The aim of this study was to determine the level of knowledge that nurses in the neonatal intensive care units (NICU) of a public birth center had about the use of the Neonatal Infant Pain Scale (NIPS) and to test how...The aim of this study was to determine the level of knowledge that nurses in the neonatal intensive care units (NICU) of a public birth center had about the use of the Neonatal Infant Pain Scale (NIPS) and to test how their scoring for NIPS changed before and after training. Thirty nurses applied the NIPS scale to newborns that were procedures considered painful. During the first and second evaluations, nurses diagnosed 30% infants as having pain and 70% infants as having an absence of pain. In the third and fourth evaluations, after the NIPS parameters had been explained, we observed an increase in the number of infants diagnosed with the presence of pain (65%). The results indicate the importance of formal training for the systemic evaluation of pain in newborns.展开更多
Neonatal pain is a problem that is easily overlooked.According to the status quo of neonatal pain management,commonly 9 scales are used for evaluation of neonatal pain;details of the specific indicators,such as the ap...Neonatal pain is a problem that is easily overlooked.According to the status quo of neonatal pain management,commonly 9 scales are used for evaluation of neonatal pain;details of the specific indicators,such as the applicable neonatal gestational age range,score,and the type of pain,for the domestic references are provided so as to provide reference for the proper evaluation and standardized management of neonatal pain,as well as to promote the management level of neonatal pain.展开更多
Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of cryotherapy in managing the pain at the puncture site of Arterio-Venous Fistula (AVF) among children undergoing maintenance hemodialysis (HD).Methods: A one-group pre-post q...Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of cryotherapy in managing the pain at the puncture site of Arterio-Venous Fistula (AVF) among children undergoing maintenance hemodialysis (HD).Methods: A one-group pre-post quasi-experiment was performed in two HD centers affiliated with Cairo University.The experiment involved 40 children with AVF undergoing HD.Before puncturing,cryotherapy was applied using 2 cm-3 cm pieces of frozen distilled water in a plastic bag.Pain was assessed subjectively and objectively in two dialysis sessions before and after cryotherapy.A part from a physiological assessment of vital signs,pain was assessed using the Wong-Baker Faces Pain and the Observed Pain Behavior rating scales.All research ethics were applied.Results: HD had a median duration of four years,while cryotherapy had a median application time of 8.8 min.The Wong-Baker Faces Pain score and almost all observed pain behaviors significantly decreased after cryotherapy.Significant improvements were observed in respiratory rate before and after needle puncture and in oxygen saturation after needle puncture.A lower skin dryness was observed after cryotherapy (12.5%) than before cryotherapy (52.5%;p < 0.001).Conclusions: Cryotherapy can effectively reduce the venipuncture pain among children with AVF undergoing maintenance HD.However,the confounding effects of distraction and the non-randomized design used must be both considered when interpreting the findings.This study recommends the use of cryotherapy in managing needle puncture pain.Further research must adopt a randomized trial design with a placebo to support further the benefits of this procedure.展开更多
BACKGROUND Contemporary innovations in the area of local anesthesia have attempted to provide an absolutely pain free experience for patients.Since the introduction of Computer-Controlled Local Anesthetic Delivery Sys...BACKGROUND Contemporary innovations in the area of local anesthesia have attempted to provide an absolutely pain free experience for patients.Since the introduction of Computer-Controlled Local Anesthetic Delivery Systems to dentistry,many studies have compared its efficacy and safety to conventional anesthesia.However,very few studies have compared single tooth anesthesia(STA)and traditional local anesthesia.AIM To compare pain rating,changes in blood pressure,and heart rate during the local anesthetic injection.The secondary objectives were to measure the patients’level of satisfaction and the differences in anesthetic efficiency between the STA system and traditional local infiltration.METHODS A randomized controlled trial was conducted and a total of 80 patients with dental restorative needs were enrolled for the study.The patients were evaluated for their general physical status and oral clinical findings before enrollment.Information regarding perceived pain,changes in heart rate and blood pressure,and patients’satisfaction was collected using an electronic data form and was analyzed using paired and unpaired t-tests.RESULTS No significant difference was noted in perceived pain(P=0.59)and systolic blood pressure(P=0.09)during anesthetic injection using both traditional and STA techniques.STA patients had a significantly higher heart rate during anesthesia,although a statistically significant difference was noted among the traditional anesthesia and the STA groups even before anesthesia.During the restorative procedure,less pain was perceived by STA patients on the Wong-Baker FACES pain scale,which was statistically significant(P<0.001).Analyses of post-procedure patient responses showed that STA patients had a significantly better treatment experience and preferred to have the same method of injection in the future(P=0.04).CONCLUSION STA system can provide less painful and more comfortable restorative treatment procedures in comparison to the traditional infiltration technique.展开更多
