Background:Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed malignancy among women worldwide.In contrast to Europe,it generally presents very late in Africa.As with the rest of Africa,it is the most common primary maligna...Background:Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed malignancy among women worldwide.In contrast to Europe,it generally presents very late in Africa.As with the rest of Africa,it is the most common primary malignancy of females in Sudan and typically presents in stage III or IV disease.This study is intended to analyze the level of breast cancer awareness among women in Sudan.Objective:To assess the level of awareness of breast cancer among Sudanese females and their attitude towards breast changes.Also,to establish possible associations between several variables(education level,age,contact with a breast cancer patient,residence)on awareness.Method:A descriptive cross-sectional community-based study of 385 females in Omdurman city,selected by convenient sampling.An interview-based Arabic version of Breast Cancer Awareness Measure was used.Data were coded and analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences v.20.Results:A total of 385 females were included,of which 38.7%were 20–30 years,47.8%were single,53.8%had a university education,41%of them were currently unemployed,and 54.3%resided in Ummbadda’s locality.When asked about breast cancer’s signs and risk factors,55.06%and 55.8%failed to name any.The cumulative percentage of correct answers of close-ended questions about signs,risk factors and Federal Ministry of Health screening program were 42.8%,30.7%and 44.7%in that order.Only 38.2%knew the right method breast self-examination,and 48.2%of them rarely practiced it.38.2%noticed a change in the breast tissue but didn't visit a doctor.The majority of them,though,said they would see a doctor if they noticed a change in the future.Conclusion:There is a severe lack of awareness of breast cancer among females in Sudanese society.Also,there was a clear ignorant attitude practiced by a significant proportion of the candidates.Recommendations:To address this study’s limitations,further research is to be done.Federal Ministry of Health has to improve its media message and arrange targeted awareness campaigns.展开更多
Objective Independent from noise exposure, noise sensitivity plays a pivotal role in people＇s noise annoyance perception and concomitant health deteriorations. The present study empirically investigated the psychomet...Objective Independent from noise exposure, noise sensitivity plays a pivotal role in people＇s noise annoyance perception and concomitant health deteriorations. The present study empirically investigated the psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the Weinstein Noise Sensitivity Scale-Short Form （CNSS-SF）, the widely used inventory measuring individual differences in noise perception.Methods In total, 373 Chinese participants （age = 21.41 ± 3.36） completed the online, anonymous questionnaire package. Examination of the CNSS-SF＇s reliability （internal consistency）, factorial validity through validation and cross-validation, nomological validity and measurement invariance across gender groups were undertaken.Results The Cronbach alpha coefficients and composite reliabilities indicated sufficient reliability of the CNSS-SF. Two confirmatory factor analyses （CFA）, in two randomly partitioned groups of participants, substantiated the factorial validity of the scale. The nomological validity of the scale was also corroborated by the significant positive association of its score with the trait anxiety score. Measurement invariance of the CNSS-SF was also found across genders via multi-group CFA.Conclusion Though not without limitations, findings from the present research provide promising evidence for the utility of the scale in measuring noise sensitivity among the Chinese population. The availability of the CNSS-SF can promote research related to environmental noise and health in China, as well as facilitate cross-cultural comparisons.展开更多
Due to the recent interest in food additives that can act as triggering factors in autoimmune diseases including celiac disease(CD),the present letter to the editor expands on the microbial transglutaminase(mTG).It is...Due to the recent interest in food additives that can act as triggering factors in autoimmune diseases including celiac disease(CD),the present letter to the editor expands on the microbial transglutaminase(mTG).It is heavily consumed by a plethora of food processing industries as“glue of proteins”thus improving product’s stability,texture and shelf life.However,more and more information is accumulated lately,questioning its safety.Its cross-linked gliadin complexes are immunogenic in CD.The enzyme increases gliadin uptake,is transported in a trans-epithelial way and deposited below the enterocyte’s line,has antiphagocytic activity,enhances intestinal permeability and creates luminal resistant isopeptide bonds.No doubt that mTG is beneficial to food industries but a caveat to public health is highly recommended.展开更多
文摘Background:Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed malignancy among women worldwide.In contrast to Europe,it generally presents very late in Africa.As with the rest of Africa,it is the most common primary malignancy of females in Sudan and typically presents in stage III or IV disease.This study is intended to analyze the level of breast cancer awareness among women in Sudan.Objective:To assess the level of awareness of breast cancer among Sudanese females and their attitude towards breast changes.Also,to establish possible associations between several variables(education level,age,contact with a breast cancer patient,residence)on awareness.Method:A descriptive cross-sectional community-based study of 385 females in Omdurman city,selected by convenient sampling.An interview-based Arabic version of Breast Cancer Awareness Measure was used.Data were coded and analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences v.20.Results:A total of 385 females were included,of which 38.7%were 20–30 years,47.8%were single,53.8%had a university education,41%of them were currently unemployed,and 54.3%resided in Ummbadda’s locality.When asked about breast cancer’s signs and risk factors,55.06%and 55.8%failed to name any.The cumulative percentage of correct answers of close-ended questions about signs,risk factors and Federal Ministry of Health screening program were 42.8%,30.7%and 44.7%in that order.Only 38.2%knew the right method breast self-examination,and 48.2%of them rarely practiced it.38.2%noticed a change in the breast tissue but didn't visit a doctor.The majority of them,though,said they would see a doctor if they noticed a change in the future.Conclusion:There is a severe lack of awareness of breast cancer among females in Sudanese society.Also,there was a clear ignorant attitude practiced by a significant proportion of the candidates.Recommendations:To address this study’s limitations,further research is to be done.Federal Ministry of Health has to improve its media message and arrange targeted awareness campaigns.
文摘Objective Independent from noise exposure, noise sensitivity plays a pivotal role in people＇s noise annoyance perception and concomitant health deteriorations. The present study empirically investigated the psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the Weinstein Noise Sensitivity Scale-Short Form （CNSS-SF）, the widely used inventory measuring individual differences in noise perception.Methods In total, 373 Chinese participants （age = 21.41 ± 3.36） completed the online, anonymous questionnaire package. Examination of the CNSS-SF＇s reliability （internal consistency）, factorial validity through validation and cross-validation, nomological validity and measurement invariance across gender groups were undertaken.Results The Cronbach alpha coefficients and composite reliabilities indicated sufficient reliability of the CNSS-SF. Two confirmatory factor analyses （CFA）, in two randomly partitioned groups of participants, substantiated the factorial validity of the scale. The nomological validity of the scale was also corroborated by the significant positive association of its score with the trait anxiety score. Measurement invariance of the CNSS-SF was also found across genders via multi-group CFA.Conclusion Though not without limitations, findings from the present research provide promising evidence for the utility of the scale in measuring noise sensitivity among the Chinese population. The availability of the CNSS-SF can promote research related to environmental noise and health in China, as well as facilitate cross-cultural comparisons.
文摘Due to the recent interest in food additives that can act as triggering factors in autoimmune diseases including celiac disease(CD),the present letter to the editor expands on the microbial transglutaminase(mTG).It is heavily consumed by a plethora of food processing industries as“glue of proteins”thus improving product’s stability,texture and shelf life.However,more and more information is accumulated lately,questioning its safety.Its cross-linked gliadin complexes are immunogenic in CD.The enzyme increases gliadin uptake,is transported in a trans-epithelial way and deposited below the enterocyte’s line,has antiphagocytic activity,enhances intestinal permeability and creates luminal resistant isopeptide bonds.No doubt that mTG is beneficial to food industries but a caveat to public health is highly recommended.
