Effect of various crop rotations on rice yield and nitrogen use efficiency in paddy–upland systems in southeastern China

To evaluate the effects of various rotation systems on rice grain yield and N use efficiency, a paddy–upland cropping experiment(2013–2016) was conducted in southeastern China. The experiment was designed using six different rice––winter crop rotations: rice–fallow(RF),rice–wheat(RW), rice–potato with rice straw mulch(RP), rice–green manure(Chinese milk vetch; RC–G), rice–oilseed rape(RO), and rice–green manure crop(oilseed rape with fresh straw incorporated into soil at flowering; RO–G) and three N rates, N0(0 kg N ha-1), N1(142.5 kg N ha-1), and N2(202.5 kg N ha-1). Average rice yields in the RF(5.93 t ha-1) rotation were significantly lower than those in the rotations with winter crops(7.20–7.48 t ha-1)under the N0 treatment, suggesting that incorporation of straw might be more effective for increasing soil N than winter fallow. The rice yield differences among the rotations varied by year with the N input. In general, the grain yields in the RP and RO–G rotations –were respectively 11.6–28.5% and 14.80–37.19% higher than those in the RF in plots with N applied. Increasing the N rate may have tended to minimize the average yield gap between the RF and the other rotations; the yield gaps were 18.55%, 4.14%, and 0.23% in N0, N1, and N2, respectively. However, the N recovery efficiency in the RF was significantly lower than that in other rotations, except for 2015 under both N1 and N2 rates, a finding that implies a large amount of chemical N loss. No significant differences in nitrogen agronomic efficiency(NAE) and physiological efficiency(NPE) were found between the rotations with legume(RC–G) and non–legume(RO and RW) winter crops, a result that may be due partly to straw incorporation. For this reason, we concluded that the return of straw could reduce differences in N use efficiency between rotations with and without legume crops. The degree of synchrony between the crop N demand and the N supply was evaluated by comparison of nitrogen balance degree(NBD) values. The NBD values in the RP and RW were significantly lower than those in the other rotations under both N1 and N2 rates. Thus,in view of the higher grain yield in the RP compared to the RW under the N1 rate, the RP rotation might be a promising practice with comparable grain yield and greater N use efficiency under reduced N input relative to the other rotations. The primary yield components of the RF and RP were identified as number of panicles m-2 and numbers of kernels panicle-1, respectively. The NAE and NPE were positively correlated with harvest index, possibly providing a useful indicator for evaluating N use efficiency.

Effects of Long-term K Fertilizer Application on the Crop Yield and K Distribution of Soil Aggregates in a Paddy-Upland Rotation System

[Objective]A long-term paddy-upland experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of the recommended amount of potassium( K)fertilizer on crop yield,distribution of soil aggregate,and soil available K content. It was mainly to ascertain the distribution of K in the soil aggregate components in the paddy-upland rotation system,and then to provide theoretical basis for soil structure improvement,K pool management,and reasonable application of K fertilizer. [Method]There were 2 treatments selected,namely,NP(-K) treatment and NPK( + K) treatment in this study. Then the effects of K fertilizer application on the yield,available K content,and aggregate distribution in the middle rice-winter rape rotation system were analyzed. [Result]The results showed that the output of the crop rotation was affected by the year and fertilization. Compared with NP(-K),the average yield increases of rice and winter rape after application of K fertilizer were 0.51 and 0.33 t/hm2,with the increments of 7.5%and 14. 1% respectively. The long-term application of K fertilizer( 7 a) had no significant effects on the distribution of soil aggregates but could significantly increase the water-soluble K content and available K content at depths of 20-30 and 30-40 cm,and available K content of aggregates in each particle size. In addition,the balance of available K at the 10-20 and 30-40 cm of soil layers was the most significant through calculation of surplus-deficit value of available K in agglomerates of different soil layers. [Conclusion]Compared with the initial available K content in the farmland in 2011,the current K fertilizer application could lead to that farmland K content continues to decline. Therefore,we should pay attention to straw returned and supplement of organic K fertilizer,to maintain crop rotation system's productivity and soil K balance.

