Implementation of FPGA Based MPPT Techniques for Grid-Connected PV System

Global energy demand is growing rapidly owing to industrial growth and urbanization.Alternative energy sources are driven by limited reserves and rapid depletion of conventional energy sources(e.g.,fossil fuels).Solar photovol-taic(PV),as a source of electricity,has grown in popularity over the last few dec-ades because of their clean,noise-free,low-maintenance,and abundant availability of solar energy.There are two types of maximum power point track-ing(MPPT)techniques:classical and evolutionary algorithm-based techniques.Precise and less complex perturb and observe(P&O)and incremental conduc-tance(INC)approaches are extensively employed among classical techniques.This study used afield-programmable gate array(FPGA)-based hardware arrange-ment for a grid-connected photovoltaic(PV)system.The PV panels,MPPT con-trollers,and battery management systems are all components of the proposed system.In the developed hardware prototype,various modes of operation of the grid-connected PV system were examined using P&O and incremental con-ductance MPPT approaches.

Long Term Assessment of a Grid Connected Solar PV System in Sydney

This paper assesses 4 years of operation of a 1.75 kW roof top solar PV system installed in a Sydney suburban house. The system consists of 10 PV panels, a DC/AC inverter, and a grid connected gross meter. Solar electricity delivered to grid is verified with the results from a computer simulation package （PVSYST） by adopting the installed component specifications, operation conditions, and weather data of the site. The results show high consistency between the values of energy delivered to the grid measured by the energy company and the energy estimated by system simulation. New system performance indicator is developed and called the optimum performance compliance ratio （PCR）. It is a measure of the compliance of the output of the designed PV system with the output which would be produced by the same system with a solar tracker. This indicator provides system designers, contractors and energy providers with the actual capacity of the system that they can offer the end-users.

Cost-effective Energy Monitoring of Domestic Off-grid PV Systems

Domestic off-grid renewable energy systems have become common place in many areas of the world, as humanity seeks to keep abreast with global technological changes and advancements. This paper aims to present a cost-effective energy monitoring system which may be used to analyze and evaluate the operation of a domestic off-grid PV system. Parameters which are monitored include the output voltage and current from a 55 W polycrystalline PV panel. The output voltage and current from a power regulation circuit (which could be a DC-DC converter, solar charger or MPPT) is also monitored with this singular system which incorporates a data logging interface circuit, a data logger and a personal computer.

Analysis on the Effect of Shading on the Characteristics of Large-scale on-grid PV System in China

Because of rich solar resource and low land cost, a lot of large-scale ground-based grid-connected PV systems have been built in Northwest China. In this paper, some shading phenomena on a grid-connected PV system inNorthwest Chinaare classified and analyzed. Through the I-V curve test of PV modules, it can be seen that dust influence system performance of the grid-connected PV system. And the experimental results have shown that shading could affect the electrical properties of PV modules. Meanwhile, same shading area on different shading positions could have different impacts on the identical PV module.

Fault Identification and Islanding in DC Grid Connected PV System

Nowadays, the DC distribution system has been suggested, as a replacement for the AC power distribution system with electric propulsion. This idea signifies a fresh approach of issuing energy for low-voltage installations. It can be used for any electrical application up to 20 MW and works at a nominal voltage of 1000 V DC. The DC distribution system is just an extension of the multiple DC links that previously available in all propulsion and thruster drives, which typically comprise more than 80% of the electrical power consumption on electric propulsion vessels. A fault detection and islanding scheme for DC grid connected PV system is presented in this paper. Unlike traditional ac distribution systems, protection has been challenging for dc systems. The goals of this paper are to classify and detect the fault in the PV system as well as DC grid and to isolate the faulted section so that the system keeps operating without disabling the entire system. The results show the measured values of power at PV panel and DC grid side under different fault condition, which indicates the type of fault that occurs in the system.

