Hepatoprotective activity of brown alga Padina boergesenii against CCl_4 induced oxidative damage in Wistar rats

Objective:To investigate the protective effects of brown alga Padina boergesenii（P.boergeseii） against carbon tetrachloride（CCl4） induced oxidative damage and liver fibrosis in rats.Methods: To assess the hepatic damage liver weight,the activities of TBARS level,glutathione,SOD,CAT and GPx in circulation and liver.Results:The group of rats induced with CCl4 alone（2 mL/kg body weight）,showed noticeable increase in the liver weight and TBARS level.Followed by, the level of antioxidant enzymes glutathione peroxidase,Superoxide dismutase and catalase was also significantly（P【0.01） diminished.Where as,the rats pretreated with P.boergesenii（150 mg/ kg body weight） modulated the CCl4 induced liver fibrosis.The level of antioxidant enzymes and lipid peroxidation products was found to be significandy（P【0.01） attenuated to near normal level, when compared with rats induced with CCL,alone.In order to assess the role of carotenoids in the relevant activity,total carotenoid content of the extract was analysed and found to be 0.59 mg/g fresh weight（FW）.Further,the histopathogical studies provide a supportive evidence for this study to show the protective nature of P.boergesenii.Conclusions:The protective role of brown alga P.boergesenii extract has confirmed its potential activity through its antioxidant sparing actions against CCl4 induced free radical damage.However,the possible mechanism of hepatoprotection is rather speculative at this stage and investigations are underway to isolate and characterize the bioactive compounds from P.boergesenii.

<i>Padina pavonica</i>for the Removal of Dye from Polluted Water

The adsorption of fast yellow dye onto dried biomass Padina pavonica was studied in batch experiments. The amount of dye adsorbed (mg/g) was increased with the increase in initial dye concentration. An equilibrium time of about 90 min was achieved for dye concentrations ranging from 5 to 160 mg/L with maximum removal percentage of 73.2%. Pseudo-first and second order kinetic models have been used to analyze the adsorption data. The pseudo second-order kinetic model adequately described the adsorption data with correlation coefficient between 0.96 and 1.084. Fourier transform infra-red analysis demonstrated the chelating character of the dye molecule to different functionalities groups of the alga. Stirring speed higher than 50 rpm revealed no significant changes in dye adsorption. Temperature ranging from 15℃ to 65℃ showed stability followed by a decrease in adsorption. Scanning electron microscopy of adsorbent particles showed a high surface porosity allowing the free passage of dye molecules.

<i>Padina pavonica</i>: Morphology and Calcification Functions and Mechanism

Padina pavonica is one of the common macro-algae that inhabit coastal inter-tidal zones around the world. It is one of the two brown algae known to science today that calcifies. It precipitates CaCO3 in the microscopy form of Aragonite needle shape seen macroscopically as a vertical ventral stripes. Here we will summarize the information available since the beginning of the 20th century, taking into consideration the algal distribution, macro and micro-morphology, cytology, reproduction, CaCO3 bio-mineralization, and a slight reference to the commercial aspects, i.e., its use in the medical and cosmetic industries. This paper discusses the likely advantages that Padina gains by the calcification and the effect of pH caused by global climate changes on this calcification. We will describe the distribution of Padina, while focusing on the morphology of P. pavonica, as described in the literature, occasionally comparing it to another common species in Tel-Baruch—P. gymnospora. This review is somewhat prolog for the upcoming research.

Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Padina pavonica and Enteromorpha sp. from the Tunisian Mediterranean coast

Objective: To examine the antioxidant and the antimicrobial activities of the marine seaweeds Padina pavonica (P. pavonica) and Enteromorpha sp. from the Tunisian Mediterranean coast. Methods: The acetone and water were used for algae extraction to envisage the antimicrobial activity versus Gram-negative (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa), Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis) and against four Candida. The microdilution method was used to evaluate this activity. In vitro, total phenolic content and the antioxidant activity including 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging and 2,2'-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenthiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) were also studied. Results: The highest amount of phenolic compound was found in the P. pavonica acetonic extract ((90.61 ± 0.11) mg catechin equivalent/g extract)This brown algae sample demonstrated greater DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging ability potential in comparison to other green seaweed, Enteromorpha sp. The maximum antimicrobial activity was shown by the P. pavonica acetonic extract against all the pathogenic strains tested (minimum inhibitory concentrations = minimum inhibitory bactericidal = minimum inhibitory fungicidal concentrations = 0.04 mg/mL). Those activities might be due to phenolic substances present in this fraction. Conclusions: The present results highlight the possible use of P. pavonica as source of antioxidant and antimicrobial compounds.

Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential of the aqueous extract and polysaccharide fraction from brown marine macroalgae Padina sp.from Gulf of Mannar of Peninsular India

Objective:To evaluate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential of the aqueous extract and polysaccharide fraction from two brown marine macroalga,Padina gymnospora(P.gymnospora)and Padina tetrastomatica(P.tetrastomatica)harvested from Gulf of Mannar of peninsular India.Methods:The antioxidant activity was evaluated using different in vitro systems,viz.,1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH),2,2′-azino-bis-3ethylbenzothiozoline-6-sulfonic acid diammonium salt(ABTS),H_(2)O_(2)/HO.radical scavenging,Fe^(2+)ion chelating ability,and reducing potential.Folin–Ciocalteu method was used to determine the total phenolic content,and the results were expressed as mg of gallic acid equivalents(GE).Thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance formation inhibition assay was employed to assess the ability of the samples to inhibit lipid oxidation in a model system.COX_(II)and LOX_(V)inhibition assays were employed to assess the anti-inflammatory potential of aqueous extract and polysaccharide fraction.Results:The aqueous extract fraction of P.tetrastomatica realized high total phenolic content(288 mg GE/g),and its activity towards scavenging short-lived radicals(OH.and H_(2)O_(2))(27.8%and 68.3%,respectively;0.6 mg/mL)are higher than those registered for Padina gymnospora.Aqueous extract and polysaccharide fractions of P.gymnospora showed higher anti-inflammatory activities against LOX_(V)(56%and 53%,respectively)and COX_(II)(30%and 35%,respectively;1 mg/mL)enzymes.The correlation studies confirmed that polysaccharides present with the Padina sp.are responsible for their anti-inflammatory potential.IR spectral data of polysaccharide fraction revealed the presence of polysaccharide in alginate form and also confirmed the presence of sulphated polysaccharides as principle bioactive constituents.Conclusions:The study revealed that these seaweeds possess beneficial value as human food or health additives and can be used as a natural green remedy against oxidative stress induced inflammatory diseases.

Assessment of oxidative stress indices in a marine macro brown alga Padina tetrastromatica(Hauck) from comparable polluted coastal regions of the Arabian Sea,west coast of India

Oxidative stress and antioxidant defence systems were assessed in a marine brown alga Padina tetrastromatica, commonly occurring from the tropics. Lipid peroxidation （LPX） and H2O2 were measured as oxidative stress markers, and antioxidant defences were measured as catalase （CAT）, glutathione S-transferase （GST） and ascorbic acid （ASA）, in order to understand their dissimilarity with respect to pollution levels from selective locations along the central west coast of India. A significant increased levels of LPX, H2O2, CAT and GST were observed in samples from relatively polluted localities （Colaba and Karwar） when compared to less polluted locality （Anjuna）, while AsA concentration was higher in algal samples from worst polluted region of Colaba. Heavy metals such as Cd and Pb were also higher in the vicinity of polluted areas compared to reference area. Variation of oxidative stress indices in response to accumulation of heavy metals within P. tetrastromatica could be used as molecular biomarkers in assessment and monitoring environmental quality of ecologically sensitive marine habitats.

Active ingredients fatty acids as antibacterial agent from the brown algae Padina pavonica and Hormophysa triquetra

Objective:To estimate the fatty acids content in the brown algae Padina pavonica(P.pavonica)and Hormophysa triquetra(H.triquetra)and evaluate their potential antimicrobial activity as bioactive compounds.Methods:The fatty acid compositions of the examined species were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.The antimicrobial activity of crude and fatty acids was assessed using the agar plug technique.Results:The fatty acids profile ranged from C8:0 to C20:4.Concentration of saturated fatty acids in P.pavonica was in the order palmitic>myristic>stearic whereas concentration of the unsaturated fatty acids was oleic acid>palmitoleic>9-cis-hexadecenoic>linoleic acid>α-linolenic>arachidonic>elaidic acid.H.triquetra contained high concentration of saturated fatty acids than those of P.pavonica which was in the order as follows:palmitic>margaric>myristic>nonadecyclic>stearic>caprylic>tridecylic>pentadecylic>lauric while the unsaturated fatty acids consisted of oleic>nonadecenoic>non adecadienoate>margaroleic.The crude and fatty acid extracts of H.triquetra and P.pavonica were biologically active on the tested pathogens.H.triquetra exhibited a larger inhibitory zone than P.pavonica.Conclusions:The brown algae P.pavonica and H.triquetra have high efficient amount of fatty acids and showed strong antibacterial activity,especially H.triquetra.

