Ascophyllum nodosum and Fucus vesiculosus ameliorate restenosis via improving inflammation and regulating the PTEN/PI3K/AKT signaling pathway

Restenosis is a common complication following coronary angioplasty.The traditional use of seaweeds for health benefits has increasingly been explored,however few studies exist reporting its protective effects on the development of restenosis and gut dysbiosis.The aim of this study was to investigate the potential of seaweed extracts(SE) of Ascophyllum nodosum and Fucus vesiculosus in inhibiting intimal hyperplasia in a rat model of restenosis and its underlying mechanisms in macrophages and vascular smooth muscle cells(vSMCs).16S rRNA sequencing was done to investigate the regulatory effect of SE on the gut microbiome of injured rats.As indicated by the results,SE significantly inhibited the progression of intimal hyperplasia in vivo,attenuated inflammation in macrophages and could inhibit the proliferation,dedifferentiation and migration of vSMCs.It was observed through immunoblotting assays that treatment with SE significantly upregulated PTEN expression in macrophages and inhibited the upregulation of PI3K and AKT expression in vSMCs.Meanwhile,according to the 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis,supplementation with SE modulated gut microbiota composition in injured rats.In conclusion,SE could ameliorate intimal hyperplasia by inhibiting inflammation and vSMCs proliferation through the regulation of the PTEN/PI3K/AKT pathway and modulating the gut microbiome.

Hypoglycemic mechanism of Tegillarca granosa polysaccharides on type 2 diabetic mice by altering gut microbiota and regulating the PI3K-akt signaling pathwaye

Type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)is a complex metabolic disease threatening human health.We investigated the effects of Tegillarca granosa polysaccharide(TGP)and determined its potential mechanisms in a mouse model of T2DM established through a high-fat diet and streptozotocin.TGP(5.1×10^(3) Da)was composed of mannose,glucosamine,rhamnose,glucuronic acid,galactosamine,glucose,galactose,xylose,and fucose.It could significantly alleviate weight loss,reduce fasting blood glucose levels,reverse dyslipidemia,reduce liver damage from oxidative stress,and improve insulin sensitivity.RT-PCR and Western blotting indicated that TGP could activate the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/protein kinase B signaling pathway to regulate disorders in glucolipid metabolism and improve insulin resistance.TGP increased the abundance of Allobaculum,Akkermansia,and Bifidobacterium,restored the microbiota abundance in the intestinal tracts of mice with T2DM,and promoted short-chain fatty acid production.This study provides new insights into the antidiabetic effects of TGP and highlights its potential as a natural hypoglycemic nutraceutical.

Spi1 regulates the microglial/macrophage inflammatory response via the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway after intracerebral hemorrhage

Preclinical and clinical studies have shown that microglia and macrophages participate in a multiphasic brain damage repair process following intracerebral hemorrhage.The E26 transformation-specific sequence-related transcription factor Spi1 regulates microglial/macrophage commitment and maturation.However,the effect of Spi1 on intracerebral hemorrhage remains unclear.In this study,we found that Spi1 may regulate recovery from the neuroinflammation and neurofunctional damage caused by intracerebral hemorrhage by modulating the microglial/macrophage transcriptome.We showed that high Spi1expression in microglia/macrophages after intracerebral hemorrhage is associated with the activation of many pathways that promote phagocytosis,glycolysis,and autophagy,as well as debris clearance and sustained remyelination.Notably,microglia with higher levels of Soil expression were chara cterized by activation of pathways associated with a variety of hemorrhage-related cellular processes,such as complement activation,angiogenesis,and coagulation.In conclusion,our results suggest that Spi1 plays a vital role in the microglial/macrophage inflammatory response following intracerebral hemorrhage.This new insight into the regulation of Spi1 and its target genes may advance our understanding of neuroinflammation in intracerebral hemorrhage and provide therapeutic targets for patients with intracerebral hemorrhage.

