Structural patterns of fault damage zones in carbonate rocks and their influences on petroleum accumulation in Tazhong Paleo-uplift, Tarim Basin, NW China

Based on the outcrop survey,3D seismic data interpretation,drilling data analysis,the structural patterns and distribution of fault damage zones in carbonate strata of Tazhong Paleo-uplift were established to reveal the oil and gas enrichment law in the fault damage zones.The following findings were reached:(1)Through the filed survey,the fault damage zone system consists of fault core,damage zone with branch fault and fracture network.Affected by the active nature of the major faults,the fault damage zones differ in planar pattern and scale along the major faults.(2)3D seismic profiles reveal that there are three types of fault damage zones in carbonate strata in Tazhong paleo-uplift,strike-slip fault damage zones,thrust fault damage zones and superimposed fault damage zones.Featuring3 flowers and 3 root belts in vertical,the strike-slip fault damage zone can be subdivided into linear type,oblique type,feather type and horsetail type in plane.Thrust fault damage zones can be further divided into fault anticline type,anticline type and slope type.As the superimposition result of the above two kinds of fault damage zones,superimposed fault damage zones appear in three patterns,intersect type,encompassment type and penetrating type.(3)Cores from wells and geochemical data show oil and gas may migrate along the major fault and laterally.The feather type in strike-slip fault system,fault anticline type in thrust fault damage zone and intersect type in superimposed fault damage zone are possible sites for high production and efficiency wells.

Characteristics of fault rocks and paleo-earthquake source along the Koktokay-Ertai fault zone,Xinjiang,China

The Koktokay Ertai fault zone was developed on the basis of a former ductile shear zone (mylonite zone). The mylonites were formed in the brittle ductile transition zone at 10～15 km depth within the crust. The rocks had experienced multi period deformation processes, including ductile deformation, ductile instability and brittle seismic faulting which had gave rise to the formation of Koktokay Ertai fault zone and the development of pseudotachylytes. The pseudotachylytes are distributed within an area about 60 km in length and 300 m in width, which may represent the scale of the paleo earthquake source. The physical conditions of the paleo earthquake source was similar to those for the formation of the mylonites along this zone.

Paleo-earthquake studies on the eastern section of the Kunlun fault

Roughly along the Animaqing Maji peak, the Kunlun fault section between the Tuosuo Lake and Kendingna (east Maqin) can be subdivided into two geometric segments: the Huashixia and the Maqin segments. These two segments behave differently in their Holocene slip rates and paleo-earthquake activities, with obviously higher paleo-seismic activity on the Huashixia segment than on Maqin segment. As many as four strong Holocene earthquakes are identified on the Huashixia segment from trenching and geomorphic studies. The recurrent interval for the latest three earthquakes are at about 500 a and 640 a, respectively. On the Maqin segment, at least three paleo-earthquake events can be defined from trenching, with a recurrent interval for the latest two events at about 1000 a. M = 7.5 earthquakes on Huashixia segment recur at every 411 a to 608 a with a characteristic slip at 5.75±0.57 m. Although the Maqin segment is less active, its accumulated strain energy during the long time period since last earthquake occurred (about 1070 a BP) deserves enough notice on its future earthquake probabilities.

塔河油田良里塔格组迷宫型岩溶洞穴系统发育特征

为了明确塔河油田上奥陶统良里塔格组迷宫型岩溶洞穴系统的样式和结构,利用古地貌恢复、古水系刻画、测井地层对比、构造断裂解析、地震属性刻画等方法,进行了塔河油田11区的古水文地貌恢复、岩溶层组格架构建、岩溶洞穴识别和成因模式分析。结果表明:塔河油田南部加里东运动中期Ⅱ幕古地貌西北高、东南低,发育北北西—南南东向树枝状地表深切沟谷,良里塔格组发育近水平状分布、闭合管道结构及溶蚀强度较高的迷宫型岩溶洞穴系统;良里塔格组岩溶洞穴系统与澳大利亚Judbarra地区Bullita洞穴系统成因相似,属于典型的表生岩溶扩散下渗型迷宫型岩溶洞穴系统;上奥陶统恰尔巴克组泥岩段为隔水层,控制了良里塔格组迷宫型岩溶洞穴系统的侧向溶蚀作用;沟通地表水系的断裂为岩溶水主要下渗溶蚀通道,随着区域基准面下降,岩溶水沿断裂下渗进入中奥陶统,中奥陶统一间房组形成断溶体。塔河油田加里东运动中期Ⅱ幕表生岩溶“双层”迷宫型岩溶洞穴系统的认识对上奥陶统油藏开发具有重要意义。