Responses of Wheat Production, Quality, and Soil Profile Properties to Biochar Applied at Different Seasons in a Rice-Wheat Rotation

In the rice-wheat rotation system,biochar(BC)can be applied at the initiation of the rice or wheat season.Here,we compared the effects of BC that were applied at two different crop seasons on wheat production,quality,and soil profile properties in a rice-wheat rotation system with nitrogen(N)fertilizer applied at 280 kg/ha rate.Results showed that both wheat grain production and N recovery use efficiency were influenced by BC applied at two crop seasons.Biochar application did not affect the total non-essential amino-acid,but when applied during wheat season,BC significantly(p<0.05)increased total essential amino acid in grain by 12.3%,particularly for the valine(+48.2%),methionine(+43.8%),and isoleucine(+10.3%).We found that BC significantly(p<0.05)decreased the pH of soil at 0–6 cm and 20–30 cm by 0.14–0.18 and 0.05–0.08 units,respectively.The NH4+-N content of the whole observed soil profile were reduced by BC application,however,the effect of BC on NO3–-N content varied with the application season and profile depth.Interestingly,BC applied at wheat and rice season significantly(p<0.05)improved topsoil N contents by 48.4%and 19.7%,respectively.In addition,data suggested that BC applied during wheat season performed better in enhancing soil available phosphorus,potassium,and organic matter contents.In conclusion,we suggest that the optimum application time of BC for enhancing crop production and quality(take amino-acid content for example)and improving soil fertility is at the initiation of the wheat season.

Effects of Paddy Field Rotation on Diseases,Pests and Weeds of Rice

[ Objective] The paper was to explore ecological effect of paddy field rotation on reducing disease, pests and weeds of rice. [ Method] With long-term continuous cropping rice as control, according to field location experiments for consecutive 14 years, the effects of paddy field rotation on diseases, pests and weeds of rice were studied in details. [ Result] Paddy field rotation in some extent could reduce diseases, pests and weeds of rice. The diseased plant rate and disease in- dex of rice sheath blight in early rice under paddy field rotation treatment were averagely 10% and 0.4% lower than those in continuous cropping treatment, respec- tively. The diseased plant rate and disease index of rice sheath blight in late rice were 17.7% and 13.3% lower than those in treatments with continuous cropping mode, respectively. The diseased plant rate and disease index of rice false smut in both early rice and late rice under rotation treatments were lower than those in treatments with continuous cropping mode. White leaf rate caused by rice leaf roller and dry heart rate caused by striped rice borer under rotation treatments were significantly lower than those under continuous cropping treatment. The growth status of weeds under rotation treatments was weaker than that under continuous cropping treatment. [ Conclusion] The paper has important significance on alleviating diseases, pests and weeds of rice and improvement of ecological environment of farmland, and provides theoretical basis for sustainable development of agriculture.

Effects of rice or wheat residue retention on the quality of milled japonica rice in a rice–wheat rotation system in China

In rice–wheat rotation systems, crop straw is usually retained in the field at land preparation in every, or every other, season. We conducted a 3-year-6-season experiment in the middle–lower Yangtze River Valley to compare the grain qualities of rice under straw retained after single or double seasons per year. Four treatments were designed as: both wheat and rice straw retained(WR), only rice straw retained(R), only wheat straw retained(W), and no straw retained(CK). The varieties were Yangmai 16 wheat and Wuyunjing 23 japonica rice. The results showed contrasting effects of W and R on rice quality. Amylopectin content, peak viscosity, cool viscosity, and breakdown viscosity of rice grain were significantly increased in W compared to the CK, whereas gelatinization temperature,setback viscosity, and protein content significantly decreased. In addition, the effect of WR on rice grain quality was similar to that of W, although soil fertility was enhanced in WR due to straw being retained in two cycles. The differences in protein and starch contents among the treatments might result from soil nitrogen supply. These results indicate that wheat straw retained in the field is more important for high rice quality than rice straw return, and straw from both seasons is recommended for positive effects on soil fertility.

