Design of an Interconnection Architecture and Sizing of Two (2) EPC Core Networks: The Case of Orange-Guinea

With the arrival of the 4G and 5G,the telecommunications networks have experienced a large expansion of these networks.That enabled the integration of many services and adequate flow,thus enabling the operators to respond to the growing demand of users.This rapid evolution has given the operators to adapt,their methods to the new technologies that increase.This complexity becomes more important,when these networks include several technologies to access different from the heterogeneous network like in the 4G network.The dimensional new challenges tell the application and the considerable increase in demand for services and the compatibility with existing networks,the management of mobility intercellular of users and it offers a better quality of services.Thus,the proposed solution to meet these new requirements is the sizing of the EPC(Evolved Packet Core)core network to support the 5G access network.For the case of Orange Guinea,this involves setting up an architecture for interconnecting the core networks of Sonfonia and Camayenne.The objectives of our work are of two orders:(1)to propose these solutions and recommendations for the heart network EPC sizing and the deployment to be adopted;(2)supply and architectural interconnection in the heart network EPC and an existing heart network.In our work,the model of traffic in communication that we use to calculate the traffic generated with each technology has link in the network of the heart.

Performance Analysis of Anti-Interference Wireless Packet Networks for LEO Micro-Satellite with Adaptive Nulling Antenna Array

Information integrity is key to successful operations in intricacy environments in the future, especially when strong interferences exist. This paper presents the design of a novel wireless packet network receiver system for Low Earth Orbit （LEO） micro-satellites with adaptive nulling antenna arrays. It uses three types of interference suppression in cascade： namely spread spectrum, adaptive array nulling, and transform domain filtering. This paper proposes a pilot channel-aided method in order to make full advantage of this arrangement, and analyzes its throughput and delay performance using the Markov chain model. Our results show that this method can achieve excellent delay and throughput performance： When the number of array antenna is 8, its throughput increase relative to the standard Slot-ALOHA protocol is 125 96.

A novel intrusion detection model for the CAN bus packet of in-vehicle network based on attention mechanism and autoencoder

The attacks on in-vehicle Controller Area Network(CAN)bus messages severely disrupt normal communication between vehicles.Therefore,researches on intrusion detection models for CAN have positive business value for vehicle security,and the intrusion detection technology for CAN bus messages can effectively protect the invehicle network from unlawful attacks.Previous machine learning-based models are unable to effectively identify intrusive abnormal messages due to their inherent shortcomings.Hence,to address the shortcomings of the previous machine learning-based intrusion detection technique,we propose a novel method using Attention Mechanism and AutoEncoder for Intrusion Detection(AMAEID).The AMAEID model first converts the raw hexadecimal message data into binary format to obtain better input.Then the AMAEID model encodes and decodes the binary message data using a multi-layer denoising autoencoder model to obtain a hidden feature representation that can represent the potential features behind the message data at a deeper level.Finally,the AMAEID model uses the attention mechanism and the fully connected layer network to infer whether the message is an abnormal message or not.The experimental results with three evaluation metrics on a real in-vehicle CAN bus message dataset outperform some traditional machine learning algorithms,demonstrating the effectiveness of the AMAEID model.

A Service Ratio-Based Dynamic Fair Queueing Algorithm for Packet-Switching Networks

A new weighted fair queueing algorithm is proposed, which uses the novel flow-based service ratio parameters to schedule flows. This solves the main drawback of traditional weighted fair queneing algorithms- the packet-based calculation of the weight parameters. In addition, this paper proposes a novel service ratio calculation method and a queue mangement technology. The former adjusts the service ratio parameters adaptively based on the dynamics of the packet lengths and thee solves the unfairness problem induced by the variable packet length. The latter improves the utilization of the server＇s queue buffer and reduces the delay jitter through restricting the buffer length for each flow.