BACKGROUND Stroke is a type of cerebrovascular disease with high prevalence,mortality,and onset of disability.As a neurodevelopmental therapy,neuromuscular joint facilitation(NJF)is widely used in the treatment of ort...BACKGROUND Stroke is a type of cerebrovascular disease with high prevalence,mortality,and onset of disability.As a neurodevelopmental therapy,neuromuscular joint facilitation(NJF)is widely used in the treatment of orthopedic and neurological disorders in the clinical practice.It is mainly used for central nervous system diseases or orthopedic diseases,movement disorders,and pain rehabilitation.According to related studies,NJF can also be used as a rehabilitation treatment in patients with hemiplegic shoulder pain(HSP).AIM To investigate the clinical efficacy of acupuncture combined with NJF in patients with HSP.METHODS Forty patients with HSP were randomly divided into a treatment group and a control group.The treatment group was treated with acupuncture combined with NJF and the control group was treated with acupuncture alone.All patients were assessed by using the visual analogue scale(VAS),Fugl-Meyer assessment(FMA),Barthel index(BI),and passive range of motion(PROM)before and after the training.All the clinical data were analyzed using SPSS 20.0 statistical software.RESULTS There was no statistical difference in the general characteristics between the two groups.In the terms of duration of treatment,age,and pre-treatment indicators,the two groups were comparable(P>0.05).After the treatment,VAS,PROM,BI,and FMA scores were significantly improved in the two groups of patients(P<0.05).The VAS,PROM and FMA scores were significantly higher in the treatment group than in the control group(P<0.05).However,there was no significant difference in BI scores between the two groups(P>0.05).CONCLUSION Both acupuncture alone and acupuncture combined with NJF in the treatment of HSP are effective,and can improve the clinical symptoms of patients.Acupuncture combined with NJF can improve the upper limb motor function,relieve pain,and increase joint mobility in patients with HSP.The combination therapy is better than acupuncture alone.However,there is no significant difference in improving the score of patients’self-care ability.展开更多
Few experimental studies have evaluated the efficacy of continuing educational programs aimed at the improvement of nurses’ pain-management skills. This study assessed whether a standardized educational program aimed...Few experimental studies have evaluated the efficacy of continuing educational programs aimed at the improvement of nurses’ pain-management skills. This study assessed whether a standardized educational program aimed at nurses could increase the use of the Numeric Rating Scale-11 in both documenting and reducing postoperative pain-intensity levels in hospitalized surgical patients. The study had a quasi-experimental pre- and post-intervention design. Data were collected from records of surgical patients prior to and after the standardized educational program was completed. There were no significant differences between pre- and post-intervention groups in terms of either pain-documentation frequency or pain-intensity level. The study showed no increase in the frequency of postoperative pain documentation and no reduction of surgical patients’ postoperative pain-intensity level. This finding indicates that the standardized educational program on postoperative pain management was insufficient to bring about changes in clinical practice.展开更多
Mammography is carried out in a special position, i.e. “an image is taken while the breast is compressed, stretched and kept in a fixed position”. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate quantitatively and qual...Mammography is carried out in a special position, i.e. “an image is taken while the breast is compressed, stretched and kept in a fixed position”. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate quantitatively and qualitatively the physical and psychological burden due to positioning and breast compression during mammography. Muscle activity of each part of the body during positioning for the standard imaging method, to obtain craniocaudal (CC) view images, was measured in 15 adult females using surface EMG. The associated pain was analyzed using visual analogue scale (VAS) scores. During positioning for the CC view, muscle activity was highest in the biceps (24.44 iEMG/s) followed by the trapezius (17.78 iEMG/s) on the imaging side. Muscle activity of the biceps and the sternocleidomastoid on the imaging side showed significant differences compared with pre-imaging activity (biceps P < 0.031, sternocleidomastoid P < 0.005). The pain during mammography was rated as moderate to severe pain (VAS = 3.3 - 6.7) for CC views. As a result, the activities of not only the muscles directly involved in mammography positioning but also those indirectly involved were high as compared with the normal state. Measurement of muscle activity during mammography is expected to be used effectively, such as in the care to reduce pain for the subjects.展开更多
