candidate gene that plays a decisive role in regulating milk fat synthesis;therefore,it is important to focus on miR-34b and investigate its regulatory effect on the biosynthesis of milk fat in bovine mammary epithelial cells(BMECs).Results:In this study,elevated miR-34b levels reduced milk fat synthesis,upregulated 1,999 genes,and downregulated 2,009 genes in BMECs.Moreover,Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG)analysis of differentially expressed genes suggested that miR-34b may play an inhibitory role in milk fat synthesis via the protein kinase B(Akt)/mammalian target of rapamycin(mTOR)signaling pathway by reducing phosphorylation levels.Notably,the mTOR activator MHY1485 rescued the inhibitory effect of miR-34b.Furthermore,we demonstrated that retinoic acid-induced protein 14(RAI14)is a target of miR-34b via TargetScan and immunofluorescence assays.RAI14 mRNA and protein levels were significantly decreased by the miR-34b mimic and increased by the miR-34b inhibitor.Moreover,the reduction in RAI14 levels led to the inhibition of the Akt/mTOR signaling pathway.Conclusions:Overall,our results identified a miR-34b-RAI14-Akt/mTOR regulatory network,while also providing a theoretical basis for the molecular breeding of dairy cows.

CircRNA ATF6 promotes ovarian cancer cell progression by activating PTEN/mTOR signaling pathway

Ovarian cancer is a malignant cancer type and affects women’s lives in the world.Circular RNAs(circRNAs)have been involved with the progression of cancers.In our study,we are going to explore the functions of circATF6 in ovarian cancer.The qRT-PCR assay was used to detect expressions of genes.Actinomycin D and RNase R treatment were implemented to verify the circular RNA character of circATF6.Besides,Cell proliferation was assessed by colony formation assay and EdU assay.Silenced circATF6 could reduce the proliferation of ovarian cancer cells.In addition,inhibited circATF6 could promote the cell apoptosis and inhibit related proteins in PTEN/mTOR signaling pathway in ovarian cancer.In conclusion,CircRNA ATF6 promotes ovarian cancer cell progression by activating PTEN/mTOR signaling pathway.

Effects of Liancao-Xieli capsule on intestinal mucosal inflammatory factors and TLR4/PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway in mice with ulcerative colitis

Objective:To observe the effect of Liancao-Xieli capsule on intestinal mucosal inflammatory factors and TLR4/PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway in mice with ulcerative colitis(UC);Methods:40 male C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into the control group,model group,Liancao-Xieli group and mesalazine group,with 10 mice in each group.In addition to the control group,the remaining three groups of mice were induced by 3%dextran sulfate sodium(DSS)to induce acute UC model.During the modeling period,mice in each group were given corresponding drugs and normal saline by gavage.At the end of the experiment,HE staining was used to observe the pathological changes of colonic tissue in each group,and ELISA was used to detect the inflammatory factors(TNF-α,IL-6,IL-1β,IL-8,IL-17,and INF-γ)in serum and colonic tissue.The expression levels of TLR4/PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway related proteins were also detected by Western blot;Results:Compared with the model group,Liancao-Xieli capsule could significantly increase the colon length and decrease the score of colon histopathology in UC mice(P<0.01).In addition,the levels of TNF-α,IL-6,IL1β,IL-8,IL-17,and INF-γwere significantly reduced in serum and colon tissue,and the expressions of TLR4,PI3K,p-Akt and p-mTOR were significantly down-regulated in LiancaoXieyi group when compared with the model group(P<0.01).While the expressions of Akt and mTOR were not significantly affected in Liancao-Xieyi group(P>0.05);Conclusion:LiancaoXieli capsule can reduce the secretion of inflammatory factors,improve the intestinal mucosal damage and inflammatory response in UC by inhibiting the activation of TLR4/PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway。

How is the AKT/mTOR pathway involved in cell migration and invasion?