塔里木盆地东北缘吐格尔明背斜和阳北断裂带构造分析

吐格尔明背斜和阳北断裂位于塔里木盆地北缘,南天山山前库车褶皱冲断带的东段,两者均为基底卷入型构造。阳北断裂是一个反转构造,其变形历史可以追溯到侏罗纪—白垩纪的正断层;新生代构造反转,发生了多期冲断变形加速期,分别发生于白垩纪末—古近纪初、古近纪末—新近纪初、中新世早期、上新世和第四纪。吐格尔明背斜构造带是阳北断裂中新世早期及以后的冲断作用派生出来的一个次级基底卷入型构造变形带。它由吐格尔明背斜及其南、北两条呈背冲关系的逆冲断层组成。背斜核部元古宇变质岩出露地表;中、新生界直接不整合于变质岩之上,缺失全部古生界,说明研究区可能属于一个长期存在的古生代古隆起。

断裂带方解石脉ESR定年研究及其对龙蟠-乔后断裂剑川段活动性的指示

龙蟠-乔后断裂带作为川滇菱形块体的一条大型边界断裂,构造运动强烈,地震活动频繁,发生多次5级以上地震,造成了重大的财产损失和人员伤亡,因此十分有必要加强对该断裂带的活动性研究,并评估其地震危险性。龙蟠-乔后断裂剑川段河南村断层剖面发育厚层方解石脉,为断层定年提供了十分宝贵的材料。文中利用ESR法对该剖面的方解石脉开展了测年研究,得到4件方解石脉样品(HNC-ESR01、HNC-ESR02、HNC-ESR03、HNC-ESR04)的年龄分别为(7.1±0.8)ka、(7.1±0.9)ka、(7.3±1.7)ka、(6.9±1.5)ka,年龄数据集中,平均年龄为(7.1±1.3)ka,指示该断层在不晚于距今(7.1±1.3)ka的时间段内发生过活动。年龄结果与该地区探槽工作揭示的古地震事件发生时间((6130±30)~(6320±40)a BP)在误差范围内吻合,表明断裂带方解石脉ESR定年是活动断裂和古地震研究的一种有效的年代学方法。但需要注意的是,ESR年龄仍存在误差较大的问题,在后续工作中需要进一步完善。另外,文中采用了5种拟合函数(LIN、SSE、DSE、EXP+LIN、D_(gamma))计算方解石脉样品的等效剂量值,结果表明,SSE函数提供了最佳的拟合效果。

鄂尔多斯盆地东部奥陶系马家沟组四段神木-志丹低古隆起的发现及油气勘探意义

米探1井油气勘探突破展示出盆地东部奥陶系马四段具有良好的勘探前景,由于盆地东部奥陶系马四段时期古构造格局认识不清,制约了该层系的天然气勘探。根据磁力资料、地震剖面、钻井资料、野外露头和地球化学特征分析等资料,发现了鄂尔多斯盆地东部奥陶系马四段神木-志丹低古隆起,研究了古隆起形成机制及对马四段沉积和储层的控制作用。研究结果表明:①神木-志丹低古隆起呈北东向展布,宽约140 km,长约250 km,面积为3.8×10^(4)km^(2)。②神木-志丹低古隆起发育于奥陶系马四段沉积。古隆起的形成受古基底组成差异和同沉积正断层共同控制。同沉积正断层下盘的古基底在正断层作用下演变为地势相对较高的低古隆起,同沉积正断层上盘的古基底在同沉积正断层作用下向下沉降并转变为地势相对较低的坳陷或凹陷。③神木-志丹低古隆起地势相对较高,发育微生物丘、灰泥丘和砂屑滩,经准同生白云化作用后可形成优质白云岩储层。④神木-志丹低古隆起广泛沉积了一套厚度为1~12 m的硬石膏岩层,低古隆起带上的马四段白云岩储层在侧向致密灰岩和纵向硬石膏岩的封堵作用下,可形成封闭性能较好的岩性圈闭。⑤神木-志丹低古隆起马四段白云岩岩性圈闭位于现今构造高部位,断层发育,遮挡条件好,有利于天然气运移和富集。