Downregulation of Serum PTEN Expression in Mercury-Exposed Population and PI3K/AKT Pathway-Induced Inflammation

Objective This study investigated the impact of occupational mercury(Hg) exposure on human gene transcription and expression, and its potential biological mechanisms.Methods Differentially expressed genes related to Hg exposure were identified and validated using gene expression microarray analysis and extended validation. Hg-exposed cell models and PTEN lowexpression models were established in vitro using 293T cells. PTEN gene expression was assessed using qRT-PCR, and Western blotting was used to measure PTEN, AKT, and PI3K protein levels. IL-6 expression was determined by ELISA.Results Combined findings from gene expression microarray analysis, bioinformatics, and population expansion validation indicated significant downregulation of the PTEN gene in the high-concentration Hg exposure group. In the Hg-exposed cell model(25 and 10 μmol/L), a significant decrease in PTEN expression was observed, accompanied by a significant increase in PI3K, AKT, and IL-6 expression.Similarly, a low-expression cell model demonstrated that PTEN gene knockdown led to a significant decrease in PTEN protein expression and a substantial increase in PI3K, AKT, and IL-6 levels.Conclusion This is the first study to report that Hg exposure downregulates the PTEN gene, activates the PI3K/AKT regulatory pathway, and increases the expression of inflammatory factors, ultimately resulting in kidney inflammation.

基于PTEN与JAK对PI3K/Akt信号通路的影响探讨加味小蓟饮子治疗急性放射性膀胱炎的作用机制

目的:探讨加味小蓟饮子治疗急性放射性膀胱炎的作用机制。方法:50只ICR小鼠随机分为空白组12只和造模组38只。采用X射线辐照仪造模,造模后随机取2只小鼠处死鉴定模型是否成功。将剩余造模组小鼠随机分为模型组、小蓟饮子组和加味小蓟饮子组各12只。空白组、模型组、小蓟饮子组、加味小蓟饮子组分别予0.9%氯化钠、0.9%氯化钠、小蓟饮子药液,加味小蓟饮子药液灌胃处理,每日1次,连续7 d。末次灌胃后24 h处死取材,酶联免疫吸附实验(ELISA)法检测血清超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)含量。Western Blot法检测小鼠膀胱丝氨酸/苏氨酸激酶(AKT)、E钙粘着蛋白(E-Cadherin)、内皮素-1(ET-1)、JAK激酶(JAK)、核转录因子红系2相关因子2(Nrf2)、磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶(PI3K)、人第10号染色体缺失的磷酸酶(PTEN)、Smad蛋白2(Smad2)、Smad蛋白3(Smad3)、转化生长因子β1(TGF-β1)、尿斑蛋白3(Upk3)、血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)蛋白相对表达水平;实时荧光免疫定量-聚合酶链式反应法(RT-PCR)法检测小鼠膀胱微RNA-21(MicroRNA-21,miR-21)、PTEN、JAK、PI3K、AKT、Nrf2信使核糖核酸(mRNA)相对表达水平。结果:相较模型组,加味小蓟饮子组小鼠体内SOD、GSH-Px、T-AOC、AKT、E-Cadherin、JAK、Nrf2、PI3K、Upk3含量升高(P<0.05),MDA、ET-1、PTEN、Smad2、Smad3、TGF-β1、VEGF含量下降(P<0.05);与模型组和小蓟饮子组比较,加味小蓟饮子miR-21 mRNA表达升高(P<0.05)。结论:加味小蓟饮子组可能通过上调miR-21表达,同调PTEN、JAK蛋白以激活下游PI3K/AKT/Nrf2信号通路治疗急性放射性膀胱炎。