Solar Power Plant Network Packet-Based Anomaly Detection System for Cybersecurity

As energy-related problems continue to emerge,the need for stable energy supplies and issues regarding both environmental and safety require urgent consideration.Renewable energy is becoming increasingly important,with solar power accounting for the most significant proportion of renewables.As the scale and importance of solar energy have increased,cyber threats against solar power plants have also increased.So,we need an anomaly detection system that effectively detects cyber threats to solar power plants.However,as mentioned earlier,the existing solar power plant anomaly detection system monitors only operating information such as power generation,making it difficult to detect cyberattacks.To address this issue,in this paper,we propose a network packet-based anomaly detection system for the Programmable Logic Controller(PLC)of the inverter,an essential system of photovoltaic plants,to detect cyber threats.Cyberattacks and vulnerabilities in solar power plants were analyzed to identify cyber threats in solar power plants.The analysis shows that Denial of Service(DoS)and Manin-the-Middle(MitM)attacks are primarily carried out on inverters,aiming to disrupt solar plant operations.To develop an anomaly detection system,we performed preprocessing,such as correlation analysis and normalization for PLC network packets data and trained various machine learning-based classification models on such data.The Random Forest model showed the best performance with an accuracy of 97.36%.The proposed system can detect anomalies based on network packets,identify potential cyber threats that cannot be identified by the anomaly detection system currently in use in solar power plants,and enhance the security of solar plants.

An Arrangement of Channels and Transceivers in Optical Packet Switching Networks

Based on a media access and control（MAC）protocol,an arrangement of channels and transceivers in optical packet switching dense wavelength division multiplexing（DWDM）networks is proposed in this paper.In order to reduce the cost of nodes,fixed transmitters and receivers are used instead of tunable transmitters and receivers.Two fixed transmitters and many fixed receivers are used in each node in the scheme.The average waiting delay of this scheme is analyzed through mathematics and computer simulation.The result shows that the property of the scheme is almost the same as using tunable transmitter and receiver.Furthermore,if the tuning time of tunable transmitters is taken into account,the performance of the tunable transmitter scheme is poor than this scheme at the average waiting delay and throughput of the network.

OAM Technology of Packet Transport Network

The Packet Transport Network(PTN) technology includes Transport Multi-Protocol Label Switching(T-MPLS) and Provider Backbone Transport(PBT).T-MPLS is the simplified and reformed Multi-Protocol Label Switching(MPLS).It drops MPLS’connectionless features and its transport-unrelated forwarding processing,but adds the network model of the transport layer,protection switching and Operation,Administration and Maintenance(OAM) functionality.PBT enforces both OAM and protection functions,adds Time Division Multiplexing(TDM) business simulation and clock functions,and strengthens multi-service support capability.But PBT has no functions of traditional Ethernet address learning,address broadcast and Spanning Tree Protocol(STP).Both T-MPLS and PBT can well satisfy the requirements of packet transport.Compared to PBT,T-MPLS has better OAM functions.

Grid-based energy-aware routing in wireless sensor networks

The model of energy cost in a wireless sensor network （WSN）environment is built, and the energy awareness and the wireless interference mainly due to different path loss models are studied. A special case of a clustering scheme, a twodimensional grid clustering mechanism, is adopted. Clusterheads are rotated evenly among all sensor nodes in an efficient and decentralized manner, based on the residual energy in the battery and the random backoff time. In addition to transmitting and receiving packets within the sensors＇ electrical and amplification circuits, extra energy is needed in the retransmission of packets due to packet collisions caused by severe interference. By analysis and mathematical derivation, which are based on planar geometry, it is shown that the total energy consumed in the network is directly related to the gridstructure in the proposed grid based clustering mechanism. The transmission range is determined by cluster size, and the path loss exponent is determined by nodal separation. The summation of overall interference is caused by all the sensors that are transmitting concurrently. By analysis and simulation, an optimal grid structure with the corresponding grid size is presented, which balances between maximizing energy conservation and minimizing overall interference in wireless sensor networks.

On Minimizing Delay with Probabilistic Splitting of Traffic Flow in Heterogeneous Wireless Networks

In the paper,we propose a framework to investigate how to effectively perform traffic flow splitting in heterogeneous wireless networks from a queue point.The average packet delay in heterogeneous wireless networks is derived in a probabilistic manner.The basic idea can be understood via treating the integrated heterogeneous wireless networks as different coupled and parallel queuing systems.The integrated network performance can approach that of one queue with maximal the multiplexing gain.For the purpose of illustrating the effectively of our proposed model,the Cellular/WLAN interworking is exploited.To minimize the average delay,a heuristic search algorithm is used to get the optimal probability of splitting traffic flow.Further,a Markov process is applied to evaluate the performance of the proposed scheme and compare with that of selecting the best network to access in terms of packet mean delay and blocking probability.Numerical results illustrate our proposed framework is effective and the flow splitting transmission can obtain more performance gain in heterogeneous wireless networks.

