Simulation of random mixed packing of different density particles

This paper presents the effects of density difference on the three-dimensional （3D） distribution of random mixed packing. The random mixed packing dynamics of particles of two different densities are simulated. The initial state is homogeneous, but the final packing state is inhomogeneous. The segregation phenomenon （inhomogeneous distribution） is also observed. In the final state, the top layers are composed of mostly light particles. The several layers beneath the top contain more heavy particles than light particles. At the bottom, they also contain more heavy particles than light particles. Furthermore, at both the top and the bottom, particle clustering is observed. The current study also analyses the cause of this inhomogeneity in detail. The main cause of this phenomenon is the velocity difference after collision of these two types of particles induced by the density difference. The present study reveals that even if particles were perfectly mixed, the packing process would lead to the final inhomogeneous mixture. It suggests that special treatment may be required to get the true homogeneous packing.

Particles Composition and Interactions Using the Nuon Model

The Standard Model in Particle Physics has been able to make many predictions confirmed later with a flow of experimental results. With the discovery of the Higgs boson at the LHC, one is full of admiration for the people contributing to this model fifty years ago and its predictions that have been confirmed gradually. The original particle quark constituent model has evolved with the deep inelastic experiments to a quark and gluons system, then to a more general system with virtual quarks. This work is the result of observations while working at CERN in Geneva with many different experiments at the ISR, SPS, LEP, LHC colliders. A new model based on nuons is introduced, that allows accurate evaluations of the particle masses (mesons and baryons) and magnetic moment, computes very accurately the kinematics distributions for particles and jets observed in the p-p collisions at the LHC (elastic and inelastic) and at lower energy machines. This new model looks at a first glance in contradiction with the quark model because it can build the elementary particles with nuons only, i.e. electrons and neutrinos. However, all the existing physics involved in electron, positron and neutrino interactions may be used to explain interactions between composite particles such as protons or heavy ions.

Packing,compressibility,and crushability of rockfill materials with polydisperse particle size distributions and implications for dam engineering

In rockfill dam engineering,particle breakage of rockfill materials is one of the major factors resulting in dam settlement.In this study,one-dimensional compression tests on a series of coarse granular materials with artificially-graded particle size distributions(PSDs)were carried out.The tests focused on understanding the role of initial PSDs in the dense packing density,compressibility and crushability of coarse granular materials.The effects of fractal dimension(D)and size polydispersity(θ)of PSDs were quantitatively analyzed.Two different loading stages were identified from the logarithms of the stress-strain relationships,with the turning point marked as the yield stress.A similar effect of initial PSDs was observed on the packing density and low-pressure modulus of coarse granular materials.The packing density and low-pressure modulus increased monotonically withθ,and their peak values were attained at a D value of approximately 2.2.However,there was no unique correspondence between the dense packing density and low-pressure modulus.The particle breakage was influenced differently by the initial PSDs,and it decreased with the values of D andθ.The emergence of the unique ultimate state was also identified from both the compression curves and PSDs of the samples after the tests.The potential implications of the test results in the design of both low and high rockfill dams were also demonstrated.

Modeling for critical state line of granular soil with evolution of grain size distribution due to particle breakage

Determination of the critical state line(CSL)is important to characterize engineering properties of granular soils.Grain size distribution(GSD)has a significant influence on the location of CSL.The influence of particle breakage on the CSL is mainly attributed to the change in GSD due to particle breakage.However,GSD has not been properly considered in modeling the CSL with influence of particle breakage.This study aims to propose a quantitative model to determine the CSL considering the effect of GSD.We hypothesize that the change of critical state void ratio with respect to GSD is caused by the same mechanism that influences of the change of minimum void ratio with respect to GSD.Consequently,the particle packing model for minimum void ratio proposed by Chang et al.(2017)is extended to predict critical state void ratio.The developed model is validated by experimental results of CSLs for several types of granular materials.Then the evolution of GSD due to particle breakage is incorporated into the model.The model is further evaluated using the experimental results on rockfill material,which illustrates the applicability of the model in predicting CSL for granular material with particle breakage.

