Projected Changes of Palmer Drought Severity Index under an RCP8.5 Scenario

The potential change of drought measured by the Palmer Drought Severity Index （PDSI） is projected by using a coupled climate system model under a Representative Pathway 8.5 （RCP8.5） scenario.The PDSI changes calculated by two potential evapotranspiration algorithms are compared.The algorithm of Thomthwaite equation overestimates the impact of surface temperature on evaporation and leads to an unrealistic increasing of drought frequency.The PM algorithm based on the Penman-Monteith equation is physically reasonably and necessary for climate change projections.The Flexible Global Ocean-Atmosphere-Land System model,Spectral Version 2 （FGOALS-s2） projects an increasing trend of drought during 2051-2100 in tropical and subtropical areas of North and South America,North Africa,South Europe,Southeast Asia,and the Australian continent.Both the moderate drought （PDSI ＜-2） and extreme drought （PDSI ＜-4） areas show statistically significant increasing trends under an RCP8.5 scenario.The uncertainty in the model projection is also discussed.

Evaluation of Spatial-Temporal Variability of Drought Events in Iran Using Palmer Drought Severity Index and Its Principal Factors (through 1951-2005)

Intensity and variability of droughts are considered inIranduring the period 1951 to 2005. Four variables are considered: the Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI), the soil moisture, the temperature and the precipitation (products used for the analysis are downloaded from the NCAR website). Link with the climatic indexLa Ninais also considered (NOAA downloadable products is used). The analysis is based on basic statistical approaches (correlation, linear regressions and Principal Component Analysis). The analysis shows that PDSI is highly correlated to the soil moisture and poorly correlated to the other variables—although the temperature in the warm season shows high correlation to the PDSI and that a severe drought was experienced during 1999-2002 inthe country.

基于PDSI的渭河流域干旱变化特征

根据渭河流域的气候特征与地理位置,利用该流域1961-2008年21个气象站的气象资料,重新修正了Palmer干旱指数,并利用Mann-Kendall检验以及Morlet小波分析方法计算分析了PDSI的变化特征。结果表明:渭河流域有较显著的变干趋势;有北部较南部干旱,西部较东部干旱的空间变化特征;泾河是最容易发生干旱的地区,且干旱的程度最为严重;时间上,秋季发生干旱的可能性大;小波分析表明渭河流域大约有22年左右的干湿变换周期,与太阳黑子磁性活动周期一致。

基于PDSI和SPI的综合气象干旱指数研究

在总结对比已有气象干旱指数的基础上,结合帕默尔干旱指数(PDSI)和标准化降水指数(SPI)的优点,提出综合气象干旱指数DI,并对综合气象干旱指数与区域干旱受旱/成灾面积和径流丰枯的相互关系进行分析,结果表明:综合气象干旱指数能够较好地反映区域干旱受旱/成灾范围,以及河道径流的丰枯状况。并且综合气象干旱指数还同时考虑了月季降水量的异常和一段时间的水分亏缺,比单个气象干旱指数更能反映农业干旱和水文干旱。

Palmer干旱指数在华北干旱分析中的应用

利用中国气象局整编的1951年1月～2000年10月中国160站气温、降水月平均资料,计算了1951年1月～2000年10月我国160站修正的Palmer drought severity index(PDSI).PDSI指数对我国的干旱和洪涝过程都有很好的指示意义.华北地区干旱持续性非常强,持续时间一般都在两年以上.华北地区干旱不但年际变化大,年代际变化也显著,近50年来华北干旱主要发生在20世纪70年代以后,且干旱强度有所增加.夏季伴随干旱过程常常出现高温酷暑天气.

基于PDSI的长江中下游地区干旱分布特征

利用1961-2012年长江中下游地区90个测站逐日降水、气温等观测资料,建立长江中下游地区的帕默尔旱度模式,并利用此模式计算出52年90个测站逐月PDSI指数,与资料记载的实际旱涝灾情对比并分析了长江中下游地区的旱涝特征。结果表明,修正的帕默尔旱度模式能准确反映长江中下游地区的干旱过程,与实际旱涝发生时间、持续时段、旱涝严重程度及旱涝发生范围对应比较吻合,对旱涝的反应比较灵敏;长江中下游地区旱涝年际变化显著,夏、秋季旱涝具有连续性,干旱具有3个月的持续期;冬季存在较弱的年代际变化,而夏季年代际变化较为明显;长江中下游地区夏秋季干旱多发,极端干旱在秋季较多,安徽西部及北部、浙江北部、湖南西南部是干旱较容易发生的区域,而极端干旱多发生于安徽阜阳和宁国、湖南衡阳和郴州、浙江慈溪和定海以及湖北巴东等地。