BACKGROUND Lumbar disc herniation and non-specific low back pain are common conditions that seriously affect patients’health-related quality of life(HRQoL).Although empirical evidence has demonstrated that novel Ther...BACKGROUND Lumbar disc herniation and non-specific low back pain are common conditions that seriously affect patients’health-related quality of life(HRQoL).Although empirical evidence has demonstrated that novel Thermobalancing therapy and Dr Allen’s Device can relieve chronic low back pain,there have been no randomised controlled trials for these indications.AIM To evaluate the efficacy of Dr Allen’s Device in lumbar disc herniation(LDH)and non-specific low back pain(NSLBP).METHODS A randomised clinical trial was conducted investigating 55 patients with chronic low back pain due to LDH(n=28)or NSLBP(n=27),out of which 15 were randomly assigned to the control group and 40 were assigned to the treatment group.The intervention was treatment with Dr Allen’s Device for 3 mo.Changes in HRQoL were assessed using the Numerical Pain Rating Scale and the Japanese Orthopedic Association Back Pain Questionnaire.RESULTS Thermobalancing therapy with Dr Allen’s Device showed a significant reduction in pain in the treatment group(P<0.001),with no recorded adverse effects.Both pain assessment scales showed a significant improvement in patients’perception of pain indicating improvement in HRQoL.CONCLUSION The out-of-hospital use of Thermobalancing therapy with Dr Allen’s Device for Low Back Treatment relieves chronic low back pain significantly and without adverse effects,improves the level of activity and HRQoL among patients with LDH and NSLBP.This study demonstrates the importance of this safe first-line therapy that can be used for effective at-home management of chronic low back pain.展开更多
Aims: To investigate rates of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in patients with chronic pain attending a pain clinic, the effects of a screening measure for ADHD in patients with chronic pain, and the e...Aims: To investigate rates of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in patients with chronic pain attending a pain clinic, the effects of a screening measure for ADHD in patients with chronic pain, and the effects of ADHD drugs on both pain and ADHD symptoms. Methods: We retrospectively surveyed 110 patients with chronic pain visiting the Anesthesiology and Pain Relief Center at the University of Tokyo in Japan, who had also consulted a psychiatrist, between April 2012 and July 2015. Results: Of the total of 110 patients with chronic pain, 35 (31.8%) were also diagnosed with ADHD, and the average Wender Utah Rating Scale (WURS) score among the ADHD patients was 39.0 ± 22.1 (n = 25). Only 36.0% of these patients exceeded the cutoff value, suggesting that 64.0% of the patients with ADHD were not identified by screening with the WURS. Twenty-six patients initiated treatment with ADHD medication, with dosage adjustment completed in 21. Of these 21 patients 20 (95.0%) had improved ADHD symptoms. Improved pain symptoms were observed in 14 patients (66.6%), with a reduction in the pain numerical rating scale of 64.7% ± 30.1%. Conclusions: This is the first study investigating the comorbidity of ADHD and chronic pain at pain clinics showing a high level of comorbidity and amelioration of pain and ADHD symptoms with treatment. Careful interpretation is required when the WURS is used to screen patients with chronic pain.展开更多
Mammography is widely performed as a standardized procedure for breast cancer screening;however, women often feel some degree of pain during this procedure. Currently, there are limited options available for alleviati...Mammography is widely performed as a standardized procedure for breast cancer screening;however, women often feel some degree of pain during this procedure. Currently, there are limited options available for alleviating pain related to mammography. A non-medicinal approach to the alleviation of pain involves the effects of laughter on physical and psychological wellbeing. We therefore examined the possibility that humorous stimuli would alleviate the physical burden on women undergoing mammography. We assessed 29 women, 15 women received only conventional mammography (neutral group), while 14 women (humor group) watched a funny video during the same examination. The intensity of pain experienced during mammography was assessed by visual analogue scale (VAS) and the VAS results showed a statistically significant difference (P = 0.007) between the two groups, with the humor group experiencing less pain. In an additional experiment, 14 women in the humor group also underwent conventional mammography without exposure to the funny video and pain was assessed by VAS. We found that the pain experienced during conventional mammography without the funny video was significantly greater than the pain experienced during the same mammography but with the funny video (P = 0.047). These findings suggested the possibility of alleviating pain during mammography by humorous stimuli.展开更多