塔里木盆地深层碳酸盐岩缝洞型油藏精细地质建模技术

深层碳酸盐岩缝洞型储层受古地貌、构造及岩溶作用控制,储集体类型多样,尺度差异大,高度离散,非均质性极强,传统建模方法难以直接应用。以塔里木盆地塔河油田奥陶系碳酸盐岩储层为研究对象,针对此类油藏建模缺乏储集体发育模式指导、真实统计规律约束、缝洞结构模拟及优化算法等关键问题,攻关形成了以“成因分类、多元约束、多点统计”为核心的缝洞结构精细建模技术系列。在储集体结构表征、物性模拟和分类融合等方面构建5大特色技术,包括:(1)古暗河结构多点统计建模方法;(2)分区带多元约束断控岩溶建模方法;(3)成因控制表层岩溶协同模拟方法;(4)岩溶相控与等效计算相结合的物性模拟方法;(5)基于成因次序的分类模型融合及动态优化方法。缝洞型油藏地质建模实现了4个转变:(1)建模对象从储集体外部形态轮廓转向缝洞内部成因结构;(2)井间模拟实现了单一约束到多元控制;(3)建模方法由以地震雕刻为主发展为多学科协同表征;(4)建模工具由商业软件发展为与自研模块相结合的方式。结果表明:地质模型与实钻井符合率显著提升,支撑了15个单元的地质建模,覆盖地质储量1.5×108 t。模型应用于细化储量构成、油藏数值模拟和开发方案调整等,效果显著,为此类油藏剩余油挖潜和提高采收率措施制定奠定了地质基础。

广东珠海地区三灶断裂带早白垩世以来多期活动、古应力特征及动力学背景

广东珠海地区三灶断裂带为莲花山断裂带的南西延伸段,其空间分布、变形特征及构造演化对认识华南东南部中新生代的构造演化过程具有重要意义。本文通过活动断裂填图、构造解析、地球物理勘探和地质钻探等手段,查明了三灶断裂带的空间分布以及不同期次变形的几何学与运动学特征。基于新获得的断层面与擦痕矢量数据反演了不同变形期次应力场及方向,结合区域大地构造演化历史,提出三灶断裂带早白垩世以来经历了五期古构造应力场作用,表现为多阶段不同方向的挤压和伸展过程,分别响应了晚中生代以来的一系列构造事件,Ⅰ期NW-SE向伸展(D_(1))可能记录了早白垩世初期区域地壳伸展;Ⅱ期NW-SE向挤压(D_(2))可能与早白垩世末期-晚白垩世早期造成华南地区断陷盆地反转及长乐南澳断裂带变形变质的挤压事件有关;Ⅲ期近SN向挤压(D_(3))可能与形成晚白垩世与古近纪地层之间区域性不整合的挤压事件有关;Ⅳ期近EW向挤压(D_(4))可能受控于渐新世-中新世南海洋盆的扩张;Ⅴ期NW-SE向伸展(D_(5))可能与上新世-第四纪菲律宾海板块的向西持续俯冲有关。