阿魏酸通过调节PTEN/PI3K/AKT信号通路抑制急性T淋巴细胞白血病进展

目的探究阿魏酸是否可通过调控PTEN/PI3K/AKT信号通路在体内外抑制急性T淋巴细胞白血病进展。方法将急性T淋巴细胞白血病Jurkat细胞分为对照组、阿魏酸处理组和LY294002处理组进行体外实验,对照组正常培养;阿魏酸处理组分别给予不同浓度(1.25、2.5、5、10、20、40、80、160µmol/L)阿魏酸,采用CCK-8法检测细胞增殖能力,筛选实验浓度;LY294002处理组给予50µmol/L PI3K/AKT抑制剂LY294002,采用克隆形成实验、流式细胞术、Transwell实验检测细胞增殖、凋亡、侵袭情况,采用Western blot检测核蛋白Ki67、增殖细胞核抗原(PCNA)、cleaved caspase-3、cleaved caspase-9、E-cadherin、N-cadherin、Vimentin、PTEN、p-PI3K、PI3K、p-AKT和AKT蛋白相对表达量。使用30只雄性BALB/c裸鼠建立移植瘤裸鼠模型,平均分为正常组和阿魏酸处理组进行体内实验,正常组接种Jurkat细胞后以生理盐水灌胃,阿魏酸处理组接种Jurkat细胞后以75 mg/kg阿魏酸灌胃,比较移植瘤质量和体积变化,并检测肿瘤组织中Ki67、cleaved caspase-3/caspase-3、E-cadherin、N-cadherin、PTEN、p-PI3K、PI3K、p-AKT和AKT水平。结果体外实验中,与对照组比较,5、10、20µmol/L阿魏酸处理组和LY294002处理组细胞克隆形成率、细胞侵袭数、Ki67、PCNA、N-cadherin、Vimentin、p-PI3K/PI3K、p-AKT/AKT明显降低/减少(P<0.05),细胞凋亡率、cleaved caspase-3/caspase-3、cleaved caspase-9/caspase-9、E-cadherin、PTEN明显升高(P<0.05)。体内实验中,与正常组比较,阿魏酸处理组裸鼠肿瘤质量减轻,肿瘤体积减小,肿瘤组织中Ki67、N-cadherin、p-PI3K/PI3K、p-AKT/AKT明显降低,cleaved caspase-3/caspase-3、E-cadherin、PTEN明显升高,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论阿魏酸在体内外均可抑制急性T淋巴细胞白血病Jurkat细胞的增殖及侵袭,并诱导细胞凋亡,其作用机制可能与调控PTEN/PI3K/AKT信号通路有关。

Melatonin improves synapse development by PI3K/Akt signaling in a mouse model of autism spectrum disorder

Autism spectrum disorders are a group of neurodevelopmental disorders involving more than 1100 genes,including Ctnnd2 as a candidate gene.Ctnnd2knockout mice,serving as an animal model of autis m,have been demonstrated to exhibit decreased density of dendritic spines.The role of melatonin,as a neuro hormone capable of effectively alleviating social interaction deficits and regulating the development of dendritic spines,in Ctnnd2 deletion-induced nerve injury remains unclea r.In the present study,we discove red that the deletion of exon 2 of the Ctnnd2 gene was linked to social interaction deficits,spine loss,impaired inhibitory neurons,and suppressed phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase(PI3K)/protein kinase B(Akt) signal pathway in the prefrontal cortex.Our findings demonstrated that the long-term oral administration of melatonin for 28 days effectively alleviated the aforementioned abnormalities in Ctnnd2 gene-knockout mice.Furthermore,the administration of melatonin in the prefro ntal cortex was found to improve synaptic function and activate the PI3K/Akt signal pathway in this region.The pharmacological blockade of the PI3K/Akt signal pathway with a PI3K/Akt inhibitor,wo rtmannin,and melatonin receptor antagonists,luzindole and 4-phenyl-2-propionamidotetralin,prevented the melatonin-induced enhancement of GABAergic synaptic function.These findings suggest that melatonin treatment can ameliorate GABAe rgic synaptic function by activating the PI3K/Akt signal pathway,which may contribute to the improvement of dendritic spine abnormalities in autism spectrum disorders.

Alleviatory effect of isoquercetin on benign prostatic hyperplasia via IGF-1/PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway

We evaluated the effect of isoquercetin(quercetin-O-3-glucoside-quercetin,IQ)as a functional component of Abeliophyllum disistichum Nakai ethanol extract(ADLE)on prostate cell proliferation and apoptosis and its effects on the IGF-1/PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway in benign prostatic hyperplasia(BPH).Metabolites in ADLE were analyzed using UHPLC-qTOF-MS and HPLC.IQ was orally administered(1 or 10 mg/kg)to a testosterone propionate-induced BPH rat model,and its effects on the prostate weight were evaluated.The effect of IQ on androgen receptor(AR)signaling was analyzed in LNCaP cells.Whether IGF-1 and IQ affect the IGF-1/PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway in BPH-1 cells was also examined.The metabolites in ADLE were identified and quantified,which confirmed that ADLE contained abundant IQ(20.88 mg/g).IQ significantly reduced the prostate size in a concentration-dependent manner in a BPH rat model,and significantly decreased the expression of AR signaling factors in the rat prostate tissue and LNCaP cells in a concentration-dependent manner.IQ also inhibited the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway activated by IGF-1 treatment in BPH-1 cells.In BPH-1 cells,IQ led to G0/G1 arrest and suppressed the expression of proliferation factors while inducing apoptosis.Thus,IQ shows potential for use as a pharmaceutical and nutraceutical for BPH.