The effects of water and nitrogen on the roots and yield of upland and paddy rice

It is of great significance to study the root characteristics of rice to improve water and nitrogen(N) use efficiency and reduce environmental pollution. This study investigated whether root traits and architecture of rice influence grain yield, as well as water and N utilization efficiency. An experiment was conducted using the upland rice cultivar Zhonghan 3(a japonica cultivar) and paddy rice cultivar Huaidao 5(also a japonica cultivar) using three N levels, namely, 2 g urea/pot(low amount, LN), 3 g urea/pot(normal amount, NN), and 4 g urea/pot(high amount, HN), and three soil water potentials(SWPs, namely, well-watered(0 kPa), mildly dried(–20 kPa) and severely dried(–40 kPa). The results showed that with decreasing SWP, the percentage of upland rice roots increased in the 0–5 cm tillage layer, and decreased in the 5–10 and 10–20 cm tillage layers, whereas paddy rice roots showed the opposite trend. With increasing amounts of N, the yield of upland and paddy rice increased, and the percentage of root volume ratios of the two rice cultivars in the 0–5 and 5–10 cm tillage layers increased, whereas that in the 10–20 cm tillage layer decreased. The roots of upland rice are mainly distributed in the 10–20 cm tillage layer, whereas most paddy rice roots are in the 0–5 cm tillage layer. These results indicate that the combination of-20 kPa SWP and NN in upland rice and 0 kPa SWP and LN in paddy rice promotes the growth of the root system during the middle and late stages, which in turn may decrease the requirements for water and N fertilizer and increase rice yield.

Effects of Long-term Fertilization on Soil M icrobial Com m unity Structure,Labile Organic Carbon and Nitrogen and Enzym e Activity in Paddy Field and Upland

To investigate the effects of long-term fertilization systems on soil microbial community structure,labile organic carbon and nitrogen and enzyme activity in yellow sand paddy field and upland,a field experiment was conducted at the experimental station of Dongyang Institute of Maize Research in Zhejiang Province,China in 2009.The experiment consisted of six treatments with three replicates,and they were arranged in a completely randomized design,including no fertilization in paddy field (PCK),conventional fertilization in paddy field (PCF),formulated fertilization by soil testing in paddy field (PSTF),formulated fertilization by soil testing with organic manure in paddy field (PSTF+OF),conventional fertilization on upland (DCF),and formulated fertilization by soil testing with organic manure on upland (DSTF+OF).Soil nutrients,enzyme activity,microbial biomass and community structure were determined in 2015.The results showed that compared with no fertilization in paddy field (PCK),fertilization increased soil phosphorus and potassium content,and decreased pH value.No fertilization in paddy field (PCK) had no significant effect on soil culturable microorganisms in paddy field and upland,but formulated fertilization by soil testing with organic manure on upland (DSTF+OF) significantly increased the number of fungi.Formula fertilization by soil testing with organic manure (PSTF+OF) also significantly increased soil microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen in paddy field and upland.Moreover,fertilization had no significant effect on soil cellulase activity,but formula fertilization by soil testing with organic manure (PSTF+OF) significantly increased soil dehydrogenase and catalase activity.Therefore,long-term application of chemical fertilizer with organic fertilizer can effectively improve soil fertility.