Comparison of Experimental and Theoretical Output Power of Grid Connected Photovoltaic System in Super Mega Factory

In this paper, the performance of grid connected PV system that is installed in Super Mega Factory is presented. The output parameters of 4 kW PV is collected and analyzed. Then, according to the results the weak points of the system were found and the theoretical output power was compared. After that we try to get the maximum output power making the correction of collector angle and place suitable panel position.

Evaluation of the Performances of the First Grid-Connected Photovoltaic System in Sénégal

This document presents the evaluation and the monitoring of the performances of the first grid-connected photovoltaic system installed in the Center of Studies and Researches on the Renewable Energies (CERER) inaugurated on December 4th, 2012 by the governmental authorities of Senegal and Tenerife. This mini power plant of 3.15 kWc is a perfect example of the political will of the government which is to reduce the production cost of the electricity, with the diversification of the sources of production, and the greater use of the other sources such as the natural gas, the coal, the renewable energies. The evaluation of the performances of the installation is realized by using the indicators of efficiency and performance as the photovoltaic surface yield, the ratio of photovoltaic performance, the photovoltaic specific yield, and the losses of captures. The obtained results show that a big part of the energy shone during the period of observation was not able to be used further to circumstances such as the losses of conductivity, the heat losses or for example the defects on components. The analysis also shows that a large part of the produced energy is not injected because of the dilapidation of the network, the defects of landing but especially one disjunction sees frequently at the level of the point of injection.

Modeling of Residential Photovoltaic (PV) System Connected to Low Voltage (LV) Network: Application to Public Distribution Network of Burkina Faso

Residential photovoltaic (PV) systems connected to the grid are used for self-consumption. Any surplus production is fed into the grid and contributes to improving the voltage. Several techniques are developed to model their connection. However, studies on methods of injecting energy production into the Low Voltage (LV) network are nowadays a problem. This paper proposes a mathematical model to determine the current to be injected and calculate each node’s voltage. The current equation is a recurrence relation with an initial condition. This initial condition is for the case of a single PV system connected to the LV grid. The equation can also be written in matrix form. Similarly, the voltage solution is a recurrence relation. It also has an initial condition for the first node. Both mathematical formulae with the proposed initial conditions are consistent and can be used for the determination of the current and voltage of the different nodes in the grid.

新型电力系统下分布式光伏规模化并网运行关键技术探讨

推进分布式光伏规模化并网是实现“碳达峰·碳中和”目标和构建新型电力系统的重要举措。基于此背景探讨面向新型电力系统的分布式光伏规模化并网运行关键技术。首先,归纳并阐述分布式光伏发展现状、并网方式及运行模式,分析大规模分布式光伏接入给电网调度运行带来的挑战。其次,面对上述挑战,从信息集成、监测预测、平衡调度、聚合控制等视角提出系统调度运行关键技术,助力电网调控模式转型升级。然后,考虑实际工程需求,构思满足电网安全稳定运行的分布式光伏技术标准体系,以期促使分布式光伏“可观可测、可调可控、友好互动”。最后,调研并梳理国外分布式光伏规模化并网运行先进经验,并对我国分布式光伏并网协同探索、运行服务支持及市场交易参与等课题提出建议。

基于光伏动态电流参考值的两级式光伏并网系统低电压穿越控制策略

随着光伏接入容量的不断提升,电网电压跌落时光伏脱网会影响系统稳定运行,因此光伏系统应具备低电压穿越(LVRT)能力。然而,目前常用的两级式光伏并网系统LVRT控制策略存在光伏动态响应慢及控制效果受限于光伏P–U特性曲线的数学模型精度等问题,且未考虑局部阴影条件下的适用性。基于此,提出一种基于光伏动态电流参考值的LVRT控制策略。首先,在建立两级式光伏并网系统及光伏电池P–U特性数学模型的基础上,分别对目前常用的基于定直流母线电压和基于光伏P–U特性曲线的LVRT控制的原理及不足进行了分析。其次,针对前级boost电路的控制构造了具有自适应收敛特性的光伏输出电流动态参考值以对光伏工作点进行直接调整。该策略无需对光伏P–U特性曲线数学模型进行求解,避免求解误差的同时加快了光伏动态响应速度。此外,在最大功率跟踪(MPPT)算法中引入故障解耦模块,在电网低电压故障期间对MPPT输出电压参考值进行锁定,避免MPPT无效运算带来的电压参考值偏移,使系统在故障结束时能以最快速度恢复至最大功率点。最后,通过仿真将所提策略与目前常用的基于定直流母线电压和基于光伏P–U特性曲线的LVRT控制策略在多种环境条件下进行对比。仿真结果表明:与定直流母线电压控制策略相比,所提策略下光伏动态响应快;与现有基于光伏P–U特性曲线的控制策略相比,所提策略不受P–U特性误差的影响,在辐照度变化尤其局部阴影条件下均能很好地实现低电压穿越。