加味沙参麦冬汤调控PTEN/PI3K/AKT通路对CAG大鼠的治疗作用

目的观察加味沙参麦冬汤对慢性萎缩性胃炎(CAG)大鼠胃黏膜细胞凋亡及对PTEN/PI3K/AKT通路的作用。方法将60只Wistar大鼠随机分为空白组、模型组、阳性对照组、加味沙参麦冬汤低剂量、中剂量、高剂量组共6组,每组各10只。除空白组外,其余大鼠饮用N-甲基-N’-硝基-N-亚硝基胍(MNNG)溶液以复制CAG模型。阳性对照组以维酶素作为阳性对照,于造模完成后给予0.3 g/kg维酶素混悬液灌胃,加味沙参麦冬汤低剂量、中剂量、高剂量组分别给予加味沙参麦冬汤不同剂量灌胃,每日给药1次,持续12周。采用中性红清除法观察胃黏膜血流量,ELISA实验检测血清中Fas、Fas L的含量,TUNEL染色检测胃黏膜细胞凋亡情况,免疫组织化学法及Western-blot法检测胃黏膜组织中PTEN/PI3K/AKT信号通路相关蛋白的表达。结果加味沙参麦冬汤不同剂量灌胃治疗后,胃黏膜血流量明显升高,血清中Fas、Fas L的水平显著降低,胃黏膜TUNEL凋亡阳性细胞明显减少,胃黏膜组织中AKT的阳性细胞数和蛋白表达显著减少(P<0.05),胃黏膜组织中PTEN的阳性细胞数和蛋白表达显著上调,PI3K的阳性细胞数和蛋白表达显著下调(P<0.05),且效果呈现剂量依赖性。结论加味沙参麦冬汤对CAG大鼠具有较好的治疗效果,能够通过抑制细胞过度凋亡保护黏膜上皮,同时通过增加PTEN的表达有效抑制PI3K/AKT信号通路的异常激活,发挥对CAG的防治作用。

加味芪黄饮改善糖尿病肾病的PTEN/PI3K/Akt/mTOR通路机制研究

目的:研究加味芪黄饮通过PTEN/磷脂酰肌醇3激酶(PI3K)/蛋白激酶B(Akt)/哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶标(mTOR)通路改善糖尿病肾病(DN)的作用机制。方法:Sprague-Dawle(SD)大鼠利用高脂饲料饲养联合腹腔注射链脲佐菌素(STZ)建立DN模型,采用完全随机法分为模型组、加味芪黄饮低剂量组、中剂量组、高剂量组及氯沙坦组。各10只。根据临床用量换算,设定加味芪黄饮低剂量组、中剂量组、高剂量组[生药含量:200、400、800 mg·kg^(-1)·d^(-1)],空白组及模型组予0.9%氯化钠注射液灌胃。8周后取材,检测DN大鼠24 h尿蛋白、血肌酐(SCr)、血尿素氮水平(BUN),苏木精-伊红(HE)染色观察肾脏病理变化,免疫组化检测肾组织中PTEN、PI3K、Akt和mTOR等蛋白表达。结果:与空白组相比,模型组大鼠24 h尿蛋白、SCr、BUN水平显著升高(P<0.0001);加味芪黄饮干预后肾功能指标相比于模型组有所降低(P<0.001),免疫组化结果提示:模型组PTEN表达降低,PI3K、Akt、mTOR表达升高(P<0.01);加味芪黄饮干预后,PTEN表达量上升,PI3K、Akt及mTOR表达量下降,相比模型组差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。加味芪黄饮高剂量组与氯沙坦组疗效差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:加味芪黄饮可能通过PTEN/PI3K/Akt/mTOR通路延缓DN发展。

Zuo Gui Wan Promotes Osteogenesis via PI3K/AKT Signaling Pathway:Network Pharmacology Analysis and Experimental Validation