Ammonium Effects on Nitrate Uptake by Roots of Upland and Paddy Rice Seedlings Related to Membrane Potential Differences

Nitrate uptake characteristics and ammonium effects on nitrate uptake were compared between upland rice （Brazilian upland rice） and paddy rice （Wuyujing 3 and Yangdao 6） through the glass microelectrode technique and the concentration gradient method of uptake kinetics.Results indicated that nitrate uptake by rice seedlings and ammonium effects were depending on membrane potential of root cells.And upland rice and paddy rice presented obviously different responses.For all cultivars,the nitrate treatments induced rapid depolarization and then slow repolarization of membrane potential in root epidermal cells,and even hyperpolarization was observed when nitrate concentration was low.The membrane potential of epidermal cells in Brazilian upland rice roots was larger and its response to NO3- was bigger than those of two paddy rice cultivars.Depolarization of membrane potential was amplified when ammonium was simultaneously added with nitrate into the measure medium,but repolarization was reduced,even disappeared.Brazilian upland rice seedlings had high Vmax of nitrate uptake and low Km,furthermore,Vmax and Km were little affected by ammonium,but Vmax of Wuyujing 3 was reduced significantly.Therefore,inhibition of NH4＋ differed obviously between upland rice and paddy rice.

Effects of Phosphorus on Grain Quality of Upland and Paddy Rice under Different Cultivation

We investigated how upland and paddy japonica rice responded to phosphorous （P） fertilizer under two cultivation methods. The upland rice Zhonghan 3 and the paddy rice Yangfujing 8 were both grown under moist cultivation （MC, control） and bare dry cultivation （DC） with three P levels, low （LP, 45 kg/hm2）, normal （NP, 90 kg/hm2） and high （HI：）, 135 kg/hm2）. As P level increased, grain yields of both upland and paddy rice increased under DC. There were no significant differences in grain yields between HP and NP for either rice, although upland rice slightly increased and paddy rice slightly decreased in grain yield. Under DC at LP, Zhonghan 3 showed a higher head milled rice rate and better appearance, cooking and eating qualities than at HP or NP. Yangfujing 8 was similar to Zhonghan 3 except that Yangfujing 8 had better appearance quality at NP. Under MC, Zhonghan 3 had a higher head milled rice rate at LP and better cooking and eating qualities at NP. Yangfujing 8 was similar to Zhonghan 3 except in appearance quality. DC improved head milled rice rate and appearance quality of both upland and paddy rice, and cooking and nutrient qualities of paddy rice. Compared with paddy rice, upland rice had better processing, nutrient and eating qualities. The results suggest that upland and paddy rice respond differently to cultivation method and phosphorus level.

Preliminary studies on radiant spectrum of the leaves of the paddy and upland rice

To study the property of the radiant spectrum(RS),i.e.absorption,reflectance and trans-mission ratio.Four upland rice varieties i.e.Haogelao,Hongkuo—laoshuya,Chengjiang—ludao,and IRAT—109,and four paddy ricevarieties Xifeng,Akihikari,Zhongbai 4,andYuefu were sown at Beijing on dry land in themiddle May,1992 and 1993.The plants weretreated with drought stress during seedling,booting,heading and flowering stages.It wasrainy season or intermittent irrigation duringother period.The RS and the chlorophyll con-tent of the third leave of seedlings and that offlag leave at heading—flowering period weremeasured with UV—190 model spectrometer.The results are shown in Fig 1 and Fig 2.There were little difference of RS in 800-200 mn and chlorophyll content between theleaves of paddy and upland rice during seedlingstage (Fig 1).However,remarkable differ-

等氮量有机替代对水稻田面水氮素动态变化特征研究

为了防控高原湖泊流域稻田氮素径流流失,保护受纳水体生态环境。在洱海流域水旱轮作种植模式下,设置不施肥(CK)、单施化肥(NPK)、有机无机配施(NPKS)、有机肥全量替代(SS)4个等氮量有机替代处理,研究水稻田面水氮素浓度的动态变化特征,探讨有机肥替代化肥施用对田面水氮素流失的影响。试验结果表明:基肥施用后田面水NH_(4)^(+)-N、NO_(3)^(-)-N、Org-N和TN浓度迅速升高,在3~7 d内达到峰值,施肥后7 d是防止田面水氮素大量流失的关键风险期。等氮量有机替代种植,田面水中NH_(4)^(+)-N/TN浓度占比为39.01%~54.01%,NO_(3)^(-)-N/TN浓度占比为11.33%~21.62%,Org-N/TN浓度占比为33.85%~41.94%。化肥氮施用增加田面水NH_(4)^(+)-N/TN浓度占比,有机肥施用增加田面水NO_(3)^(-)-N/TN和Org-N/TN浓度占比。等氮量有机替代对田面水氮素浓度的响应随施肥天数的增加而减弱,田面水NH_(4)^(+)-N、NO_(3)^(-)-N、Org-N、TN的浓度变化呈一元二次多项式下降,基肥施氮后35~40 d田面水氮素浓度趋于稳定低水平。在3种有机替代种植方式中,NPKS处理可降低田面水氮素浓度,降低稻田氮素流失风险。

