Analysis of the Volatile Components in Flowers of <i>Paeonia lactiflora</i>Pall. and <i>Paeonia lactiflora</i>Pall. var. <i>Trichocarpa</i>

Paeonia lactiflora Pall. var. trichocarpa is a variety of Paeonia lactiflora Pall., and is currently the peony herb’s principal cultivar group. Here, we study the differences in aromatic components and flowers of different varieties between two groups of cultivars, providing a reference for applying natural fragrance substances of peonies, breeding fragrant flower types, and developing and using improved varieties. Headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), peak area normalization for each component relative to content, component library (NIST14/NIST14S) retrieval, and a literature review were used to analyze the volatile compounds in flowers of eight peony varieties, such as “Gaoganhong”, and ten comospore peony varieties, such as “Jinshanhong”. Results showed that the main volatile compound constituents in flowers of the two groups were terpenes and alcohols. Additionally, the content of eucalyptol, caryophyllene, α-Pinene, citronellol, and 3-Hexen-1-ol, acetate, (Z) was high. Peony cultivars contained linalool, (1R)-2,6,6-trimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]hept-2-ene, and 1,4-dimethoxybenzene, while comospore peony varieties contained 1,3,6-octatriene, 3,7-dimethyl-, (Z)-, phenylethyl alcohol, and geraniol. In this study, the differences between the volatile components of flowers of different peony varieties were clarified, laying a foundation for further molecular biology research into the floral fragrance of peonies and the cultivation of new varieties of aromatic peonies. At the same time, it also provides a theoretical basis for the development and application of peony flower by-products.

Production of paeoniflorin and albiflorin by callus tissue culture of Paeonia lactiflora Pall

In order to facilitate the preparation of paeoniflorin(PF)and albiflorin(AF),two chief bioactive constituents in Paeonia lactiflora Pall(PL),induction and culture of callus from PL were studied.With a modified woody plant medium supplemented with 0.5 mg·L-16-benzylaminopurine,1.0 mg·L-1naphthylacetic acid,0.1 mg·L-1thidiazuron and 30 g·L-1sucrose,callus was induced from four kinds of explants:leaf,stems,petiole,and root.The potency to form callus varies between different explants and leaf explants exhibits the highest capacity(100%).On the other hand,root-derived callus(R-callus)produces the highest level of total amount of PF and AF,31.8 mg·g-1dry mass,which is higher than the corresponding level in the root of field cultivated PL.Furthermore,the time needed is only 40 days,remarkably shorter than the cultivation time of PL,about 4–5 years.Higher accumulation levels of PF and AF with shorter production time indicate that callus culture of PL is a promising powerful tool for production of PF and AF in the future.

Monoterpene Glycosides from the Roots of Paeonia lactiflora

A new monoterpene glycoside, together with nine known ones, 3-O-methylpaeoniflorin, mudanpioside J, paeoniflorin, benzoylpaeoniflorin, oxypaeoniflorin, benzoyloxypaeoniflorin, oxybenzoylpaeoniflorin, albiflorin and lactiflorin, was isolated from the roots of Paeonia lactiflora Pall.. The structure of the new compound was elucidated as galloylalbiflorin by the spectro- scopic evidence including ESI-MS, 1D- and 2D-NMR spectra.

Mechanisms involved in antineuralgic effects of Paeonia Lactiflora: prediction based on network pharmacology