Objective Osteogenesis is vitally important for bone defect repair,and Zuo Gui Wan(ZGW)is a classic prescription in traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)for strengthening bones.However,the specific mechanism by which ZGW regulates osteogenesis is still unclear.The current study is based on a network pharmacology analysis to explore the potential mechanism of ZGW in promoting osteogenesis.Methods A network pharmacology analysis followed by experimental validation was applied to explore the potential mechanisms of ZGW in promoting the osteogenesis of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells(BMSCs).Results In total,487 no-repeat targets corresponding to the bioactive components of ZGW were screened,and 175 target genes in the intersection of ZGW and osteogenesis were obtained.And 28 core target genes were then obtained from a PPI network analysis.A GO functional enrichment analysis showed that the relevant biological processes mainly involve the cellular response to chemical stress,metal ions,and lipopolysaccharide.Additionally,KEGG pathway enrichment analysis revealed that multiple signaling pathways,including the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/protein kinase B(PI3K/AKT)signaling pathway,were associated with ZGW-promoted osteogensis.Further experimental validation showed that ZGW could increase alkaline phosphatase(ALP)activity as well as the mRNA and protein levels of ALP,osteocalcin(OCN),and runt related transcription factor 2(Runx 2).What’s more,Western blot analysis results showed that ZGW significantly increased the protein levels of p-PI3K and p-AKT,and the increases of these protein levels significantly receded after the addition of the PI3K inhibitor LY294002.Finally,the upregulated osteogenic-related indicators were also suppressed by the addition of LY294002.Conclusion ZGW promotes the osteogenesis of BMSCs via PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.

Liqi Huoxue dripping pill protects against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury via the PI3K/Akt/GSK-3β signaling pathway in rats

Background:Liqi Huoxue dripping pill(LQHXDP),a traditional Chinese drug for coronary heart disease,has a protective effect on the heart of rats with myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury(MIRI)in previous studies;however,its mechanism of action remains unclear.The purpose of this study was to investigate the protective mechanism of LQHXDP on MIRI in rats and its relationship with the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.Methods:In this study,Sprague-Dawley rats were pre-infused with LQHXDP(175 mg/kg/d)for 10 days.PI3K inhibitor LY294002(0.3 mg/kg)was intravenously injected 15 minutes before ischemia.The rat model of MIRI was established by ligating the left anterior descending coronary artery.Subsequently,cardiac hemodynamics,serum myocardial injury markers,inflammatory factors,myocardial infarct size,antioxidant indexes,myocardial histopathology,and phosphorylation levels of key proteins of PI3K/Akt signaling pathway were assessed in rats.Results:LQHXDP was found to improve cardiac hemodynamic indexes,reduce serum creatine kinase MB isoenzyme activity and cardiac troponin and heart-type fatty acid binding protein levels,lower serum interleukin-1 beta,interleukin-6 and tumour necrosis factorαlevels,reduce the myocardial infarct size and enhance the antioxidant capacity of myocardial tissue in MIRI rats.Pathological analysis revealed that LQHXDP attenuated the extent of myocardial injury and protected mitochondria from damage in MIRI rats.Immunoblot analysis revealed that LQHXDP increased the expression levels of p-Akt and p-GSK-3βin MIRI rat cardiomyocytes.PI3K inhibitor LY294002 could impair these effects of LQHXDP.Conclusion:LQHXDP attenuated myocardial injury,attenuated oxidative stress injury and reduced inflammatory response in MIRI rats,and its protective effects were mediated by activating of PI3K/Akt/GSK-3βsignaling pathway.

XB130 inhibits healing of diabetic skin ulcers through the PI3K/Akt signalling pathway

BACKGROUND Diabetic skin ulcers,a significant global healthcare burden,are mainly caused by the inhibition of cell proliferation and impaired angiogenesis.XB130 is an adaptor protein that regulates cell proliferation and migration.However,the role of XB130 in the development of diabetic skin ulcers remains unclear.AIM To investigate whether XB130 can regulate the inhibition of proliferation and vascular damage induced by high glucose.Additionally,we aim to determine whether XB130 is involved in the healing process of diabetic skin ulcers,along with its molecular mechanisms.METHODS We conducted RNA-sequencing analysis to identify the key genes involved in diabetic skin ulcers.We investigated the effects of XB130 on wound healing using histological analyses.In addition,we used reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction,Western blot,terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferasemediated dUTP nick end labeling staining,immunofluorescence,wound healing,and tubule formation experiments to investigate their effects on cellular processes in human umbilical vein endothelial cells(HUVECs)stimulated with high glucose.Finally,we performed functional analysis to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying diabetic skin ulcers.RESULTS RNA-sequencing analysis showed that the expression of XB130 was up-regulated in the tissues of diabetic skin ulcers.Knockdown of XB130 promoted the healing of skin wounds in mice,leading to an accelerated wound healing process and shortened wound healing time.At the cellular level,knockdown of XB130 alleviated high glucose-induced inhibition of cell proliferation and angiogenic impairment in HUVECs.Inhibition of the PI3K/Akt pathway removed the proliferative effects and endothelial protection mediated by XB130.CONCLUSION The findings of this study indicated that the expression of XB130 is up-regulated in high glucose-stimulated diabetic skin ulcers and HUVECs.Knockdown of XB130 promotes cell proliferation and angiogenesis via the PI3K/Akt signalling pathway,which accelerates the healing of diabetic skin ulcers.