川西平原五种水旱轮作模式旱作季杂草群落特征

为明确不同水旱轮作模式对川西平原旱作季杂草群落特征的影响,从而为旱作季杂草的高效防控提供理论依据。基于大蒜-水稻(GR)、小麦-水稻(WR)、蚕豆-水稻(BR)、油菜-水稻(RR)和马铃薯-水稻(PR)五种水旱轮作的长期定位试验,在2022年旱季采用生态学方法探究了不同水旱轮作模式下旱作季农田杂草种类、密度、株高、生物量等杂草群落结构和物种多样性特征。结果表明:(1)五种轮作模式下杂草田间密度表现为WR>BR>RR>GR>PR,生物量表现为WR>BR>GR>RR>PR,物种多样性表现为GR>BR>RR>PR>WR,物种均匀度表现为GR>PR>BR>RR>WR,群落优势度表现为WR>PR>RR>BR>GR,表明GR杂草群落稳定性最高,WR杂草群落稳定性最低且优势物种发生危害的程度最高,RR的杂草种类数少且不易发生危害;(2)五种水旱轮作模式杂草群落相似性较高,相似性指数在0.69—0.84之间,WR杂草生活型以一年生单子叶杂草为主,其余四种模式以一年生双子叶杂草为主;(3)WR优势杂草种类最少,为禾本科棒头草(Polypogon fugax Nees ex Steud),其重要值为59.53%;BR优势杂草种类最多,为棒头草、蔊菜(Rorippa indica(L.)Hiern)、毛茛(Ranunculus japonicus Thunb)和通泉草(Mazus japonicus(Thunb.)O.Kuntze);GR优势杂草为苣荬菜(Sonchus wightianus DC)和猪殃殃(Galium spurium L);RR和PR优势杂草均为三种,都包括为棒头草和蔊菜。因此,以确保旱作季杂草能得到有效控制,不同水旱轮作模式应制定不同的杂草防控措施。GR和PR应重点控制以猪殃殃为代表的双子叶杂草,WR应着重控制以棒头草等为代表的单子叶杂草,BR和RR应注重繁殖力强的单双子叶杂草的综合防治。