Objective: The analgesic effect of Paeonia Lactiflora has been widely accepted in traditional Chinese medicine. But little is known about the potential mechanism. This study aims to elucidate the effective components and analgesic mechanism based on network pharmacology. Methods: TCMSP was screened to collect the possible active ingredients and their CAS and SMILES was searched in Pubchem and further be used for reverse molecular docking in Swiss Target Prediction database to obtain potential targets. Pain-related molecules were obtained from GeenCards database, and the predicted targets of Paeonia Lactiflora for pain treatment were selected by Wayne diagram. For mechanism analysis, the protein-protein interactions were constructed by String, the GO analysis and KEGG analysis were conducted in DAVID. Results: Through GO analysis and KEGG analysis, we found that the pain related signaling pathways mainly involved in serotonergic synapse, calcium signaling pathway, inflammatory mediator TRP channels. Using network-based systems biology and molecular docking analyses, we predicted that 11 active ingredients in Paeonia Lactiflora has the analgesic effects with 97 potential targets. PRKCA, CASP3, ALOX15, SLC6A4, PRKCG, ALOX5, PRKCB, ALOX12, EGFR, ADRB2, RYR3, RYR1, NOS2, PTAFR, PRKCQ, and PRKCD were involved in the analgesic effects of Paeonia Lactiflora. Conclusion: Paeonia Lactiflora may alleviate pain through inflammatory mediator regulation of TRP channels, Ca2+ signaling pathway and 5-HT receptor. PRKCA, PRKCB, PRKCD,PRKCQ, and PRKCG may be new targets for pain treatment.

A new sesquiterpenoidal glucoside from the roots of Paeonia lactiflora

Objective:To study the chemical constituents of the roots of Paeonia lactiflora.Materials and methods:The isolation and purification were carried out by column chromatography on macroporous adsorbent resin,MCI gel,silica gel,and Sephadex LH-20,as well as semi-preparative RP-HPLC.The structures were elucidated on the basis of physicochemical properties and spectroscopic analysis,as well as the ECD quantum chemical computation methods.Results:A sesquiterpenoidal glucoside(1)along with two sesquiterpenoids(2-3)were isolated from the roots of Paeonia lactiflora,and their structures were identified as(+)-(1R,2R,4S,5S,10R)-2-α-D-glucopyranosyloxy-2-hydroxy-cadin-6,12-dien-15-oic acid(1),drim-7-en-3β,11,12-triol(2),and 3β-hydroxy-11,12-O-isopropylidenedrimene(3),respectively.Conclusion:Compound 1 was identified as a new sesquiterpenoidal glucoside.

芍药花芽分化及花期调控研究进展

芍药(Paeonia lactiflora Pall.)是芍药科芍药属多年生草本花卉,具有重要的观赏和药用价值,但芍药的花期短而集中,易枯萎导致花的质量降低。适宜的温度、光照、水分、营养和植物激素有助于促进芍药花芽分化和打破休眠。在促成和抑制栽培中,选用早、晚花品种,温度调控和外源物质也可控制芍药的花期。为有效延长芍药的供花时间,通过对近年来国内外相关文献的梳理归纳,阐述了芍药花芽分化发育和休眠的生理学机制、促成和抑制栽培等方面的研究进展,以期为芍药花期调控研究提供理论依据。

芍药PlHDR基因的克隆及生物信息学分析

为了预测芍药4-羟基-3-甲丁-2-烯基二磷酸还原酶(PlHDR)基因的功能,以芍药叶为材料,基于RT-PCR技术克隆了芍药PlHDR基因并对其进行了序列分析,用生物信息学软件预测了PlHDR的物理化学性质及结构特征。结果表明,芍药PlHDR基因cDNA全长1559 bp,共编码462个氨基酸,分子量52.11 kDa,等电点为5.46;芍药PlHDR与喜树HDR亲缘关系最近,氨基酸相似性高达87.45%;芍药PlHDR是定位于叶绿体内的亲水性蛋白,不存在跨膜结构域及信号肽,含有5个糖基化位点和50个磷酸化位点;二级结构中α-螺旋和无规则卷曲分别占比48.48%和29.22%;3D结构预测为单体;芍药PlHDR与HDS、DXR、CDPMEK、MK和MVD1等蛋白存在相互作用。本研究报道了芍药PlHDR基因序列并对其进行了生物信息学分析,为进一步开展该基因在芍药萜类物质合成中的功能研究奠定了基础。