As a pathway that plays a role in nutrient absorption,anabolic response,cell growth and survival,the important role of AKT/mTOR in tumorigenesis has also come to light.For cancer patients,most deaths are caused by the growth of metastatic tumors outside the primary focus.Therefore,migration and invasion in the late stage of tumor progression are the main unresolved issues in the study of tumor pathogenesis,and AKT/mTOR has been found to participate in the migration and invasion of cancer cells,which means that the study of this pathway may contribute to a solution for the problem.Because of its extensive and complex functions in the organism,this pathway can be regulated by a variety of different signals in the body,and then realize its function through different downstream signal molecules.This article reviews the proteins that can indirectly affect this pathway by regulating the common upstream signaling molecules of this pathway,and the proteins that can directly affect the level of phosphorylation of AKT/mTOR in cancer cells.We also review the proteins that can co-regulate this pathway and its downstream pathways.Through this study,we hope to gain a deeper understanding of the regulatory mechanism of the AKT/mTOR pathway in cancer cells,in hopes of finding effective and harmless cancer treatment targets in the future.

Targeting the PI3K-AKT-mTOR signaling network in cancer

The phosphoinositide 3-kinase-AKT-mammalian target of rapamycin (PI3K-AKT-mTOR) pathway is a frequently hyperactivated pathway in cancer and is important for tumor cell growth and survival. The development of targeted therapies against mTOR, a vital substrate along this pathway, led to the approval of allosteric inhibitors, including everolimus and temsirolimus, for the treatment of breast, renal, and pancreatic cancers. However, the suboptimal duration of response in unselected patients remains an unresolved issue. Numerous novel therapies against critical nodes of this pathway are therefore being actively investigated in the clinic in multiple tumour types. In this review, we focus on the progress of these agents in clinical development along with their biological rationale, the need of predictive biomarkers and various combination strategies, which will be useful in counteracting the mechanisms of resistance to this class of drugs.

Regulatory Effects of Zuogui Pill on Apoptosis of Follicles in Rats Injured by 60Co-γRays Based on PI3K/Akt/m TOR Signaling Pathway

[Objectives]To explore the protective effects of Zuogui Pill on ^(60)Co-γ-ray-induced premature aging of rats based on phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin(PI3K/Akt/mTOR)signaling pathway.[Methods]Sixty sexually mature female SD rats were irradiated with ^(60)Co-γ-ray(6.0 Gy,LD 40)for 24 h at one time.These rats were randomly divided into model group,Progynova group[0.18(g·kg)/d],Progynova[0.09(g·kg)/d]+Zuogui Pill high dose[23.625(g·kg)/d)]group,Zuogui Pill high dose[23.625(g·kg)/d)]group,Zuogui Pill medium dose[9.45(g·kg)/d)]group and Zuogui Pill low dose[4.725(g·kg)/d]group.The administration(once a day)lasted 21 d.The rat serum[follicle-stimulating hormone(FSH),luteinizing hormone(LH)and estradiol(E_(2))]were detected by Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA).The morphological changes of ovary were observed by hematoxylin-eosin(HE)staining.The apoptosis rate of granulosa cells was detected by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase(TdT)-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling(TUNEL).The protein expression of phosphorylated(p)-PI3K,p-Akt,p-mTOR,B-cell lymphoma-2(Bcl-2),and Bcl-2-associated X protein(Bax)in ovarian tissues were detected by Western blot.[Results]Compared with the normal group,the model group showed significant increase in the serum FSH(P<0.01),significant decrease in serum E_(2)(P<0.05),and decrease in the number of early follicles and luteum in the ovary(P<0.01).Besides,the apoptosis rate of granulosa cells increased significantly(P<0.01);the expression of p-PI3K,p-Akt,p-mTOR and Bcl-2 in ovarian tissue decreased significantly,while the expression of Bax increased significantly(P<0.01).Compared with the model group,the number of early follicles in the ovary increased and the apoptosis rate of granulosa cells decreased after intervention in each administration group.In addition,the protein expressions of p-PI3K,p-Akt,p-mTOR and Bcl-2 increased,while the expression of Bax decreased,especially in Progynova+Zuogui Pill high dose group,the differences were statistically significant(P<0.05,P<0.01).[Conclusions]Zuogui Pill may protect the radiation-injured ovary through activating the expression of PI3K/Akt/mTOR protein in ovarian tissue,increasing the amount of Bcl-2 protein and inhibiting the expression of Bax protein.