坡耕地红壤剖面磷的储存容量及其流失风险研究

基于土壤磷储存容量的变化差异,准确评估与判断坡耕旱地与稻田红壤磷的剖面流失风险。以江西鹰潭孙家典型红壤小流域内位于坡上(T)、坡中(M)及坡下(B)的花生旱地(PU)及稻田(PF)各发生层土壤为对象,分析了各发生层土壤全磷(TP)、有效磷(Olsen-P)、磷饱和率(PSR)、磷吸持指数(phosphorussorptionindex,PSI)及磷储存容量(Soil phosphorus storage capacity,SPSC)随剖面的变化特征及差异,估测了坡耕地红壤磷的剖面流失风险,探讨了土壤pH、Eh及容重(BD)等因子对坡耕地红壤发生层SPSC的影响差异。结果表明,不同坡位花生旱地与稻田红壤表层TP、Olsen-P含量均显著高于底层土壤,且稻田红壤TP与Olsen-P的剖面变异显著高于花生旱地剖面。与耕作层(Ap1)相比,花生旱地底层土壤PSI显著增加了33.1%~146%,且随剖面深度增加而缓慢降低;而稻田红壤PSI则随着剖面深度增加而增大。花生旱地与稻田红壤(PF-M除外)PSR均随着剖面深度的增加而逐渐降低,SPSC变化范围分别为–89.2~298.3 mg·kg^(-1)与^(-1)38.1~101.1mg·kg^(-1)。PU-T与PU-M剖面SPSC均为正值,且随剖面深度增加呈降低趋势;而PU-B(耕作亚层Ap2除外)剖面的SPSC均为负值。PF-T(氧化还原层Br2除外)、PF-M(Ap1除外)及PF-B剖面各发生层的SPSC均为负值,且随剖面深度增加变化显著。基于SPSC理论对坡耕红壤剖面土壤磷储量及其环境流失风险的评估,花生旱地土壤磷沿剖面及坡位的迁移与运移迹象明显,当土壤Olsen-P>27.6mg·kg^(-1)时,花生旱地剖面土壤磷的流失风险将急剧增加,应及时采取管控措施。稻田红壤剖面各发生层均存在不同程度的磷流失风险,需立即停止施磷并及时采取有效措施。

湘南丘陵区水田改旱地后土壤磷的有效性及淋失风险

【目的】研究不同母质发育的水稻土改旱地后土壤有效磷变化特征及主要影响因素,为红壤区磷素高效利用提供依据。【方法】采集3种母质(石灰岩、第四纪红色黏土和砂页岩)发育的水稻土及相邻的水田改旱地土壤样品,分析了土壤全磷、有效磷、水溶性磷和无机磷组分(Al-P、Fe-P、Ca-P和O-P)的变化特征,通过主成分分析(PCA)和随机森林分析,探究水田改旱地后土壤磷素有效性变化的主要驱动因子。【结果】水田改为旱地后,石灰岩、砂页岩发育的土壤有效磷含量分别增加了20.48和17.60 mg/kg (P<0.05),但水溶性磷含量均低于磷素环境阈值;土壤磷活化系数分别提高了2.67和2.22个百分点;Al-P含量分别增加了46.07和51.28mg/kg;石灰岩发育的土壤Fe-P含量增加了62.11 mg/kg。相关分析表明,水田改旱地后,Fe-P、Al-P与磷活化系数呈显著或极显著正相关,PCA和随机森林分析结果表明Fe-P、Al-P是土壤磷素有效性变化的主要驱动因子。【结论】湘南红壤丘陵区水田改为旱地后,第四纪红色黏土发育的红壤磷素有效性未发生显著变化,石灰岩和砂页岩发育的土壤磷素有效性由于铁磷和铝磷在全磷中比例的增加而显著提升。3种母质发育的水田改旱地后,其水溶性磷含量均低于环境磷阈值,引发磷淋失的风险较低。

湘中烟稻轮作区2种水稻土团聚体稳定性及有机碳组分比较研究

选择湘中烟稻轮作区2种典型水稻土,比较分析了土壤团聚体分布及其稳定性、有机碳组分及其相关关系,旨在揭示烟稻轮作的2种土壤团聚体稳定性的差异及有机碳的影响。结果表明:红壤性水稻土(RPS)>0.25 mm大团聚体含量、团聚体平均质量直径(MWD)和几何平均直径(GMD)显著高于紫色水稻土(PPS),分形维数(D)则较小,因此烟稻轮作的红壤性水稻结构及团聚体稳定性显著好于PPS;RPS总有机碳(TOC)及颗粒有机碳(POC)含量均显著高于PPS,而易氧化有机碳(EOC)含量变化不明显;RPS和PPS的MWD及GMD均与TOC、EOC和POC呈显著正相关关系,D则与前者呈显著负相关;>0.25 mm团聚体含量虽均与TOC、EOC和POC呈显著正相关关系,但RPS有机碳对>0.25 mm团聚体影响大于PPS,且2种土壤的POC对>0.25 mm团聚体的影响均大于EOC。在培育烟稻轮作的RPS和PPS团聚体和改善其结构中,需提高土壤有机碳及活性有机碳组分含量。