射洪市双溪乡乡村文化振兴战略——芍药花科普插画设计及应用研究

本研究以芍药花为突破口,首先从射洪市双溪乡的历史和文化特点切入,深入挖掘其文化价值,通过将插画作品设计融入文创设计、乡村旅游、农业展览等活动中,期望激发当地居民对芍药花及乡村文化的兴趣,提高文化传承的参与度。为射洪市双溪乡的乡村文化振兴提供一种创新的途径,以芍药花为媒介,借助插画设计与科普手段,推动传统文化的传承和创新发展,为乡村振兴注入新的活力。

芍药响应细极链格孢侵染的转录组分析

【目的】芍药在生长发育过程中容易遭受病原菌侵染,感染病害,由细极链格孢(Alternariatenuissima)引起的红斑病是其主要叶部病害,严重影响品质和产量,目前对芍药红斑病的抗病机理尚未清晰。本研究运用生理学和转录组学手段,探究芍药响应细极链格孢侵染的生理变化及分子途径。【方法】以芍药‘大富贵’为试验材料,取A.tenuissima接种后12、24和96 h的芍药叶片,测定其相关生理指标并进行转录组测序分析,以未接种叶片为对照。【结果】病原菌接种后,芍药叶片的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)活性增强,可溶性糖与可溶性蛋白以及丙二醛(MDA)含量升高,脯氨酸含量降低。在A.tenuissima侵染芍药12、24和96 h后,芍药分别有5045、5961和2748个差异表达基因上调,有4284、5665和3536个差异表达基因下调。GO富集分析发现差异基因主要富集到部分生物合成和代谢过程、光合作用、信号转导和节律相关条目中。KEGG富集分析显示差异基因主要富集到碳代谢、氨基酸的生物合成、植物-病原菌互作、植物激素信号转导、MAPK信号等通路中。3条抗病通路(植物-病原菌互作、MAPK信号和植物激素信号转导)中共同富集到53个差异基因,这些差异基因中包括1个MPK6、2个PR1、4个MKK4/5和46个BAK1。随机选取9个芍药响应细极链格孢侵染的差异表达基因进行qRT-PCR分析,基因表达规律与转录组测序结果一致,证实RNA-seq的准确性。AP2/ERF-ERF、WRKY、bHLH和MYB-related转录因子家族是芍药响应A.tenuissima侵染的关键转录因子家族。【结论】A.tenuissima侵染芍药后,芍药通过提高SOD、POD、CAT和PAL的活性提升抗氧化能力,清除病害胁迫所产生的大量活性氧,通过增加可溶性糖与可溶性蛋白的含量、降低脯氨酸的含量进行渗透调节保持细胞水分。BAK1、PR1、MKK4/5和MPK6在芍药响应A.tenuissima侵染过程中起到重要作用,推测PlERF20、PlERF1b、PlWRKY41、PlMYC4和PlMYB62是芍药响应A.tenuissima侵染的抗病相关转录因子。

基于网络药理学与分子对接预测川芎-赤芍药对治疗动脉粥样硬化的作用机制

心血管疾病是全球范围内死亡率最高的一种疾病,其主要病理基础是动脉粥样硬化。为了探讨川芎-赤芍药对治疗动脉粥样硬化的潜在作用机制,利用网络药理学平台,挖掘了川芎-赤芍的有效成分及靶点并筛选核心成分;查找了动脉粥样硬化的靶点,然后与药物靶点取交集筛选候选靶点;构建候选靶点的蛋白互作网络得到核心靶点;对候选靶点进行GO功能富集分析与KEGG信号通路富集分析。最后将核心成分和核心靶点进行分子对接。结果从川芎-赤芍药对中筛选到包括核心成分β-谷甾醇、黄芩素、豆甾醇和杨梅酮在内的35个活性成分,获得川芎-赤芍药对治疗动脉粥样硬化的包括核心靶点AKT1、TNF、VEGFA、TP53在内的候选靶点58个,核心成分和核心靶点间均具有较好的结合能力,候选靶点主要参与了对氧水平下降的反应、对细菌来源分子的反应、对激素的反应等生物学过程,富集在癌症信号通路、脂质和动脉粥样硬化信号通路、化学致癌-受体激活通路、流体剪切力与动脉粥样硬化通路等相关通路上,以协同的形式通过调节细胞生长发育、降低血脂水平和控制促炎介质的分泌等对动脉粥样硬化发挥治疗作用,为川芎-赤芍药对的临床应用提供理论基础。