川中古隆起北斜坡寒武系龙王庙组油气成藏特征及演化模式

利用测井、录井、岩心分析化验等资料,对川中古隆起北斜坡下寒武统龙王庙组油气成藏条件、油气充注特征及成藏演化模式展开了深入研究。研究结果表明:(1)川中古隆起北斜坡下寒武统龙王庙组天然气具备良好的成藏条件,下伏筇竹寺组烃源岩在北斜坡腹部及西侧裂陷槽存在2个生烃中心,其TOC平均值分别为1.90%和3.46%,有机质以Ⅰ型干酪根为主,可提供充足且优质的烃源;龙王庙组内部发育的颗粒滩体岩溶储层与上覆高台组厚层致密泥质云岩,构成了优势储-盖组合;区内广泛发育的油源断裂可作为纵向优势运移通道高效输导油气。(2)研究区龙王庙组具3期成藏特征:晚三叠世末期(约214~206 Ma)发生第1期充注,大量成熟油聚集形成古油藏;早侏罗世末期(约193~186 Ma)发生第2期充注,表现为“多油少气”混合充注;中侏罗世末期(约170~164 Ma)发生第3期充注,大量油裂解气充注储层并聚集形成现今气藏。(3)研究区龙王庙组油气成藏演化可划分为4个阶段:加里东早期—二叠纪前少量低熟油充注阶段、二叠纪—三叠纪大量成熟油充注形成古油藏阶段、中侏罗世—白垩纪古油藏被破坏形成裂解气藏阶段以及晚白垩世至今气藏调整阶段。

The slip rate and strong earthquake recurrence interval on the Qianning-Kangding segment of the Xianshuihe fault zone

The geometry of the Qianning-Kangding segment of the Xianshuihe fault zone is quite complex, and it is composed of four secondary-faults, i.e., the Yalahe fault, Selaha-Kangding fault, Zeduotang fault and Moxi fault. On this segment, three strong earthquakes with M(7.0 occurred in 1725, 1786 and 1955, respectively. Based on a study of fault landform and geochronology (14C and Thermoluminesense), this paper documents the average horizontal slip rates during the late-Quaternary on all the secondary-faults of the Qianning-Kangding segment as follows: Yalahe fault: (2.0(0.2) mm/a; Selaha-Kangding fault: (5.5(0.6) mm/a; Zeduotang fault: (3.6(0.3) mm/a; Moxi fault: (9.9(0.6) mm/a. The results from the investigation of surface ruptures of historical earthquakes, coseismic-slip and paleo-earthquakes show that the strong-earthquake recurrence intervals are thousands of years on the Yalahe fault, and 230 to 350 years on the Selaha-Kangding and Zeduotang faults. In the next one hundred years, the recurrence of a strong-earthquake on these faults appears impossible. However, the strong-earthquake recurrence interval on the Moxi fault is about 300 years. Up to now, it has been 214 years since the last earthquake (magnitude 7) occurred in 1786, therefore, this fault is now approaching the condition favorable for the next strong earthquake recurrence.

SEDIMENTARY PROCESS OF THE CENOZOIC BASIN AND ITS RESPONSE TO THE SLIP-HISTORY OF THE ALTYN TAGH FAULT, NW CHINA

The NEE\|striking Altyn Tagh Fault (ATF) has been well known as one major point to know the growth history of the Tibetan plateau. Lots of investigations done since 1970’s were mostly focus on active features, particularly on determining slip, slip rate and their distribution along the fault. However, Cenozoic slip\|history of this fault remains poorly understood, and the age of initiation and total offset are controversial. Several Cenozoic sedimentary basins develop in Suo’erkulinan to Mangya regions (Fig.1). Their sedimentary processes are closely related with the ATF. The studies of the Neogene sedimentary sequences and the reconstruction of the paleo\|geography are essential to establish the displacement history of the fault during Late Cenozoic.Located at the southern side of the ATF, the Suo’erkulinan basin consists of more than 600\|meter\|thick Pliocene Shizigou Formation below and about 120\|meter\|thick Early to Middle Pleistocene Qigequan Formation above according to the 1∶200000 geological map by Xinjiang Province. An obvious erosional surface can be seen on the top of the lower sequence. Sediments in the Shizigou Formation are characterized by 400\|meter\|thick yellow to red cobble\|sized conglomerates in the bottom, up\|grading to sandstones and grey\|green mudstones. This indicated that the sedimentary facies changed from alluvial fan to fluvial fan and sediments became more and more mature. The upper sequence, the Qigequan Formation, corresponds to an alluvial facies series composed of yellow to white cobble\|sized conglomerates intercalated with lenticular sandstones. Paleo\|current indicators showed that the Shizhigou conglomeratic series were sourced from northwest. Well\|developed syn\|sedimentary faults, normal faults mostly inherited from syn\|sedimentary faults, and some striation lineations on the surface indicated transtensional tectonic environment of the strike\|slip faulting.