“稻-豆-油”三熟制水旱轮作绿色高效栽培技术

为提高农民种植效益,稳定粮油生产,本研究充分利用地域优势和作物品种优势,通过多年的实验示范,总结集成了“早稻-鲜食秋大豆-油菜”三熟制水旱轮作绿色高效栽培模式。该模式不仅实现了粮食绿色安全生产和稳粮增粮,而且大幅提高了土地产出率,有效促进了农业增效、农民增收,是符合现代农业发展方向的高效生产技术模式。

江苏稻田轮作模式碳、氮足迹分析

[目的]稻田通过排放温室气体和活性氮对生态环境带来影响,本文旨在系统分析江苏不同稻田轮作模式碳、氮足迹及其构成。[方法]以江苏新型经营主体为调查对象,利用生命周期评价方法定量分析江苏不同稻田轮作模式碳、氮足迹及其构成。[结果]不同稻田轮作模式单位面积碳足迹和单位面积氮足迹从高到低依次为稻麦轮作(18.22 t·hm^(-2)和139.54 kg·hm^(-2))、稻油轮作(13.20 t·hm^(-2)和101.65 kg·hm^(-2))、稻绿肥轮作(10.20 t·hm^(-2)和73.19 kg·hm^(-2)),单位产量碳足迹和氮足迹在不同轮作模式间差异不显著。不同稻田轮作模式单位面积碳、氮足迹存在区域差异,稻麦单位面积碳、氮足迹和稻油单位面积氮足迹从高到低依次为苏北地区、苏中地区、苏南地区,稻油轮作单位面积碳足迹和稻绿肥轮作单位面积碳、氮足迹在不同地区差异均不显著。对单位产量氮足迹而言,稻麦轮作单位产量氮足迹在不同地区差异显著,而稻麦轮作单位产量碳足迹、稻油和稻绿肥轮作单位产量碳、氮足迹在不同地区差异均不显著。不同轮作模式碳足迹主要来源CH 4排放和氮肥使用导致的碳足迹,占比分别为46.6%~50.7%和23.9%~25.2%。氮肥施用导致的氨挥发、氮素径流、氮素淋失及氮肥投入是不同稻田轮作模式氮足迹的主要来源,占比分别为52.2%~59.0%、14.6%~20.21%、8.7%~10.8%和7.8%~7.9%。[结论]稻油轮作和稻绿肥轮作模式是一种较为低碳和低氮的轮作模式,而考虑粮食安全,选择稻麦轮作模式优于稻油轮作和稻绿肥轮作模式。

Impacts of long-term ridge culture on aggregate stability in purple paddy soil of Sichuan basin

Ridge culture is a special conservation tillage method, but the long-term influence of this tillage system on soil aggregate-size stability in paddy fields is largely unknown in southwest of China. The paper is to evaluate soil aggregate stability and to determine the relationship between soil organic carbon (SOC) and soil aggregate stability. Soil samples at 0 cm-20 cm layer were adopted from a long-term (16 a) field experiment including conventional tillage: plain culture, summer rice crop and winter upland crop under drained conditions (PUR-r); and conservation tillage: ridge culture without tillage, summer rice and winter fallow with floodwater layer annually (NTR-f), winter upland crop under drained conditions (NTR-r), and wide ridge culture without tillage, summer rice crop and winter upland crop under conditions (NTRw-r), respectively. Different pretreatments, such as slaking in fast wetting, wetting and subsequent slaking, were applied to simulate the breakdown mechanisms of aggregates in paddy soil. The results show that soil particles contents were mainly consisted of silt (0.050 mm to 1.000 mm) in fraction of 42.9% to 51.2%, sand (0.050 mm to 0.001 mm) in fraction of 28.0% to 31.8%, and clay (<0.001 mm) in fraction of 17.9% to 25.4%. The amount of aggregate-size was greatly observed in fraction of 2.000 mm-6.720 mm under ridge culture in paddy soil (more than 50$) under slaking and wetting pretreatment. The proportion of soil macro-aggregates (>0.250 mm) in conservation tillage was greatly higher than that in conventional tillage under subsequent fast slaking treatment. Minimal differences of aggregate stability between slaking in fast wetting and wetting were observed, while significant differences were found between ridge culture and plain culture. The aggregate stability under slaking treatment ranked in the order of NTR-r>NTRw-r> NTR-f > PUR-r, while under wetting was NTRw-r > NTR-r > NTR-f >PUR-r. There was a positive correlation between the aggregate stability and SOC concentration under wetting, and a low correlation was observed under slaking pretreatment. Soil exposure with tillage and lack of rice/rape-seed stubble inputs caused declines in aggregation and organic carbon, both of which make soil susceptible to water erosion. Adoption of ridge culture with no-tillage integrated with crop rotation and stubble mulch significantly altered soil organic concentration. It was a valuable conservation practice for soil aggregation and soil organic carbon sequestration on paddy soil.