Evaluation of particle packing models by comparing with published test results

The existing particle packing density models each with two or more parameters accounting for certain particle interactions （the loosening effect parameter, wall effect parameter, wedging effect parameter, and compaction index, denoted by a, b, c, and K, respectively） may be classified into the 2-parameter model （with a and b incorporated）, the compressible model （with a, b, and 1（incorporated）, and the 3- parameter model （with a, b, and c incorporated）. This paper evaluates these models by comparing their respective packing density predictions with the test results published in the literature. It was found that their accuracy varies with both the size ratio and volumetric fractions of the binary mix. In general, when the size ratio is larger than 0.65, all the packing models are sufficiently accurate. However, when the size ratio is smaller than 0.65, some of them become inaccurate and the errors tend to be larger at around the volumetric fractions giving maximum packing density. Relatively, the 3-parameter model is the most accurate and widely applicable.

砂-粉混合料颗粒接触状态的临界条件确定

砂-粉混合料被广泛应用于高速铁路路基、人工筑岛及海底沉管隧道垫层等重大工程,如何科学地表征砂-粉混合料复杂的颗粒接触状态及连续演变的力学行为特征,并深入揭示其对混合料静/动力学特性的影响已是一项紧迫的基础性科学研究任务。本文基于代表性砂-粉混合料的基本物理性能指标及力学特性指标试验数据,验证Rahman等提出的区分“细粒填充砂粒”和“砂粒悬浮细粒”的阈值细粒含量FCth半经验公式预测能力。基于理想二元介质材料的理论最小孔隙比计算方法,提出确定中间性态土颗粒接触状态临界条件参量FC_(in-min)和FC_(in-max)的方法,分析各参数对FC_(in-min)和FC_(in-max)的影响规律,建立基于基本物理性能指标的FC_(in-min)和FC_(in-max)预测方法,最终提出全FC范围(FC=0~100%)的砂-粉混合料各颗粒接触状态临界条件参量的有效评价方法。

非堆积型多颗粒阻尼器等效力学模型及其减振性能分析

为考虑颗粒群碰撞过程中时间效应对非堆积型多颗粒阻尼器(non-packed particle damper, NPPD)减振性能的影响,在现有考虑惯容的等效单颗粒力学模型(equivalent inertia single-particle model, EISM)研究基础上,提出了基于接触单元法的等效单颗粒力学模型(equivalent inertia single-particle model based on contact element method, EISM-CE),并基于Runge-Kutta算法建立了NPPD单自由度结构运动状态求解算法。设计进行附加NPPD单层钢框架结构振动台试验,探究不同填充率对结构顶层位移频响曲线的影响规律,提出了EISM-CE参数取值原则,进而进行力学模型试验验证及模型对比分析。在模型验证合理性基础上,基于EISM-CE依次进行了自由振动、简谐激励及记录强震动下减振性能及能量变化规律分析。研究结果表明,与现有EISM相比,提出的基于接触单元法的EISM-CE模型及参数取值原则更加合理有效。减振性能数值分析结果表明,不同激励下NPPD均具有较好的减振性能;考虑碰撞时间效应后EISM-CE与EISM对应减振性能及机理分析结果存在一定的差异。

基于机器学习的UHPC抗压强度预测及配合比优化

结合试验设计、机器学习及紧密堆积模型提出了一种超高性能混凝土(UHPC)抗压强度预测和配合比优化方法,并对比了预测结果与实测结果。此外,还将支持向量回归-粒子群优化算法(SVR-PSO)模型与其他常见抗压强度预测模型进行了对比,并基于SVR-PSO模型设计开发了图形用户界面预测软件。结果表明:SVR-PSO模型在稳定性和预测精度方面具有明显优势,抗压强度预测值和实测值误差在5%以内;采用所提出的UHPC配合比设计方法,可基于原材料数据快速生成满足抗压强度要求的UHPC配合比。

Random packing of tetrahedral particles using the polyhedral discrete element method

The random packing of tetrahedral particles is studied by applying the discrete element method （DEM）, which simulates the effects of friction, height ratio, and eccentricity. The model predictions are ana- lyzed in terms of packing density and coordination number （CN）. It is demonstrated that friction has the maximal effect on packing density and mean CN among the three parameters. The packing den- sity of the regular tetrahedron is 0.71 when extrapolated to a zero friction effect. The shape effects of height ratio and eccentricity show that the regular tetrahedron has the highest packing density in the family of tetrahedra, which is consistent with what has been reported in the literature. Compared with geometry-based packing algorithms, the DEM packing density is much lower. This demonstrates that the inter-particle mechanical forces have a considerable effect on packing. The DEM results agree with the published experimental results, indicating that the polyhedral DEM model is suitable for simulating the random packing of tetrahedral particles.