基于网络药理学及分子对接策略挖掘柴胡-芍药用于术后疼痛作用机制研究

本研究利用网络药理学结合分子对接,探究柴胡-芍药治疗术后疼痛(Postoperative pain,PP)的活性成分、关键作用靶点及潜在的分子机制。从数据库中检索并收集柴胡及芍药的有效活性成分和对应靶点以及术后疼痛靶点。采用术后疼痛综合征(Postoperative pain syndrome,PPS)及神经性病理性疼痛(Neuropathic pain,NP)相关的靶点,通过网络药理学分析出柴胡-芍药治疗术后疼痛的活性成分、成分一疾病的交集靶点以及可能的信号通路。通过分子对接预测活性成分与靶点蛋白的结合能力,经过一系列的分析,在满足筛选条件的18个成分中共筛选鉴定出5个生物活性成分豆甾醇、山柰酚、beta-sitosterol、Areapilin、isorhamnetin及36个柴胡芍药治疗术后疼痛的作用靶点,其中MAPK8、HMOX1、RELA、NOS2、JUN、PTGS2、PPARG、TNF、IL-6是柴胡-芍药治疗术后疼痛的关键靶点。基因本体论(GO)与京都基因和基因组百科全书(KEGG)分析结果显示,TNF signaling pathway、IL-17 signaling pathway和C-type lectin receptor signaling pathway通路可能在柴胡-芍药治疗术后疼痛中发挥重要作用。分子对接的结果显示,两个生物活性成分均可较好结合,其中谷甾醇与TNF的结合能负值最大,可能是柴胡-芍药治疗术后疼痛有效活性成分。本研究通过成分-靶点-疾病的角度初步预测和验证了“柴胡-芍药”对治疗PP的药理和分子机制,为后续研究提供参考。

Paeoniflorin,the Main Monomer Component of Paeonia lactiflora,Exhibits Anti-inflammatory Properties in Osteoarthritis Synovial Inflammation

Objective:To explore the mechanism of paeoniflorin(PF)on osteoarthritis(OA)synovial inflammation from network pharmacology to experimental pharmacology.Methods:Targets of OA were constructed by detecting the database of network database platforms(Therapeutic Target database,Drug Bank and Gene Cards),and the targets of PF were constructed by Pub Chem and Herbal Ingredients'Targets database.Gene Ontology(GO)and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG)analysis of these co-targeted genes were conducted via Database for Annotation,Visualization,and Integrated Discovery(DAVID)database,and protein-protein interaction(PPI)networks were conducted via the search tool for the retrieval of interacting genes(STRING)database.Cell counting kit-8(CCK-8)assay was performed to assess the potential toxicity of PF on human OA fibroblast-like synoviocytes(FLS),quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction(q PCR),enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA)and Western blot were used to verify the potential mechanism of PF in synovial inflammation.Results:Twenty-six co-targeted genes were identified.GO enrichment results showed that these co-targeted genes were most likely localized in the cytoplasm,and the biological processes mainly involved'cellular response to hypoxia''lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-mediated signaling pathway'and'positive regulation of gene expression'.KEGG pathway analysis indicated that these co-targeted genes may function through pathways associated with'hypoxia-inducible factor-1(HIF-1)signaling pathway'and'tumornecrosis factor(TNF)signaling pathway'.The PPI network showed that the top 3 hub genes were TP53,TNF,and CASP3.Molecular docking results showed that PF was well docking with TNF.CCK-8 showed no potential toxicity of 10,20 and 50μmol/L PF on human OA FLS.And PF significantly decreased the expression levels of interleukin-1β,interleukin-6,TNF-αmatrix metalloproteinase 13(MMP13),and a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs 5(ADAMTS5)and TNF-αin LPS-induced OA FLS.Conclusion:PF exhibited potent anti-inflammatory effect in OA synovial inflammation.