A study of acupoint specificity and mechanism of electroacupuncture intervention on chronic colitis in rats based on PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway

Objective:This study aimed to elucidate the differences in effects and mechanisms of action of electric-needle therapy at Tian Shu(ST25),Da Chang Shu(BL25),Zu San Li(ST36)and Shang Ju Xu(ST37)acupoints on chronic experimental colitis in rats through the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway.Methods:Sixty pathogen-free SD rats were randomly assigned to six groups:the normal,model,Tian Shu(ST25),Da Chang Shu(BL25),Zu San Li(ST36)and Shang Ju Xu(ST37)groups,each with 10 rats.Chronic colitis was induced in rats by combining immunization and local stimulation.After model establishment,electrical needle intervention combined with dispersing wave of 2 Hz/50 Hz with a current intensity of 2 mA once daily for 20 min was applied on acupoints of each group.Subsequently,the inflammation of colonic mucosa and serum levels of inflammatory factors(IL-23,IL-17,IL-10)were observed;ELISA was used to detect mRNA expressions of PI3K,Akt and mTOR in colitic tissues by RT-PCR as well as protein content of p-PI3k/PI3K,p-Akt/Akt,and p-mTOR/mTOR in colitic tissues by Western blotting.Result:Compared with the normal group,the model rats showed a poor general condition,serious damage to the colonic mucosa with a large number of inflammatory cells infiltration.The serum IL-23 and IL-17 expressions were significantly increased(P<0.01),while the serum IL-10 expression was significantly decreased(P<0.01);the mRNA and protein expressions of PI3K,Akt,mTOR and p-PI3K,p-Akt and p-mTOR were significantly increased(P<0.05,P<0.01).Compared with the model group,the pathological slices of rats in each acupoints intervention group showed obvious improvement of colitis inflammatory reaction and tissue damage;the serological levels of IL-23 and IL-17 were significantly reduced(P<0.01),while the serology level of IL-10 was significantly increased(P<0.01);the expressions of PI3K,Akt,mTOR mRNA and p-PI3K,p-Akt,p-mTOR proteins were significantly decreased(P<0.05,P<0.01).Compared with Tian Shu(ST25),Da Chang Shu(BL25),Zu San Li(ST36)groups,the recovery degree of mucosa layers in Shang Ju Xu(ST37)group was closer to that of normal group,and the curative effect was relatively the best;in terms of serological levels of IL-23 and IL-17,the Shang Ju Xu(ST37)group was significantly lower(P<0.05),while the level of IL-10 was significantly higher(P<0.01);the expressions of PI3K,Akt,mTOR mRNA and p-PI3K,p-Akt,p-mTOR proteins were significantly decreased(P<0.05,P<0.01).Conclusion:Results indicate that electrical acupuncture at Tian Shu(ST25),Da Chang Shu(BL25),Zu San Li(ST36)and Shang Ju Xu(ST37)show similar effects in relieving the colitis-induced damage in the mucosa of chronic colitis rats,as well as inflammatory response.Among them,Shang Ju Xu(ST25)has a superior overall effect in treating chronic colitis compared to Tian Shu(ST25),Da Chang Shu(BL25)and Zu San Li(ST36).The mechanism may be related to inhibition of PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway.

Simiao Wan alleviates obesity-associated insulin resistance via PKCε/IRS-1/PI3K/Akt signaling pathway based on network pharmacology analysis and experimental validation

Background:The purpose of the study was to investigatethe active ingredients and potential biochemicalmechanisms of Simiao Wan(SMW)in obesity-associated insulin resistance.Methods:An integrated network pharmacology method to screen the active compoundsand candidate targets,construct the protein-protein-interaction network,and ingredients-targets-pathways network was constructed for topological analysis to identify core targets and main ingredients.To find the possible signaling pathways,enrichment analysis was performed.Further,a model of insulin resistance in HL-7702 cells was established to verify the impact of SMW and the regulatory processes.Results:An overall of 63 active components and 151 candidate targets were obtained,in which flavonoids were the main ingredients.Enrichment analysis indicated that the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway was the potential pathway regulated by SMW in obesity-associated insulin resistance treatment.The result showed that SMW could significantly ameliorate insulin sensitivity,increase glucose synthesis and glucose utilization and reduce intracellular lipids accumulation in hepatocytes.Also,SMW inhibited diacylglycerols accumulation-induced PKCεactivity and decreased its translocation to the membrane.Conclusion:SMW ameliorated obesity-associated insulin resistance through PKCε/IRS-1/PI3K/Akt signaling axis in hepatocytes,providing a new strategy for metabolic disease treatment.