Novel flow control mechanism based on improved BP neural network in cognitive packet network

In this paper, a novel flow control mechanism in cognitive packet network (CPN) based on the improved back propagation (BP) neural network is proposed, considering the flow distribution status predicted by BP neural network when packets are routed. The objective is to increase the capacity of CPN and improve the quality of service (QoS) by achieving flow balance. Besides, considering the slow convergence speed of traditional BP algorithm and the quick change of the flow status in cognitive packet network, an improved BP algorithm with dynamic learning rate is designed in order to achieve a higher convergence speed. The mechanism, which we propose, regards the predicated traffic data as an important factor when packets are routed to implement flow control. By achieving balance, the quality of network can be improved obviously. The simulation results show that the proposed mechanism provides better average time delay and packets loss ratio.

Performance enhancement of IEEE 802.11 distributed coordination function for MANET

The medium access control (MAC) issue was discussed in mobile Ad Hoc networks (MANETs). Based on the IEEE 802.11 MAC protocol, this paper proposed two schemes, the forward-packet-first (FPF) scheme based on the adaptive backoff contention window and multihop forward chain transmission by invitation (MFCTI) scheme. In the FPF scheme, the contention window was adjusted adaptively according to the traffic priority. Route information and the broadcast characteristic of radio were utilized in MFCTI scheme. The performance of these schemes was studied in multihop environments by simulations. The results showed that the proposed schemes could improve the network throughput, reduce the end-to-end average delay, and mitigate local congestion effectively. Another attractive feature was that the schemes could be implemented with minor modifications to the IEEE 802.11 MAC.

Research on performance of multicasting in optical packet switched networks

Different multicasting schemes in optical packet switched networks are discussed, including the parallel mode, serial mode, and hybrid mode multicasting schemes. Simulated modeling technique is applied to compare the network-level performance of the three multicasting schemes. A conclusion can be drawn from the results that since the hybrid-mode multicasting scheme can increase the multicast success ratio and reduce the packet retransmission times compared with the other two schemes, it is the best choice for delivering multicasting sessions in the optical packet switched networks.

Novel photonic packet WDM ring networks with tunable transmitters and fixed receivers using multi-token protocol

A kind of novel architecture of unslotted photonic packet switching wavelength division multiplexing （WDM） ring network with tunable transmitters and fixed receivers was proposed. In the network the wavelength was used as optical packet label and node media access controller （MAC） address. Optical packets transmitter was made up of tunable laser that was modulated at 10, 40 Gb/s or higher. Optical packet receiver was made up of Bragg grating, circulator, and fixed receiver. Used as metropolitan access network, it is shown through simulation how a multi-token MAC protocol can be implemented to avoid packet collision and achieve efficient bandwidth utilization. Packet delay, throughput, and packet dropping probability results are presented under uniform and none uniform Possion traffic.

Performance Analysis of TCP-Reno and TCP-Sack in the Case of a Single Source

This work explores the behavior of both TCP-Reno and TCP-Sack under a simple scenario, where a single TCP source transmits the packets continuously over a single bottleneck node characterized by its queue size, bandwidth and propagation delay. The analysis allows to derive the performance of TCP, the utilization tends to 75% of the bottleneck throughput when the bandwidth×propagation delay pipe becomes very large, while it tends to 100% when the queuing delays are predominant because the queue is never empty. In the transient analysis we show how the initial phase of the session can degrade the performances. These results are proved through simulation.

Efficient Broadcast Retransmission Based on Network Coding for InterPlaNetary Internet

In traditional wireless broadcast networks,a corrupted packet must be retransmitted even if it has been lost by only one receiver.Obviously,this is not bandwidth-efficient for the receivers that already hold the retransmitted packet.Therefore,it is important to develop a method to realise efficient broadcast transmission.Network coding is a promising technique in this scenario.However,none of the proposed schemes achieves both high transmission efficiency and low computational complexity simultaneously so far.To address this problem,a novel Efficient Opportunistic Network Coding Retransmission(EONCR)scheme is proposed in this paper.This scheme employs a new packet scheduling algorithm which uses a Packet Distribution Matrix(PDM)directly to select the coded packets.The analysis and simulation results indicate that transmission efficiency of EONCR is over 0.1,more than the schemes proposed previously in some simulation conditions,and the computational overhead is reduced substantially.Hence,it has great application prospects in wireless broadcast networks,especially energyand bandwidth-limited systems such as satellite broadcast systems and Planetary Networks(PNs).