Void fraction for random loose packing of the cylindrical particles considering filling rate,material and shape

Particle packing is widely applied in organic pollutant adsorption,catalytic reaction.biomass combustion,nuclear cooling,and other scenarios.Due to the complexity of the shape,the studies on the void fraction of the cylindrical particles are not as thorough as the spherical particles.This study investigated the influence of the flling rate,material properties and sphericity on the void fraction of cylinders through experiments and simulation.DEM(discrete element method)was validated by the internal structures of the packing obtained by CT(computed tomography).Based on the logarithmic correlation between the void fraction and flling rate,an ingenious framework for predicting the void fraction of cylindrical particles was presented with two intermediate coefficients.By correlating the coefficients with the material property and sphericity,a novel void-fraction prediction model was established with R-squared of 0.996.The mechanism of void fraction under random loose packing for cylinders was eventually found in this study.

基于颗粒堆积算法的堆石料压实密度预测研究

堆石料的压实密度是反映其工程力学特性的重要指标。提出了一种基于降维映射的颗粒堆积算法,仅有一个模型参数即可在给定堆石料级配的情况下实时预测当前级配下的最大干密度。与试验结果对比发现,该算法能够较好预测给定的连续、间断级配堆石料最大干密度,为堆石料级配的高效优化设计提供了新思路。采用该算法模拟了堆石料细料截断和缩尺对堆石料压实密度的影响,结果表明:本算法可以较好地根据缩尺后的结果预测原型级配的堆石料压实密度,但堆石料压实密度的缩尺效应预测存在细料截断误差,误差与细料含量呈正相关;堆石料缩尺后粗料部分骨架的孔隙尺寸降低,有降低压实密度的趋势,而缩尺时增加的细料含量对密度的影响并无统一的规律,而是与粗料和细料的具体粒径分布相关。

扰流参数和非均匀颗粒结构参数对填充床相变蓄热器蓄热特性的影响

以填充床式相变蓄热器作为研究对象,将60%NaNO3和40%KNO3混合而成的二元硝酸盐作为传热流体,将59.98%MgCl2、20.42%KCl、19.6%NaCl混合熔盐作为相变材料,建立无需对每个封装颗粒网格离散化的多孔介质局部非热平衡模型。通过数值计算对填充床式相变蓄热器的蓄热性能进行研究,分析了扰流参数以及颗粒结构参数等对蓄热器蓄热性能的影响。为提升蓄热器的蓄热性能,采用非均匀颗粒直径分布,并与等颗粒直径进行比较。结果表明:与填充0.025 m和0.015m的等颗粒直径相比,蓄热器上端填充0.025m和下端填充0.015m的非均匀颗粒直径分布的相变材料完全融化时间分别缩短了3.81%和1.90%。

基于COMSOL的全陶瓷微封装燃料元件建模与传热分析

采用COMSOL软件构建了全三维全陶瓷微封装(FCM)燃料元件模型,提出了一种FCM燃料元件内TRISO颗粒随机分布的高效建模方法,可以实现较高填充率的颗粒弥散填充。分析了不同颗粒填充率(35%、40%和45%)下以及不同颗粒随机分布下FCM燃料元件的温度分布特性。结果表明:FCM燃料元件中心区域温度高,沿径向温度降低;TRISO燃料颗粒特别是燃料核芯的温度明显高于周围基体的温度,温差可达130 K甚至更高,其中最大的温度梯度出现在Buffer层;在相同线功率下,随着颗粒填充率的增加,燃料芯块的最高温度降低,平均温度略有升高;受到颗粒分布随机性的影响,当颗粒填充率减小时,平均温度和最高温度分布的离散程度均增加,但总体上颗粒随机分布对燃料芯块平均温度的影响较小。

Interaction between electromagnetic waves and energetic particles by a realistic density model