Screening of marine algae (Padina sp.) from the Lengeh Port,Persian Gulf for antibacterial and antifungal activities

Objective:To evaluate the antibacterial efficacy of different solvent extracts of Padina sp.against selected human pathogenic bacteria and fungi species such as Escherichia coli,Shigella sp.,Staphylococcus aureus(S.aureus),Pseudomonas aeruginosa,Aspergillus flavus and Candida albicans.Methods:Various solvents including methanol,ethyl acetate,chloroform and hexane were used to acquire crude extracts from marine algae Padina sp.After crude preparation,antibacterial and antifungal activities were screened against clinically important human pathogenic bacteria using disc and well diffusion methods.For all the bacterial species used in this research,minimum inhibitory concentration was undertaken considering various solvent extracts of Padina sp.To ensure the accuracy of experiments,a positive control was also included.Results:Confirmed that hexane is the best solvent to extract antimicrobial agents from Padina sp.Among selected bacteria,S.aureus was the most sensitive test microorganism.While,all other microorganisms showed resistance against methanol,ethyl acetate,chloroform extracts.In fact,by increasing concentration of hexane extract,inhibition of S.aureus growth or antimicrobial activity was increased.Growth inhibition zone in well method showed better results compared to disc diffusion method.The minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration of hexane extract were 15 and 30 mg/mL against S.aureus,respectively.All Padina sp.extracts did not reveal any antifungal activities against fungi species in this study.Conclusions:Brown algae extracts showed sufficient antibacterial properties against S.aureus.Therefore,Padina sp.in this research can be a good candidate to design and manufacture novel antibacterial agents used in pharmaceutical industries.

三亚鹿回头海域珊瑚、团扇藻和砂反射率光谱分析

以海南三亚湾鹿回头附近海域常见的8种优势造礁石珊瑚的反射率光谱代表该海域珊瑚的反射率光谱,用光纤光谱仪测量它们和此海域常见底质团扇藻、砂的反射率光谱。利用反射率、导数光谱法分析研究了该海域造礁石珊瑚、团扇藻和砂反射率光谱的差异。分析表明500～700nm和珊瑚反射率差异相对较大;珊瑚反射率光谱明显低于砂反射率光谱,反射率谱线整体差异显著。导数分析结果显示造礁石珊瑚、团扇藻和砂的可区分波段为:石珊瑚与团扇藻的一阶导数,主要为415.1～425.6,482～487,514.5～529,577～587.6和631.9～644nm等波段。二阶导数主要为,413～418.7,427.4～432.5,462.3～470.6,494.4～503.6,551.6～561.4,590～594和639～643nm波段。四阶导数主要为,412.2～418.4,420.5～425.3,470.9～480.2,481.3～486.9,540.8～545.7,560～568.3和635.6～639.6nm等波段。石珊瑚与砂的一阶导数,主要为400～413.7,514.5～529.6,576.9～587.6和602.7～667nm波段。二阶导数主要为,420.5～430.7,446.9～458.8,467.3～472.3,537～544.3,556.8～561.4,582.8～587.2和637.6～649.4nm。四阶导数主要为,414.4～418.7,419.5～430.3,486.9～495.8,534.2～540.1,579～583.1,622.7～627.5,640～645和665.4～672.8nm等波段。

Antimicrobial potential of selected brown seaweeds from Vedalai coastal waters,Gulf of Mannar

Objective:To evaluate the antimicrobial activity of Turbinaria conoides(T.conoides).Padina gymnospora(P.gymnospora) and Sargassum tenerrimum against human bacterial and fungal pathogens.Methods:The antimicrobial activities of the extracts against various organisms were tested by using disc diffusion method.Results:The methanol extract showed the better result than the other extracts.Whereas,the strong antibacterial inhibition was noted in methanol extracts of P.gymnospora against Bacillus subtilus(26.33±1.86) and the mild inhibition of ethanol extracts from T.conoides against Klebsiella pneumoniae(2.33±0.51).Acetone extraction of P. gymnospora had strong antifungal inhibition against Cryptococcus neoformans(23.00±1.78), and acetone extract of T.conoides had mild inhibition against Aspergillus niger(3.00±0.89). Conclusions:The seven different solvent extracts of seaweeds used in the present study have shown significant bacterial action.Further,a detailed study on the principle compound in the seaweeds which is responsible for antimicrobial activity is still needed and it can be achieved by using advanced separation techniques.