In order to quantitatively measure the degree of pain during mammography, we used a visual analog scale (VAS) and a device for quantitative analysis of perception and pain and performed regression analysis of the rela...In order to quantitatively measure the degree of pain during mammography, we used a visual analog scale (VAS) and a device for quantitative analysis of perception and pain and performed regression analysis of the relationship between pain degree and VAS score. Twenty-four subjects underwent a typical mammogram and we found no correlation between pain degree using the device compared with VAS scoring. It is presumed that the system enables quantitative measurement and comparison more accurately than subjective markers such as VAS in quantitation of a pain produced in an examination with clearly defined physical size (such as mammography).展开更多
文摘The aim of this study was to determine the level of knowledge that nurses in the neonatal intensive care units (NICU) of a public birth center had about the use of the Neonatal Infant Pain Scale (NIPS) and to test how their scoring for NIPS changed before and after training. Thirty nurses applied the NIPS scale to newborns that were procedures considered painful. During the first and second evaluations, nurses diagnosed 30% infants as having pain and 70% infants as having an absence of pain. In the third and fourth evaluations, after the NIPS parameters had been explained, we observed an increase in the number of infants diagnosed with the presence of pain (65%). The results indicate the importance of formal training for the systemic evaluation of pain in newborns.
文摘Neonatal pain is a problem that is easily overlooked.According to the status quo of neonatal pain management,commonly 9 scales are used for evaluation of neonatal pain;details of the specific indicators,such as the applicable neonatal gestational age range,score,and the type of pain,for the domestic references are provided so as to provide reference for the proper evaluation and standardized management of neonatal pain,as well as to promote the management level of neonatal pain.
文摘Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of cryotherapy in managing the pain at the puncture site of Arterio-Venous Fistula (AVF) among children undergoing maintenance hemodialysis (HD).Methods: A one-group pre-post quasi-experiment was performed in two HD centers affiliated with Cairo University.The experiment involved 40 children with AVF undergoing HD.Before puncturing,cryotherapy was applied using 2 cm-3 cm pieces of frozen distilled water in a plastic bag.Pain was assessed subjectively and objectively in two dialysis sessions before and after cryotherapy.A part from a physiological assessment of vital signs,pain was assessed using the Wong-Baker Faces Pain and the Observed Pain Behavior rating scales.All research ethics were applied.Results: HD had a median duration of four years,while cryotherapy had a median application time of 8.8 min.The Wong-Baker Faces Pain score and almost all observed pain behaviors significantly decreased after cryotherapy.Significant improvements were observed in respiratory rate before and after needle puncture and in oxygen saturation after needle puncture.A lower skin dryness was observed after cryotherapy (12.5%) than before cryotherapy (52.5%;p < 0.001).Conclusions: Cryotherapy can effectively reduce the venipuncture pain among children with AVF undergoing maintenance HD.However,the confounding effects of distraction and the non-randomized design used must be both considered when interpreting the findings.This study recommends the use of cryotherapy in managing needle puncture pain.Further research must adopt a randomized trial design with a placebo to support further the benefits of this procedure.
文摘BACKGROUND Contemporary innovations in the area of local anesthesia have attempted to provide an absolutely pain free experience for patients.Since the introduction of Computer-Controlled Local Anesthetic Delivery Systems to dentistry,many studies have compared its efficacy and safety to conventional anesthesia.However,very few studies have compared single tooth anesthesia(STA)and traditional local anesthesia.AIM To compare pain rating,changes in blood pressure,and heart rate during the local anesthetic injection.The secondary objectives were to measure the patients’level of satisfaction and the differences in anesthetic efficiency between the STA system and traditional local infiltration.METHODS A randomized controlled trial was conducted and a total of 80 patients with dental restorative needs were enrolled for the study.The patients were evaluated for their general physical status and oral clinical findings before enrollment.Information regarding perceived pain,changes in heart rate and blood pressure,and patients’satisfaction was collected using an electronic data form and was analyzed using paired and unpaired t-tests.RESULTS No significant difference was noted in perceived pain(P=0.59)and systolic blood pressure(P=0.09)during anesthetic injection using both traditional and STA techniques.STA patients had a significantly higher heart rate during anesthesia,although a statistically significant difference was noted among the traditional anesthesia and the STA groups even before anesthesia.During the restorative procedure,less pain was perceived by STA patients on the Wong-Baker FACES pain scale,which was statistically significant(P<0.001).Analyses of post-procedure patient responses showed that STA patients had a significantly better treatment experience and preferred to have the same method of injection in the future(P=0.04).CONCLUSION STA system can provide less painful and more comfortable restorative treatment procedures in comparison to the traditional infiltration technique.