糖尿病大鼠肾组织中PTEN/AKT/mTOR通路对自噬的调控作用

目的:观察糖尿病大鼠肾组织中PTEN和自噬水平的变化,探讨糖尿病肾病中PTEN/AKT/m TOR通路对自噬的调控机制。方法:将SD大鼠随机分为正常对照组(NC组)和糖尿病组(DM组),每组各8只。用链脲佐菌素复制DM大鼠模型。于成模后10周处死大鼠后测定相应生化指标和肾脏指数,免疫组化观察肾小管上皮细胞PTEN蛋白的表达部位;Western blotting法检测肾组织LC3、PTEN及PTEN/AKT/m TOR通路的变化;realtime PCR检测肾组织PTEN的mRNA表达水平。结果:DM组的血糖、24 h尿蛋白量和肾脏指数均显著高于NC组(P<0.05)。与NC组相比,DM组大鼠肾组织的LC3I和LC3II水平明显降低(P<0.05)。PTEN主要分布于肾小管上皮细胞中,DM组PTEN蛋白的表达水平明显低于NC组(P<0.05)。DM大鼠肾组织中,PTEN/AKT/m TOR通路的活性增高。结论:糖尿病大鼠肾脏组织中细胞自噬水平下降,而参与自噬调控的PTEN/AKT/m TOR通路活性升高,提示其自噬水平的变化可能受到PTEN/AKT/m TOR通路的调节。

细胞角蛋白13通过PTEN抑制PI3K/AKT/mTOR通路增强鼻咽癌HNE1细胞放疗敏感性

目的:探讨细胞角蛋白13(cytokeratin 13,CK13)对鼻咽癌HNE1细胞放疗敏感性的影响及其作用机制。方法:将HNE1细胞分为对照组、anti-CK13#a组及anti-CK13#b组(敲减CK13)、对照组+西罗莫司处理组(100 nmol/L的西罗莫司处理1 h)、anti-CK13#a+西罗莫司处理组(100 nmol/L的西罗莫司处理1 h),经放疗处理(200 c Gy/min剂量照射5 min)后,用CCK-8法检测各组细胞的增殖能力,用流式细胞术检测各组细胞的凋亡率,q PCR法检测PI3K/AKT/mTOR信号通路相关基因PTEN的表达,WB法检测PI3K/AKT/mTOR信号通路相关蛋白的表达。结果:经放疗处理后,与对照组相比,敲减CK13后HNE1细胞增殖能力明显增强(P<0.01),细胞凋亡率明显降低(P<0.01);细胞中c-caspase-3和γH2AX的表达明显降低(均P<0.01)、p-AKT和p-S6K表达明显升高(P<0.01)、PTEN蛋白表达明显降低(P<0.01)。敲减CK13+西罗莫司(PI3K/AKT/mTOR信号通路抑制剂)处理可以回复敲减CK13导致的细胞增殖能力增强(P<0.05)和细胞凋亡率降低(P<0.01)。结论:敲减CK13通过下调PTEN蛋白水平进而增强PI3K/AKT/mTOR信号通路活性,最终降低HNE1细胞的放疗敏感性。

PTEN基因通过Akt-mTOR对乳腺癌细胞增殖与凋亡的影响

目的:探讨PTEN基因通过Akt-mTOR对乳腺癌细胞增殖与凋亡的影响。方法:人乳腺癌MDA-MB-231细胞随机分为两组:pcDNA3.0组与pcDNA3.0-PTEN组,分别转染pcDNA3.0质粒、pcDNA3.0-PTEN质粒2μg,转染48 h收集细胞。采用CCK-8法检测细胞存活率,双染法检测细胞凋亡,Western-blot检测细胞蛋白表达。结果:pcDNA3.0-PTEN组的细胞存活率低于pcDNA3.0组,对比差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。与pcDNA3.0组对比,pcDNA3.0-PTEN组的细胞凋亡率显著上升,对比差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。pcDNA3.0-PTEN组的PTEN蛋白表达量高于pcDNA3.0组,Akt、mTOR蛋白表达量低于pcDNA3.0组,对比差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:PTEN基因过表达可通过抑制Akt-mTOR信号通路,提高乳腺癌细胞凋亡指数,降低细胞增殖活性,从而发挥抑癌作用。