江苏苏中地区特色蔬菜生产模式及发展对策分析

特色蔬菜是区域特色明显、品种特色突出的地方蔬菜,近年来因经济效益显著,受到广泛关注。本文以南通地区为例,调查了特色蔬菜产业发展现状,探讨了江苏苏中地区特色蔬菜产业发展现状,提出了特色蔬菜高质量发展的对策。在此基础上,提出以如皋白萝卜和如皋黑塌菜为主体的高效水旱轮作种植模式,并分析了该种植模式的经济和生态效益,为苏中地区特色蔬菜产业发展提供理论支持。

长期不同施肥水田和旱地铁氧化物对红壤团聚体有机碳固持特性的影响

红壤中铁氧化物是影响有机碳固持的主要因素之一。探究红壤旱地和水田土壤有机碳与不同形态铁氧化物的关系,有助于理解土壤有机碳的稳定机制,为农田合理管理提供科学依据。本文依托我国南方红壤旱地和水田长期施肥定位试验(均超35年),分别采集长期不施肥(CK)、单施氮肥(N)、氮磷钾配施(NPK)和NPK与有机肥配施(NPKM)等4种施肥处理的土壤样品,采用沙维诺夫干筛法获得土壤大团聚体(>2 mm)、小团聚体(0.25~2 mm)和微团聚体(<0.25 mm),测定土壤团聚体有机碳含量及络合态、游离态和无定形等形态铁氧化物的含量。水田土壤大、小和微团聚体的平均有机碳含量分别为8.21 g∙kg^(-1)、7.65g∙kg^(-1)和2.08 g∙kg^(-1),而旱地分别为2.93 g∙kg^(-1)、6.68-1 g∙kg和1.33 g·kg^(-1);水田土壤大、小和微团聚体中的平均可溶性有机碳含量分别为70.72 mg∙kg^(-1)、79.83 mg∙kg和30.29 mg·kg^(-1),而旱地分别为7.27 mg∙kg^(-1)、21.49-1 mg∙kg和5.88 mg·kg^(-1)。无论是旱地还是水田,土壤小团聚体和微团聚体无定形铁氧化物含量与土壤有机碳含量均呈显著正相关关系,土壤各粒级团聚体无定形铁氧化物含量与可溶性有机碳含量均呈显著正相关关系。水田土壤各粒级游离态铁氧化物含量与土壤有机碳含量均呈显著正相关关系,尤以微团聚体贡献率较高。水田条件下,土壤微团聚体中的游离态铁氧化物含量与可溶性有机碳含量呈显著正相关关系。随着土壤团聚体粒级的增加,铁氧化物含量表现为先增加后降低的趋势。无定形铁氧化物对旱地和水田土壤有机碳均具有固持作用,游离态铁氧化物仅对水田土壤有机碳具有固持作用。