弱电网下光伏并网逆变器谐振抑制方法综述

“双碳”目标背景下电力系统形成“高比例可再生能源”和“高比例电力电子设备”的“双高”趋势,以致电网呈现弱电网特性。弱电网下电网阻抗实时变化,导致光伏并网逆变器谐振频率偏移、逆变器集群多谐振峰等稳定性问题。针对光伏并网逆变器在弱电网下最新的谐振抑制方法尚未得到系统地归纳总结,从弱电网下逆变器单元谐振抑制方法和逆变器集群谐振抑制方法两方面综述“双高”电力系统下光伏并网逆变器谐振抑制热点控制方法,为光伏并网逆变器的稳定性提升指明发展方向。

光伏发电-超级电容储能并网系统的直流母线电压稳定控制

光伏发电并网系统因太阳能的周期性和间歇性会对电网造成扰动,影响电网的安全稳定运行。针对双级式光伏并网发电系统,在直流母线侧增加超级电容储能可以平抑光伏发电功率的波动。从控制功能的角度,将光伏发电-超级电容储能并网系统分为光伏发电、逆变器和超级电容储能3个功能独立的子系统;建立了各子系统的数学模型,并在此基础上分析确定各子系统分别实现最大功率跟踪控制、恒功率控制和直流母线电压稳定控制的具体方案;针对直流母线电压的稳定控制,提出一种基于鲁棒渐近跟踪控制的方法。通过模拟不同辐照强度,不同电网有功-无功功率需求等多种工况进行仿真验证。结果表明,所提控制功能划分合理,控制方法有效且兼有较好性能。

BAPV并网发电系统的实验研究

以BAPV并网发电实验系统为研究平台,探讨建筑屋顶上太阳电池阵列的简易安装方法,对系统的实际运行特性进行了全面的实验研究。通过检测电气变量和采集全年运行数据,讨论系统的电能质量问题,比较3种不同类型太阳电池在南方湿热地区的实际发电能力,验证影响发电效率的要因。全年发电特性的统计数据不仅为系统的设计确立了重要的技术参考指标,也为成本与效益的评估、相关标准和政策的制订提供了有价值的实验依据。

网侧故障下光伏直流并网系统不平衡功率快速平抑方法

网侧故障下,光伏直流并网系统的并网变流器将根据电网电压变化实时控制输出功率,而直流侧光伏单元需接收系统功率指令后控制有功输出,两者间无法实现有功功率的快速平衡,导致直流电压持续偏移。传统方法通过投入耗能装置消耗盈余有功功率,以抑制直流电压抬升,但投资成本高。为此,该文提出一种网侧故障下系统不平衡功率快速平抑方法,在分析故障期间电网电压幅值变化趋势基础上,构建并网变流器内部计算电压变化轨迹算式。该方法利用故障初期内部计算电压数据,计算带权邻近度以求解电压变化轨迹算式关键项系数,进而求得所需系统功率指令。所提方法的优点在于有效地缩短了盈余功率持续时间,减少了对耗能装置的依赖,并且易于实现。仿真结果表明,所提方法可维持直流电压在安全范围内,为系统低电压穿越提供可靠保障。