华蟾素对非小细胞肺癌细胞株A549细胞增殖及PTEN/AKT/mTOR信号通路表达的影响

目的:观察华蟾素对肺癌细胞A549及PTEN/AKT/mTOR信号通路蛋白表达的影响。方法:在培养肺癌细胞株NCI-A549中分别加入不同浓度的华蟾素,应用细胞计数试剂盒-8检测24、48、72 h后细胞增殖活力,Ki67及EdU检测72 h细胞增殖活力,免疫印迹法检测磷脂酰肌醇-3激酶/蛋白激酶B/哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白以及磷酸化第10号染色体缺失的磷酸酶和张力蛋白的同源基因(phosphorylated-phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome ten,p-PTEN)蛋白表达。结果:0.2μg/mL华蟾素作用于A549细胞株48 h后显示明显抑制增殖作用(P<0.01),0.8μg/mL华蟾素处理12 h后均具有不同程度抑制增殖作用(P<0.05~P<0.01)。不同浓度华蟾素作用于细胞72 h后,p-PI3K、p-AKT、p-mTOR、p-S6、p-PTEN表达量均较对照组下降(P<0.05~P<0.01),而PI3K、AKT、mTOR、S6及PTEN表达量与对照组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:华蟾素可能通过抑制PI3K/AKT/mTOR信号通路蛋白磷酸化,抑制肺癌细胞A549的增殖。

直流生物电刺激活化PTEN/Akt/mTOR信号通路促进人口腔黏膜成纤维细胞增殖的研究

目的:探讨直流电刺激(direct current stimulation,DCS)对人口腔黏膜成纤维细胞(human oral mucosa fibroblast,hOMF)增殖的影响及相关机制。方法:以不同强度(0、10、25、50、100μA)、时长(0、5、10、30、60 min)、频率(0、1、2、3次/d)的DCS作用于hOMF,应用CCK-8法检测细胞增殖情况。通过酶联免疫吸附试验(enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay,ELISA)检测DCS组与对照组(接种的细胞贴壁后,随机设置DCS组及对照组)24、48 h细胞培养上清液中表皮细胞生长因子(epidermal growth factor,EGF)和血管内皮生长因子(vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)的浓度。通过蛋白质印迹法(Western blotting)检测经DCS后的hOMF中蛋白激酶B(protein kinase B,Akt)及磷酸化蛋白激酶B(phosphorylated protein kinase B,p-Akt)、哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mammalian rapamycin target protein,mTOR)及磷酸化哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(phosphorylated mammalian rapamycin target protein,p-mTOR)、磷酸酶和张力蛋白同源物(phosphatase and tensin homology deleted on chromosome ten,PTEN)的表达水平。结果:通过检测DCS强度梯度、时间梯度、频率梯度的吸光度值可知,25μA的电流强度(P<0.01)、10 min的刺激时长(P<0.001)及2次/d的刺激频率(P<0.01)为hOMF的显著增殖刺激条件。相较于对照组,DCS组24 h和48 h细胞培养上清液中VEGF的浓度均有所升高,24 h培养上清液中的VEGF浓度升高更为明显(P<0.01)。在不同时长的DCS下,刺激5、10 min后的p-mTOR和p-Akt的蛋白表达升高(P<0.05),PTEN的蛋白表达降低(P<0.001)。结论:DCS可促进hOMF的增殖,诱导细胞因子VEGF的高表达,可能与PTEN/Akt/mTOR信号通路的激活有关。

The molecular genetics of PI3K/PTEN/AKT/mTOR pathway in the malformations of cortical development