Using a realistic density model,we present a first study on the interactions between electromagnetic waves and energetic particles in the inner magnetosphere.Numerical calculations show that as the latitude λ increases,the number density ne increases,and resonant frequency range moves to lower pitch angles.During L-mode/electron and L-mode/proton interactions,the pitch angle diffusion dominates over the momentum diffusion.This indicates that L-mode waves are primarily responsible for pitch angle scattering.For R-mode/electron interaction,the momentum diffusion is found to be comparable to the pitch angle diffusion,implying that R-mode waves can play an important role in both pitch angle scattering and stochastic acceleration of electrons.For R-mode/proton interaction,diffusion coefficients locate primarily below pitch angle 60° and increase as kinetic energy increases,suggesting that R-mode waves have potential for pitch angle scattering of highly energetic (~1 MeV) protons but cannot efficiently accelerate protons.

Disordered packing density of binary and polydisperse mixtures of curved spherocylinders

Particle elongation is an important factor affecting the packing properties of rod-like particles. However, rod-like particles can be easily bent into non-convex shapes, in which the effect of bending should also be of concerned, To explore the shape effects of elongation and bending, together with the size and volume fraction effects on the disordered packing density of mixtures of non-convex particles, binary and polydisperse mixtures of curved spherocylinders are simulated employing sphere assembly models and the relaxation algorithm in the present work. For binary packings with the same volume, curves of the packing density versus volume fraction have good linearity, while densities are plotted as a series of equidistant curves under the condition of the same shape. The independence of size and shape effects on the packing density is verified for mixtures of curved spherocylinders. The explicit formula used to predict the density of binary mixtures, by superposing the two independent functions of the size and shape parameters, is extended to include a non-convex shape factor. A polydisperse packing with the shape factor following a uniform distribution under the condition of the same volume is equivalent to a binary mixture with certain components. The packing density is thus predicted as the mean of maximum and minimum densities employing a weighing method.

连续粒径粉体在浆体中的堆积密度

采用测定相同流动度时浆体需水量的方法,试验证明了不同粒径分布的矿粉其堆积密度有显著的差异.将浆体中的粉体颗粒及其表面包裹着的一层水膜作为复合颗粒,从而将求浆体中粉体颗粒堆积密度的问题转化为求假想复合颗粒体系的堆积密度问题,在Stovall模型的基础上推导了浆体中连续粒径粉体的堆积密度计算公式;通过试验确定了该公式中的待定参数值,并对公式的适用性进行了验证,结果表明:用该公式可以根据粉体的粒径分布计算它在浆体中的堆积密度.

粉末颗粒线性堆积密度模型的改进

评价了线性堆积密度模型的优缺点 ,并对该模型进行了改进 ,使它更符合现有的实验数据 ,应用现有的实验数据对改进前后的模型进行了比较。同时 。

球形颗粒随机排列过程的计算机模拟

利用离散元方法模拟了均匀球形颗粒的随机排列过程．在模拟过程中考虑了重力、颗粒间的接触力、摩擦力以及范德华力（VDWI）；颗粒的运动包括平动和转动．研究表明，颗粒间的作用力对球形颗粒随机排列体的结构影响很大．对于粒径为100μm球形颗粒，如果不考虑颗粒之间的摩擦力和范德华力，排列体为随机密排和有序密排的混合体，其排列密度为0．8696；考虑颗粒间的摩擦力和范德华力：排列密度降低为0．8213．描述了排列体几何结构随时间的演化过程、特定颗粒在排列过程中的运动轨迹及颗粒配位数的分布规律．同时给出了不同条件下二元系的排列结果．

粉末颗粒线性堆积密度模型的改进

评价了线性堆积密度模型的优缺点 ,并对该模型进行了改进 ,使它更符合现有的实验数据 ,应用现有的实验数据对改进前后的模型进行了比较。同时 。

颗粒堆积模型在混凝土中的应用

评述颗粒堆积模型的基本理论、发展及其最新应用.对比分析多种颗粒堆积模型间的差异,指出颗粒堆积模型的主要优点、局限性及其在复合颗粒体系材料领域中的应用范围.分析表明,利用颗粒堆积模型优化计算混凝土的堆积密实度,可以降低复合颗粒体系间的空隙体积,使颗粒系统达到最紧密堆积状态,减少混凝土中胶凝材料的用量,实现低胶凝材料用量绿色混凝土优化设计.