白芍不同极性部位的抗氧化活性及其与总萜含量的相关性研究

为比较白芍不同极性部位的抗氧化活性,考察了其与总萜质量分数之间的相关性。将白芍提取物分为石油醚、乙酸乙酯、正丁醇、95%乙醇、65%乙醇和水6个不同极性部位,采用总还原力和DPPH、ABTS自由基清除能力3个指标评估其抗氧化性,并用显色法测定各部位的总萜质量分数。最后用SPSS 19.0软件分析白芍提取物抗氧化活性与总萜质量分数之间的相关性。实验结果表明,白芍95%乙醇提取部位的抗氧化性最强,其次是65%乙醇提取部位、正丁醇提取部位、乙酸乙酯提取部位、水提取部位、石油醚提取部位;此外,各部位总萜质量分数与抗氧化性强弱之间呈正相关,且与清除ABTS、DPPH自由基相关性达到显著。

白芍根腐病病株与健株根际土壤微生物群落及酶活性变化

【目的】研究白芍根腐病病株和健株土壤根际微生物群落结构变化以及土壤环境因子、微生物群落与白芍根腐病之间的关系,为白芍根腐病的防治提供理论依据。【方法】采用野外调查研究方法,利用Illumina MiSeq高通量测序技术对白芍健株和病株的根际土壤微生物多样性进行测序,并对土壤养分及酶活性进行分析。【结果】与白芍健株相比,病株根际土壤有机质含量显著增加,速效钾含量显著降低,土壤碱性磷酸酶、过氧化物酶显著增加。病株根际土壤细菌丰富度和多样性减少,真菌丰富度和多样性增加。病株根际土壤细菌群落中变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota)、Sumerlaeota的相对丰度显著高于健株,绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)、放线菌门(Actinobacteriota)、Ethylomirabilota、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)相对丰度显著下降。鞘氨醇单胞菌属(Sphin⁃gomonas)、Chthoniobacter、Subgroup7、Saccharimonadales在病株根际土壤中的相对丰度高于健康植株。病株根际土壤真菌群落中子囊菌门(Ascomycota)相对丰度增加,担子菌门(Basidiomycota)相对丰度减少,接合菌门(Zygomycota)相对丰度显著高于健株。土壤pH、有机质、有效磷、速效钾、水溶性盐、碱性磷酸酶、过氧化物酶、脲酶、蔗糖酶是影响白芍根际土壤微生物群落变化的重要因子,主要与细菌优势菌门Chloroflexi、Methylomirabilota、Actinobacteriota,真菌优势菌门Chytridiomycota、Basidiomycota、Ascomycota的变化密切相关。【结论】芍药根际土壤中土赤壳属(Ilyonectria)、白粉属(Erysiphe)、镰刀菌属(Fusarium)等有害真菌相对丰度显著增加,养分失衡、酶活性变化是导致白芍根腐病发病的重要原因。

芍药雌配子发育和2n雌配子诱导

为探究芍药2n雌配子人工诱导体系以获得四倍体后代,以芍药二倍体品种‘朱砂判’(Paeonia lactiflora‘Zhushapan’)为研究材料,通过石蜡切片法探索芍药大孢子及胚囊发生过程,建立芍药花蕾形态与大孢子及胚囊发生过程的关系。在此基础上,通过控制变量法探究秋水仙素质量浓度和注射次数对芍药2n雌配子诱导效率的影响。结果表明:芍药雌配子发育类型为蓼型,倒生胚珠,双珠被。芍药花蕾直径在26 mm≤d<29 mm范围,胚珠发育至二核胚囊主导期,质量浓度为3 g/L的秋水仙素注射花蕾3次,获得2个四倍体后代,2n雌配子诱导率最高,为3.33%。