Malformations of cortical development(MCD)are a group of developmental disorders characterized by abnormal cortical structures caused by genetic or harmful environmental factors.Many kinds of MCD are caused by genetic variation.MCD is the common cause of intellectual disability and intractable epilepsy.With rapid advances in imaging and sequencing technologies,the diagnostic rate of MCD has been increasing,and many potential genes causing MCD have been successively identified.However,the high genetic heterogeneity of MCD makes it challenging to understand the molecular pathogenesis of MCD and to identify effective targeted drugs.Thus,in this review,we outline important events of cortical development.Then we illustrate the progress of molecular genetic studies about MCD focusing on the PI3K/PTEN/AKT/mTOR pathway.Finally,we briefly discuss the diagnostic methods,disease models,and therapeutic strategies for MCD.The information will facilitate further research on MCD.Understanding the role of the PI3K/PTEN/AKT/mTOR pathway in MCD could lead to a novel strategy for treating MCD-related diseases.

参慈胶囊联合顺铂通过PI3K/AKT/mTOR信号通路逆转人肺腺癌顺铂耐药的机制研究

目的:探讨参慈胶囊联合顺铂是否通过PI3K/AKT/mTOR信号通路逆转接种人肺腺癌A549/DDP细胞的裸鼠体内的顺铂耐药。方法:建立裸鼠人肺腺癌移植瘤模型,随机分为对照组、参慈胶囊组、顺铂组和参慈胶囊+顺铂组。对照组予生理盐水,其余各组荷瘤裸鼠均用药21 d,断颈处死,取肿瘤组织,采用流式细胞术检测细胞周期与细胞凋亡;采用FQ-PCR技术检测A549/DDP肺癌组织PTEN、P-糖蛋白、PI3K、AKT和mTOR的mRNA表达情况。结果:参慈胶囊组、顺铂组和参慈胶囊+顺铂组与对照组比较,对人肺腺癌A549/DDP细胞的增殖均有抑制作用,其中参慈胶囊+顺铂组较其它治疗组能够进一步将人肺腺癌A549/DDP细胞阻滞于G_2/M期,促进细胞凋亡,增加PTEN的表达,抑制P-糖蛋白、PI3K、AKT和mTOR的表达。结论:参慈胶囊可能通过阻断PI3K/AKT/mTOR信号通路,促进PTEN的表达,或者抑制P-糖蛋白介导的耐药途径,增强裸鼠体内人肺腺癌A549/DDP耐药细胞对顺铂的敏感性。

Biomimetic hydroxyapatite coating on the 3D-printed bioactive porous composite ceramic scaffolds promoted osteogenic differentiation via PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathways and facilitated bone regeneration in vivo

The architecture and surface modifications have been regarded as effective methods to enhance the bi-ological response of biomaterials in bone tissue engineering.The porous architecture of the implanta-tion was essential conditions for bone regeneration.Meanwhile,the design of biomimetic hydroxyap-atite(HAp)coating on porous scaffolds was demonstrated to strengthen the bioactivity and stimulate osteogenesis.However,bioactive bio-ceramics such asβ-tricalcium phosphate(β-TCP)and calcium sili-cate(CS)with superior apatite-forming ability were reported to present better osteogenic activity than that of HAp.Hence in this study,3D-printed interconnected porous bioactive ceramicsβ-TCP/CS scaf-fold was fabricated and the biomimetic HAp apatite coating were constructed in situ via hydrothermal reaction,and the effects of HAp apatite layer on the fate of mouse bone mesenchymal stem cells(mBM-SCs)and the potential mechanisms were explored.The results indicated that HAp apatite coating en-hanced cell proliferation,alkaline phosphatase(ALP)activity,and osteogenic gene expression.Further-more,PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway is proved to have an important impact on cellular functions.The present results demonstrated that the key molecules of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase(PI3K),protein kinase B(AKT)and mammalian target of rapamycin(mTOR)were activated after the biomimetic hydrox-yapatite coating were constructed on the 3D-printed ceramic scaffolds.Besides,the activated influence on the protein expression of Runx2 and BMP2 could be suppressed after the treatment of inhibitor HY-10358.In vivo studies showed that the constructed HAp coating promoted bone formation and strengthen the bone quality.These results suggest that biomimetic HAp coating constructed on the 3D-printed bioac-tive composite scaffolds could strengthen the bioactivity and the obtained biomimetic multi-structured scaffolds might be a potential alternative bone graft for bone regeneration.