A High-Elasticity Router Architecture with Software Data Plane and Flow Switching Plane Separation

Routers have traditionally been architected as two elements: forwarding plane and control plane through For CES or other protocols. Each forwarding plane aggregates a fixed amount of computing, memory, and network interface resources to forward packets. Unfortunately, the tight coupling of packet-processing tasks with network interfaces has severely restricted service innovation and hardware upgrade. In this context, we explore the insightful prospect of functional separation in forwarding plane to propose a next-generation router architecture, which, if realized, can provide promises both for various packet-processing tasks and for flexible deployment while solving concerns related to the above problems. Thus, we put forward an alternative construction in which functional resources within a forwarding plane are disaggregated. A forwarding plane is instead separated into two planes: software data plane(SDP) and flow switching plane(FSP), and each plane can be viewed as a collection of "building blocks". SDP is responsible for packet-processing tasks without its expansibility restricted with the amount and kinds of network interfaces. FSP is in charge of packet receiving/transmitting tasks and can incrementally add switching elements, such as general switches, or even specialized switches, to provide network interfaces for SDP. Besides, our proposed router architecture uses network fabrics to achievethe best connectivity among building blocks,which can support for network topology reconfiguration within one device.At last,we make an experiment on our platform in terms of bandwidth utilization rate,configuration delay,system throughput and execution time.

Value of Optical Bypass in Packet Ring Networks

This paper firstly examines the value of optical bypass scheme in packet ring networks. An Integer Linear Program (ILP) formulation is presented and analytical results under different traffic patterns are given.

Stochastic Channel Allocation for Nonlinear Systems with Markovian Packet Dropout

This paper addresses a channel scheduling problem for group of dynamically decoupled nonlinear subsystems with actuators connected through digital communication channels and controlled by a centralized controller. Due to the limited communication capacity, only one channel can be activated and hence there is only one pair of sensor and actuator can communicate with the controller at each time instant. In addition, the communication channels are not reliable so Markovian packed dropout is introduced. A predictive control framework is adopted for controller/scheduler co-design to alleviate the performance loss caused by the limited communication capacity. Instead of sending a single control value, the controller sends a sequence of predicted control values to a selected actuator so that there are control input candidates which can be fed to the subsystem when the actuator does not communicate with the controller. A stochastic algorithm is proposed to schedule the usage of the communication medium and sufficient conditions on stochastic stability are given under some mild assumptions.

Retransmission in the network-coding-based packet network

In this paper, retransmission strategies of the network-coding-based packet network are investigated. We propose two retransmission strategies, the packet-loss-edge-based retransmission strategy (PLERT) and the minimum retransmission strategy (MRT), which focus on optimizing the retransmission efficiency without the constraint on the encoding field size. We compared the performances of the proposed retransmission strategies with the traditional automatic repeat-request (ARQ) strategy and the random retransmission strategy. Simulation results showed that the PLERT strategy works well when the packet loss rate is small. Among these retransmission strategies, the performance of the MRT strategy is the best at the cost of the high complexity that is still polynomial. Furthermore, neither of the proposed strategies is sensitive to the encoding field size.

Stability Analysis of Networked Linear Systems for Multiple Sensors with Different Packet Loss Probabilities

A stability problem of the linear networked control systems(NCSs) with multisensor having differen data missing rates is investigated in this paper.Each sensor of the multiple sensor-controller communication channels is assumed to have an individual stochastic data missing rate.The stochastic data missing is described by a Bernoulli binary distribution.Sufficient conditions are given for the closed-loop linear NCS which is exponentially stable in the mean square sense as the existence of random multiple data missing.The stability problem could b disposed by the MATLAB linear matrix inequality(LMI) tool easily.A simulation case is provided to illustrat the validity of the presented LMI approach.