The role and research progress of PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in non-traumatic osteonecrosis of the femoral head

Non-traumatic osteonecrosis of the femoral head(NONFH)is one of the most common orthopedic diseases,influenced by multiple signaling pathways and inflammatory factors.The PI3K/AKT signaling pathway is closely related to various biological processes such as apoptosis,autophagy,and metabolism in cells.Increasing evidence suggests that it plays an important role in the development of femoral head necrosis.This paper aims to explore the mechanism of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in the pathogenesis of NONFH by analyzing its regulation of lipid metabolism,cell apoptosis and autophagy,and intravascular coagulation.This study provides new insights for the research of NONFH.

FGF2 promotes the chemotherapy resistance in colon cancer cells through activating PI3K/Akt signaling pathway

Background:To investigate the role of fibroblast growth factor 2(FGF2)in chemotherapy resistance of colon cancer.Methods:An HCT116/5-fluorouracil(5-FU)-resistant cell line was established,and FGF2 levels were detected in a sensitive cell group(HCT116)and a resistant cell group(HCT1116-R)using different methods.Fibroblast growth factor 2 levels in the medium were determined by enzyme-linked immunoassay.The protein expressions of FGF2,fibroblast growth factor receptor 1(FGFR1),and phospho-FGFR1 were assessed by Western blotting,and FGF2 mRNA levels were detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction.Fibroblast growth factor 2 recombinant protein was added to sensitive cells,and FGFR inhibitor AZD4547 was added to resistant cells,and the cell survival rate was determined using the cell counting kit-8 method and the protein expressions of PI3K(phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase),p-PI3K(phospho-PI3K),Akt(protein kinase B),p-Akt(phospho-Akt),mammalian target of rapamycin(mTOR),p-mTOR(phospho-mTOR),Bad(Bcl-xL/Bcl-2-associated death promoter),NF-κB(nuclear factorκB),GSK-3(glycogen synthase kinase-3),FKHR(forkhead box protein O1),and PTEN(phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome ten)were detected by Western blotting.Results:Fibroblast growth factor 2 protein and mRNA expression levels in the HCT116-R group were significantly higher than those in the HCT116 group.Fibroblast growth factor 2 increased the survival rate of HCT116 cells;improved tolerance to 5-FU;upregulated p-PI3K,p-Akt,and p-mTOR;and downregulated Bad.The FGFR inhibitor AZD4547 decreased cell survival rate and tolerance to 5-FU;downregulated p-PI3K,p-Akt,and p-mTOR expression;and upregulated Bad.Conclusions:Fibroblast growth factor 2 promotes chemotherapy tolerance in colon cancer cells by activating the Akt/mTOR and Akt/Bad signaling pathways downstream of PI3K.

白藜芦醇对酒精依赖大鼠肾脏中PTEN/PI3K/AKT信号通路的影响

目的研究酒精依赖大鼠肾脏中PTEN/PI3K/AKT信号通路相关蛋白的表达情况,探讨白藜芦醇对PTEN/PI3K/AKT信号通路的影响。方法将SD大鼠随机分为饮酒组和对照组,首先对饮酒组大鼠进行适应性喂养,然后采用20%酒精交替间隔自由饮制备酒精依赖模型,待模型制备成功后,将饮酒组大鼠随机分为白藜芦醇低、中、高剂量组(25、50、100 mg/kg)、酒精依赖模型组,每组各6只,进行灌胃给药。模型制备期间持续记录大鼠体重变化、酒精摄入量以及酒精偏好,判定酒精依赖大鼠模型构造是否成功;给药结束后,Western Blot法检测大鼠肾脏组织中磷酸酶和张力蛋白同源物(PTEN)、磷脂酰肌苷3激酶(PI3K)、蛋白激酶B(AKT)指标的蛋白表达。结果给酒大鼠在最后7 d的饮酒偏好(38.14±1.72)%和酒精摄入量(11.11±1.13)g/(kg·24 h)趋于稳定,即成功制备酒精依赖SD大鼠模型;与对照组相比,酒精依赖模型组肾脏PTEN蛋白相对表达量显著降低,PI3K蛋白和AKT蛋白相对表达量显著升高(P<0.05);在给药后,白藜芦醇高剂量组与酒精依赖模型组相比大鼠肾组织中PI3K和AKT的表达趋势明显下降,白藜芦醇中剂量组与酒精依赖模型组相比大鼠肾组织中PTEN的表达趋势明显上升(P<0.05)。结论PTEN/PI3K/AKT信号通路在酒精依赖大鼠肾脏中的相对表达量发生了变化,而不同剂量的白藜芦醇可以反向调节PTEN/PI3K/AKT的表达水平,说明白藜芦醇对酒精依赖大鼠的肾脏具有一定的保护作用。