芍药高温胁迫研究进展

芍药是我国的传统名花,因花大色艳而在北方暮春时节的园林中大放异彩,具有很高的观赏价值。同时,芍药切花也是国内外市场上倍受喜爱的花卉之一,具有极高的经济价值。近年来,全球气候变暖引起的极端高温天气严重制约了芍药产业的发展。“芍药南移”的市场需求,使得研究芍药响应热胁迫机制以加速耐热芍药育种迫在眉睫。因此,该研究系统陈述了高温胁迫对芍药形态特征、生理生化特征的影响,并对芍药应答热胁迫的分子机制、耐热性评价及育种等方面的相关研究进行综述,以期为后续芍药耐热机理的全面解析和耐热新品种的加速选育提供参考依据。

东北地区芍药引种可行性分析

芍药是我国传统名花,虽然在东北地区进行了系统的适应性研究,但由于气候、降水量的差异导致芍药没有在北方大范围种植,无法发挥其观赏价值及药用价值。对山东省菏泽市定陶区进行了引种可行性分析,长期观察从中原地区引种的芍药品种在东北区域生长环境下的表现与适应性,并且对其观赏性及药用成分进行了综合评价,进而筛选既有观赏价值又有药用价值的芍药品种,为东北地区的芍药行业发展提供参考。结果表明:在满足气温条件与降水需求的情况下,将原产地为山东省的芍药引种到吉林省在理论上是可行的。引种植株可以在辉南县正常生长开花,并且其药用成分也可不受影响。

不同芍药品种侧枝性状的多样性分析

芍药是近些年国际市场上新兴的高档切花,有无侧枝是衡量芍药切花品质的重要标准之一。本研究基于单株侧枝总数将188个芍药品种分为多侧枝、中等侧枝、少侧枝和无侧枝4个类型,各侧枝类型品种分别占品种总数的4.79%、28.72%、26.60%和39.89%,其中多侧枝、中等侧枝和少侧枝类型品种的侧枝总数变异范围分别为9.00~20.00、3.00~7.00和1.00~2.00。进一步的侧枝性状多样性分析显示,所有供试品种和3个侧枝类型品种的侧枝性状差异明显,遗传多样性水平较高。有侧枝的主枝条数和单个主枝条上平均侧枝数与侧枝总数关系密切,是影响侧枝分类的两个主要因素。本研究结果可为我国芍药切花生产提供品种资源储备。

芍药PlSPL1基因克隆与表达特性分析

为研究芍药PlSPL1(SPL)基因的性质和功能,进一步阐明PlSPL1基因在不同物种中的共性与特征差异,探明PlSPL1在芍药茎秆挺直程度中的作用。以芍药红峰茎秆为材料,采用RACE技术获得了芍药PlSPL1基因全长序列,利用生物信息学软件分析预测PlSPL1的结构、理化性质和亲缘关系,随后利用qRT-PCR技术分析PlSPL1在芍药茎秆不同发育时期的表达量,并通过激光共聚焦扫描显微技术进行了蛋白质亚细胞定位分析。结果表明:PlSPL1基因开放阅读框为3000 bp,编码999个氨基酸。蛋白分子式为C_(4869)H_(7682)N_(1406)O_(1497)S_(43),分子量为111.25 ku,理论等电点为6.26,编码亲水性不稳定酸性蛋白,磷酸化修饰以丝氨酸为主,无信号肽,有跨膜结构,二级结构主要由无规则卷曲组成。系统进化树分析发现,PlSPL1蛋白与牡丹的亲缘关系最近,其次和葡萄有较近的亲缘关系;蛋白序列比对分析发现,PlSPL1蛋白具有SPL转录因子家族特有的SBP保守结构域。相对表达量分析发现,PlSPL1随着茎秆发育逐渐呈现下降趋势,表明PlSPL1负向调控芍药茎秆发育,推测其可能在茎秆挺直程度方面起重要作用;亚细胞定位显示,PlSPL1蛋白定位在细胞核中。上述结果表明,PlSPL1参与芍药茎秆发育过程。

北方切花芍药促成栽培技术

芍药在切花市场中占据重要地位,但芍药花期短且集中,为满足市场需求,该文以切花芍药为试材,结合北方设施栽培及促成栽培管理经验,通过品种选择、定植、设施栽培管理等相关技术,综合调控以保障芍药早春开花,以期为北方地区切花芍药促成栽培提供参考。