文摘BACKGROUND Stroke is a type of cerebrovascular disease with high prevalence,mortality,and onset of disability.As a neurodevelopmental therapy,neuromuscular joint facilitation(NJF)is widely used in the treatment of orthopedic and neurological disorders in the clinical practice.It is mainly used for central nervous system diseases or orthopedic diseases,movement disorders,and pain rehabilitation.According to related studies,NJF can also be used as a rehabilitation treatment in patients with hemiplegic shoulder pain(HSP).AIM To investigate the clinical efficacy of acupuncture combined with NJF in patients with HSP.METHODS Forty patients with HSP were randomly divided into a treatment group and a control group.The treatment group was treated with acupuncture combined with NJF and the control group was treated with acupuncture alone.All patients were assessed by using the visual analogue scale(VAS),Fugl-Meyer assessment(FMA),Barthel index(BI),and passive range of motion(PROM)before and after the training.All the clinical data were analyzed using SPSS 20.0 statistical software.RESULTS There was no statistical difference in the general characteristics between the two groups.In the terms of duration of treatment,age,and pre-treatment indicators,the two groups were comparable(P>0.05).After the treatment,VAS,PROM,BI,and FMA scores were significantly improved in the two groups of patients(P<0.05).The VAS,PROM and FMA scores were significantly higher in the treatment group than in the control group(P<0.05).However,there was no significant difference in BI scores between the two groups(P>0.05).CONCLUSION Both acupuncture alone and acupuncture combined with NJF in the treatment of HSP are effective,and can improve the clinical symptoms of patients.Acupuncture combined with NJF can improve the upper limb motor function,relieve pain,and increase joint mobility in patients with HSP.The combination therapy is better than acupuncture alone.However,there is no significant difference in improving the score of patients’self-care ability.
文摘Few experimental studies have evaluated the efficacy of continuing educational programs aimed at the improvement of nurses’ pain-management skills. This study assessed whether a standardized educational program aimed at nurses could increase the use of the Numeric Rating Scale-11 in both documenting and reducing postoperative pain-intensity levels in hospitalized surgical patients. The study had a quasi-experimental pre- and post-intervention design. Data were collected from records of surgical patients prior to and after the standardized educational program was completed. There were no significant differences between pre- and post-intervention groups in terms of either pain-documentation frequency or pain-intensity level. The study showed no increase in the frequency of postoperative pain documentation and no reduction of surgical patients’ postoperative pain-intensity level. This finding indicates that the standardized educational program on postoperative pain management was insufficient to bring about changes in clinical practice.
文摘Mammography is carried out in a special position, i.e. “an image is taken while the breast is compressed, stretched and kept in a fixed position”. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate quantitatively and qualitatively the physical and psychological burden due to positioning and breast compression during mammography. Muscle activity of each part of the body during positioning for the standard imaging method, to obtain craniocaudal (CC) view images, was measured in 15 adult females using surface EMG. The associated pain was analyzed using visual analogue scale (VAS) scores. During positioning for the CC view, muscle activity was highest in the biceps (24.44 iEMG/s) followed by the trapezius (17.78 iEMG/s) on the imaging side. Muscle activity of the biceps and the sternocleidomastoid on the imaging side showed significant differences compared with pre-imaging activity (biceps P < 0.031, sternocleidomastoid P < 0.005). The pain during mammography was rated as moderate to severe pain (VAS = 3.3 - 6.7) for CC views. As a result, the activities of not only the muscles directly involved in mammography positioning but also those indirectly involved were high as compared with the normal state. Measurement of muscle activity during mammography is expected to be used effectively, such as in the care to reduce pain for the subjects.