miR-10b-5p靶向JARID2及PTEN/Akt/PI3K信号通路调控人乳腺癌MDA-MB-231细胞增殖和迁移能力

目的探讨miR-10b-5p靶向Jumonji富含AT结合结构域2(JARID2)及磷脂酶和张力蛋白同源物(PTEN)/蛋白激酶B(Akt)/磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶(PI3K)信号通路调控人乳腺癌M.D.Anderson和MB代表转移性乳腺癌-231(MDA-MB-231)细胞增殖和迁移的影响。方法培养人正常乳腺细胞密歇根癌症基金会-10A(MCF-10A)及人乳腺癌MDA-MB-231细胞,采用Real-time聚合酶链式反应(PCR)法检测两种细胞中miR-10b-5p表达。将MDA-MB-231细胞分为对照组(Lip2000处理后正常培养细胞)、上调拟似物组(Lip2000+miR-10b-5p拟似物mimic转染)、上调转染组(Lip2000+mimic-miR-10b-5p共转染)、下调拟似物组(Lip2000+miR-10b-5p拟似物inhibitor转染)、下调转染组(Lip2000+inhibitor-miR-10b-5p共转染)。采用四甲基偶氮唑盐比色法(MTT)检测各组细胞增殖情况,Transwell检测各组细胞迁移能力,Western blot法检测各组中JARID2及PTEN/Akt/PI3K信号通路蛋白表达。结果MDA-MB-231细胞中miR-10b-5p表达量高于MCF-10A细胞(P<0.05)。上调转染组增殖抑制率低于对照组,下调转染组增殖抑制率高于对照组(P<0.05);上调拟似物组和下调拟似物组增殖抑制率与对照组比较差异无统计学意义。上调转染组细胞数量少于对照组,下调转染组细胞数量多于对照组(P<0.05);上调拟似物组和下调拟似物组与对照组细胞数量比较差异无统计学意义。上调转染组JARID2、PTEN蛋白表达量均高于对照组,PI3K、Akt蛋白表达均低于对照组(P<0.05);下调转染组JARID2、PTEN蛋白表达量均低于对照组,PI3K、Akt蛋白表达均高于对照组(P<0.05)。结论miR-10b-5p可靶向JARID2及PTEN/Akt/PI3K信号通路表达,影响人乳腺癌MDA-MB-231细胞的增殖和迁移能力。

RSRC1通过靶向调控PTEN/PI3K/AKT通路抑制食管鳞状细胞癌的增殖和转移

目的 探索富含精氨酸和丝氨酸的卷曲螺旋1(RSRC1)在食管鳞状细胞癌(ESCC)增殖和转移中的作用。方法 通过生信分析检测磷酸酶及张力蛋白同源物(PTEN)在ESCC中的表达。利用qRT-PCR和蛋白免疫印迹法检测ESCC细胞中RSRC1的表达。通过CCK-8、细胞迁移和侵袭实验阐明RSRC1对ESCC细胞增殖和转移的作用。通过蛋白免疫印迹法分析PTEN/PI3K/AKT信号通路相关因子的表达。结果 生信分析结果显示PTEN在ESCC组织中低表达。分子实验显示RSRC1在ESCC细胞中低表达。细胞实验发现敲低RSRC1可促进ESCC增殖和转移,并且可以调节PTEN/PI3K/AKT信号通路。结论 RSRC1通过靶向调控PTEN/PI3K/AKT通路抑制ESCC的增殖和转移,RSRC1可能是一种新的ESCC诊断标志物和治疗靶点。