基于自适应加速移频的PV孤岛检测与仿真

针对并网光伏(PV)系统的孤岛检测问题,提出一种复合负脉冲电流幅值干扰的自适应加速移频法;基于公共耦合点电压频率朝某个方向的持续变化次数,该方法对频率偏移正反馈系数进行自适应分段调节以加速频率偏移越限,如果变化次数超过12次,且频率仍未越限,则施加持续2个工频周期的负脉冲电流幅值干扰,触发欠压保护,从而检测出孤岛;Matlab仿真表明,与传统的AFD方法相比,该方法不仅对电网谐波影响小,而且孤岛检测盲区小,能有效在高速自动重合闸动作之前使光伏系统与电网解列,具有重要的应用价值。

并网型家用PV系统抗雪灾能力的调查

研究对象是一个3kW并网型家用太阳能光伏发电系统,该系统至今已安全无故障运行近1400天,累计发电118×102kW·h,其间,经历了2008年初的特大雪灾。研究者跟踪和监测了雪灾对光伏发电系统的影响,研究结果认为光伏发电系统具有较强的抗雪灾能力。研究结果可供多雪地区推广光伏发电技术参考。

采用新型模型预测的光伏虚拟同步机低电压穿越控制

在光伏逆变器中采用虚拟同步机VSG(virtual synchronous generator)策略,可以实现惯性和阻尼支撑,但传统VSG无法对系统提供暂态无功电压支撑,无法满足低电压穿越LVRT(low-voltage ride-through)期间对电压调节的需求。通常网侧发生接地故障后将光伏逆变器VSG控制切换至模型预测控制MPC(model predictive control),接地故障切除后由MPC切回至VSG控制策略。为了提升LVRT期间目标电流跟踪能力,在MPC控制中设置自适应目标函数。MATLAB/Simulink仿真和实验结果表明,所提新型模型预测的光伏虚拟同步机具备低电压穿越能力,LVRT期间MPC电流控制精确,MPC切换至VSG控制过程中无暂态电流冲击。

路面光伏并网系统建模与间谐波分析

为探究车辆阴影在路面光伏并网系统中导致并网电流出现间谐波的问题,提出基于元胞自动机的路面光伏并网系统动态模型。该文针对车辆阴影引起间谐波的现象,结合元胞自动机车辆模型,建立车辆阴影下路面光伏阵列模型,阐述光伏板串并联输出特性。然后,对路面光伏并网系统进行小信号建模,建立车辆阴影下路面光伏并网系统动态模型,分析动态随机车辆阴影下路面光伏并网系统间谐波与传统光伏的区别,通过多工况下的仿真,揭示车辆慢化概率和遮荫程度两个参数对间谐波幅频的变化规律。最后,搭建路面光伏发电系统平台,结果验证路面光伏系统间谐波的特性,为后续抑制车辆阴影带来的间谐波电流提供了理论基础。

并网型家用PV系统抗雪灾能力的调查

研究对象是一个3kW并网型家用太阳能光伏发电系统,该系统至今已安全无故障运行近1400天,累计发电118×102kW·h,其间,经历了2008年初的特大雪灾。研究者跟踪和监测了雪灾对光伏发电系统的影响,研究结果认为光伏发电系统具有较强的抗雪灾能力。研究结果可供多雪地区推广光伏发电技术参考。

高压并网分布式光伏发电系统SVG容量设计研究

高压并网分布式光伏发电系统并入用户原有系统后,减小了电网下行有功电度,从而降低了系统计量点的功率因数,需设置SVG补偿装置进行无功补偿。根据补偿目标不同提出实时满足功率因数要求、及满足电业功率因数月度考核要求的两种SVG容量计算方法。其中,基于满足电业功率因数月度考核要求的SVG容量计算方法,利用正弦函数模拟光伏系统输出功率曲线,SVG采用能补尽补策略,减小电网下行无功电度,使得电网下行月度有功及无功电度比值满足电业考核要求。经过工程实例计算及验证,该方法可满足电网对用户的月度功率因数考核要求。