文摘BACKGROUND Lumbar disc herniation and non-specific low back pain are common conditions that seriously affect patients’health-related quality of life(HRQoL).Although empirical evidence has demonstrated that novel Thermobalancing therapy and Dr Allen’s Device can relieve chronic low back pain,there have been no randomised controlled trials for these indications.AIM To evaluate the efficacy of Dr Allen’s Device in lumbar disc herniation(LDH)and non-specific low back pain(NSLBP).METHODS A randomised clinical trial was conducted investigating 55 patients with chronic low back pain due to LDH(n=28)or NSLBP(n=27),out of which 15 were randomly assigned to the control group and 40 were assigned to the treatment group.The intervention was treatment with Dr Allen’s Device for 3 mo.Changes in HRQoL were assessed using the Numerical Pain Rating Scale and the Japanese Orthopedic Association Back Pain Questionnaire.RESULTS Thermobalancing therapy with Dr Allen’s Device showed a significant reduction in pain in the treatment group(P<0.001),with no recorded adverse effects.Both pain assessment scales showed a significant improvement in patients’perception of pain indicating improvement in HRQoL.CONCLUSION The out-of-hospital use of Thermobalancing therapy with Dr Allen’s Device for Low Back Treatment relieves chronic low back pain significantly and without adverse effects,improves the level of activity and HRQoL among patients with LDH and NSLBP.This study demonstrates the importance of this safe first-line therapy that can be used for effective at-home management of chronic low back pain.
文摘Aims: To investigate rates of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in patients with chronic pain attending a pain clinic, the effects of a screening measure for ADHD in patients with chronic pain, and the effects of ADHD drugs on both pain and ADHD symptoms. Methods: We retrospectively surveyed 110 patients with chronic pain visiting the Anesthesiology and Pain Relief Center at the University of Tokyo in Japan, who had also consulted a psychiatrist, between April 2012 and July 2015. Results: Of the total of 110 patients with chronic pain, 35 (31.8%) were also diagnosed with ADHD, and the average Wender Utah Rating Scale (WURS) score among the ADHD patients was 39.0 ± 22.1 (n = 25). Only 36.0% of these patients exceeded the cutoff value, suggesting that 64.0% of the patients with ADHD were not identified by screening with the WURS. Twenty-six patients initiated treatment with ADHD medication, with dosage adjustment completed in 21. Of these 21 patients 20 (95.0%) had improved ADHD symptoms. Improved pain symptoms were observed in 14 patients (66.6%), with a reduction in the pain numerical rating scale of 64.7% ± 30.1%. Conclusions: This is the first study investigating the comorbidity of ADHD and chronic pain at pain clinics showing a high level of comorbidity and amelioration of pain and ADHD symptoms with treatment. Careful interpretation is required when the WURS is used to screen patients with chronic pain.
文摘Mammography is widely performed as a standardized procedure for breast cancer screening;however, women often feel some degree of pain during this procedure. Currently, there are limited options available for alleviating pain related to mammography. A non-medicinal approach to the alleviation of pain involves the effects of laughter on physical and psychological wellbeing. We therefore examined the possibility that humorous stimuli would alleviate the physical burden on women undergoing mammography. We assessed 29 women, 15 women received only conventional mammography (neutral group), while 14 women (humor group) watched a funny video during the same examination. The intensity of pain experienced during mammography was assessed by visual analogue scale (VAS) and the VAS results showed a statistically significant difference (P = 0.007) between the two groups, with the humor group experiencing less pain. In an additional experiment, 14 women in the humor group also underwent conventional mammography without exposure to the funny video and pain was assessed by VAS. We found that the pain experienced during conventional mammography without the funny video was significantly greater than the pain experienced during the same mammography but with the funny video (P = 0.047). These findings suggested the possibility of alleviating pain during mammography by humorous stimuli.
文摘In order to quantitatively measure the degree of pain during mammography, we used a visual analog scale (VAS) and a device for quantitative analysis of perception and pain and performed regression analysis of the relationship between pain degree and VAS score. Twenty-four subjects underwent a typical mammogram and we found no correlation between pain degree using the device compared with VAS scoring. It is presumed that the system enables quantitative measurement and comparison more accurately than subjective markers such as VAS in quantitation of a pain produced in an examination with clearly defined physical size (such as mammography).