Revisiting Late Quaternary Slip-rate along the Maqu Segment of the Eastern Kunlun Fault, Northeast Tibet

The Late Quaternary slip rate along the Maqu segment of the eastern Kunlun Fault was estimated using a combination of high-resolution remote sensing imagery interpretation, field observations and differential Global Positioning System（GPS） measurements of offset river terraces, and 14 C dating of snail shells collected from offset risers. The results show that the left-slip rate along the segment is 3–5 mm/a, and that the vertical slip rate is 0.3–0.5 mm/a. Both the horizontal and vertical slips on the segment remain consistent over a distance of ~100 km. It means that no slip gradient as previously suggested occurred along the Maqu segment, and which thus might behave as an independent seismogenic fault. Judging from multiple relationships among young terrace offsets, we infer that co-seismic surface rupture produced by a characteristic earthquake with a magnitude of Ms7.0–7.5 on the Maqu fault could generate a horizontal slip of 4.5–5 m and a vertical slip of 0.45–0.5 m, with a corresponding ratio（Dh/Dv） of about 9. Two surface rupture events must have occurred over the past 3300 years, the latest one possibly between 1485 cal BP and 1730 cal BP.

Comparison between Paleozoic and CenozoicLithospheric Mantle in Eastern Part of North China Block: With a Discussion of Mantle Evolution

Paleozoic diamond- and xenolith-bearing kimberlites and Cenozoic xenolith-bearing basalts,erupted in the eastern part of the North China block (NCB), provide excellent mantle probes for the research of intra-plate processes and the Phanerozoic evolution of the subcontinental lithosphere mantle (SCLM ). In this study, the mineral inclusions in diamond and xenoliths from Mengyin (Shandong Province) and Fuxian (Liaoning Province) kimberlites were chosen for constraining the nature of the Paleozoic SCLM. while xenoliths from the Shanwang and Qixia basalt (both in Shandong Province) were chosen for constraining the nature of the Cenozoic SCLM.Shanwang lies astride the Tancheng-Lujiang (Taulu) fault zone, a major lithospheric fault in Eastern China as well as in Eastern Asia, and Qixia lies east of the rault zone. Based on the research of the petrography of mantle xenoliths, petrochemistry, major and the trace element of mantle minerals, lithospheric thermal state, combiued with tbe modern geophysical data, it is concluded that the attenuation and replacement of Paleozoic SCLM by upwelling asthenospheric materials through thermal erosion and possibly delamination resulted in the rormation of irregular-shaPed hot bodies, mainly along weak zones within the mantle- The Tanlu fault zone played an importont role in the Mesozoic-Cenozoic replacemeni or the pre-existing lithospheric mantle.

Eastern Kunlun Active Fault Zone and Its Seismic Activity

In addition to a brief description of the tectonic background and evolutionary history of the Eastern Kunlun active fault zone,this paper emphatically describes the spatial distribution,geometry,Quaternary movement,and strong earthquake activities of this fault zone.The fault zone is characterized by a long evolutionary history,deep seated tectonic background,and intense Quaternary,even Holocene,activities.It played an important role in the tectonic evolution of China,especially in the uplifting and formation of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau.It is also a major pleistoseismic belt in western China.Based on modern strong earthquake records as well as the newly discovered evidence of multiple Holocene paleoearthquakes and their surface rupture zones along the entire fault zone,the spatial and temporal distribution pattern of strong earthquakes along the fauit zone is analyzed.Finally,the macroscopic epicenter location of the 1937 Huashixia earthquake with M=7.5 and the distribution and scope of its surface

德钦—中甸断裂北西段全新世地震活动证据

在高分辨率遥感解译基础上,沿德钦—中甸断裂开展野外地质地貌调查和断错地貌无人机测绘等工作,并在断裂北西段德钦县北的贡卡湖附近线性断层槽谷内开挖了一个大型探槽,探槽剖面揭露出多条断裂信息。结合多个14C样品年代学分析发现,断裂明确错断了全新世地层,且揭露出一次明确地震事件E1:(1140±30)—(1010±30)a BP,一次可能事件E2:(570±30)—(410±30)a BP。结果表明:德钦—中甸断裂北西段全新世以来有过活动,水平方向以右旋走滑为主,垂向上具有倾滑分量,总体表现为正走滑特征。

Paleo-Structuring Ante-Albian on the South-Tethysian Margin (Example: The Central Tunisian Atlas)

The study of the tectono-sedimentary evolution of the lower Cretaceous series realized in the southern on the tethysian margin in the Tunisian central-Southerner Atlas, shows that the architecture of this field is governed by a NW-SE compressive phase. This latter has reactivated the old faults to give birth to associated, distensive and compressive structures at the same time simultaneously. It is about a network of combined strike slip fault EW dextral and sinistral NS which divided the cover into four zones of deformation corresponding to the right dihedron of the strike slip fault system. In the compressive dihedron, the deformation develops essentially several folds and in the distensive dihedron, normal faults which delimit horsts and grabens.

塔河油田西部斜坡TH10421井区中—下奥陶统迷宫型缝洞结构特征

为了明确塔河油田上奥陶统厚覆盖区TH10421高累产井区的古岩溶洞穴成因及缝洞结构关系,利用古地貌恢复、地震属性提取、缝洞体雕刻等方法,厘清研究区地表水系分布特征、断裂特征、洞穴空间结构,首次识别出塔河油田TH10421井区的缝洞系统为洪水成因迷宫型洞穴系统,并结合油藏动态生产特征分析迷宫型洞穴系统的缝洞体连通关系。研究结果表明:TH10421井区发育共轭型次级走滑断裂网络,网格状断裂为迷宫型洞穴提供初始溶蚀通道;加里东运动中期Ⅱ幕地表岩溶湖泊提供高流量岩溶水补给,岩溶水沿网格状断裂下渗注入一间房组形成迷宫型洞穴;岩溶水顺断裂的溶蚀表现为同时性、选择性特点,造成TH10421井区迷宫型洞穴在不同方向断裂和不同深度上的溶蚀程度差异较大,东部浅层洞穴管道的连通性好,西部浅层洞穴管道的连通性较差,深层缝洞的连通性好。

甘肃金川矿区古构造应力场恢复及演化研究

金川矿区经历了复杂的构造演化历史,目前其成矿期后的构造变形特征和应力场演化阶段仍缺乏精细剖析。文章运用构造解析方法对金川矿区地表基岩中的断层进行了分期和配套,确定了构造变形序列,认为矿区存在4组重要的断层组合,包括北东向逆冲断层和北西向走滑断层、北东向走滑断层和北西向逆冲断层、北西向正断层以及北东东向走滑断层。通过研究断层破裂面及擦痕构造,利用赤平投影法恢复了断层的古构造应力场,结合区域大地构造演化历史,准确限定了金川矿区成矿期后的应力场演化阶段,对认识区域构造演化和开发新远景区具有重要意义。结果显示,金川矿区在成矿期后经历了4期古构造应力场作用,表现为多阶段不同方向的挤压和伸展过程,分别响应了区域中生代以来的一系列构造热事件,Ⅰ期表现为早—中侏罗世的北西—南东向挤压应力场,Ⅱ期为晚侏罗世的北东—南西向挤压应力场,Ⅲ期为早白垩世的北东—南西向伸展应力场,Ⅳ期为晚白垩世以来的北东—南西向挤压应力场。

涠西南凹陷D洼复杂地质结构成因及成藏主控因素

D洼是涠西南凹陷又一个被证实的富生烃次洼,但地质结构复杂,对其成因演化规律及油气成藏富集规律的认识,直接影响着对下步勘探实践的指导。该文立足对D洼地质结构的解剖,从区域构造运动、应力演化机制方面进行分析,明确了不同构造单元的断裂演化特征以及油气成藏主控与富集因素的差异,认为古隆背景、断砂输导与封堵等要素对W油田涠洲组油气成藏起主要控制作用,进而指明D洼的缓坡带与陡坡带是涠洲组与流沙港组油藏勘探的有利区,而洼槽带具备隐蔽油藏与页岩油的勘探潜力。该研究对下步研究攻关与勘探方向选择具有大的指导意义。