基于PDSI指数的三江源干旱气候特征分析

根据三江源地区12个气象站点1971—2004年的气象资料,利用修正的Palmer旱度模式,计算分析了三江源地区PDSI指数的时空变化特征,并采用Morlet小波变换系数分析了PDSI指数的变化周期。结果表明:三江源地区有变干趋势,但变化趋势不显著,其中黄河源显著变干对三江源变干影响较大;三江源地区干旱发生年份与厄尔尼诺现象出现的年份基本相近;三江源地区西北较干旱、东南较湿润;经小波分析,三江源PDSI指数大约有20 a的第一主变化周期,与太阳双黑子活动周期相近,在20 a周期内还包括11～12 a和6 a的小周期;三江源干旱化与气候变暖、降水减少密切相关,尤其是夏、秋两季。

径流量Z指数与Palmer指数对河西干旱的监测

利用河西内陆河水文代表站1959—2004年逐月径流量资料、内陆河流域灌溉区1949—2001年耕地面积及代表站1961—2005年的气象资料,通过对径流量进行正态化处理来确定径流量Z指数,并以径流量Z指数作为径流干旱指数,对旱涝等级进行划分;考虑径流量Z指数的旱涝等级与农业灌溉用水实际情况之间的关系,给出了径流量Z指数的灌溉指标。将径流量转化为降水量,改进Palmer旱度模式,且在作改进后,又将潜在蒸散量的计算法由利用桑斯威特公式改为利用彭曼公式。结果表明:将径流量考虑到Palmer干旱指数中并改变蒸散量的算法,使得该指数对河西灌溉区干旱情况的监测均有所改善。对照河西地区的干旱事件,径流量Z指数监测到的干旱情况,比Palmer干旱指数改进前、后监测到的干旱情况效果更佳。径流量Z指数能更真实地反映河西灌溉区干旱状况。

Palmer干旱指数、地表湿润指数与降水距平的比较

利用中国气象局整编的1951年1月～1999年12月中国160站气温、降水月平均资料,计算了我国160站近49年逐月帕尔默干旱指数、地表湿润指数和降水距平百分率。对比研究表明:PDSI指数和地表湿润指数能抓住降水是干旱最重要的决定因素这一特征,并且,能反映出干旱过程具有更大的时空尺度。在实际蒸发较大的地区,PDSI指数比降水距平百分率描述干旱强度更准确。对于华北地区,在20世纪80年代以前,降水偏多,气温偏低,最大潜在蒸发较小,处于相对湿润的时段;80年代以后,降水偏少,加之气温的升高,华北的干旱越来越严重。

基于改进失水模式和增加建模站点的Palmer旱度模式

根据1965年Palmer旱度模式的思路,在1986年修正版及2003年修正版的基础上,为了使Palmer旱度模式更适用于我国北方干旱、半干旱地区,通过改进2003年修正的Palmer旱度模式在建模时表层失水模式的假设以及增加建模站点个数两个方面对Palmer旱度模式进行进一步修正。将计算的Palmer指数值与2003年计算的Palmer指数值及一些文献记载的实际旱涝灾情相对照进行验证,结果表明:新修正的Palmer旱度模式能更好地评估旱涝情况,扩大其在我国干旱地区的适用性。

中南半岛野火变化特征及其与土壤水分的相互作用

[目的]分析野火变化特征并探讨火点数与不同深度土壤水分的关联性,为评价生态文明建设和人类生产生活提供科学依据。[方法]基于SNPP/ⅦRS卫星火点监测、火烧迹地和SMAP土壤水分等数据,使用统计方法多角度对2016—2021年中南半岛野火变化特征进行分析,探讨不同干湿条件下火点数与0—5cm和0—100cm2个不同深度土壤水分的相互作用。[结果]①中南半岛火点数和火烧迹地年内主要出现在2—4月,二者在时空分布上具有较高的一致性,多集中在缅甸西部与印度接壤区域、缅甸中部以东和老挝北部。②2—4月火点主要出现在林地、灌木地和耕地,而易发生在归一化植被指数(NDVI)为如下3个等级的区域:0.2<NDVI≤0.4,0.4<NDVI≤0.6,0.6<NDVI≤0.8,但其所占比例随地表覆盖类型和月份的不同存在一定差异。③特旱和重旱条件下火点区明显较无火点区广,火点数集中程度更高;土壤水分随火点数的增加整体呈减少趋势,但极端干湿条件下,土壤水分随火点数变化存在由减转增的“拐点”,且“拐点”值随时间延后而减小。④滞后1~2个月的火点数与土壤水分相关程度最高;日时间尺度上土壤水分对火点数变化同期响应快,且土壤水分和NDVI高的区域关联性更强。[结论]土壤水分亏缺是中南半岛火点高发的重要驱动力。火点数与土壤水分之间相互作用,二者之间存在显著负向关联性。

基于Palmer指数的朝阳地区1952-2015年干旱演变特征研究

利用辽宁省朝阳市6个地区的气象站1952-2015年期间64年的逐日降水量、气温等气象数据计算其Palmer干旱指数,并应用小波分解对PDSI指数进行多分辨率分析,从而探究了该地区干旱发生等级、频次、覆盖范围、周期、突变等时间演变特性及发生规律,将为农业生产、抗灾预警、救灾措施制定等工作提供理论依据。研究结果表明,朝阳地区年干旱变化呈明显的5年小周期和10年大周期重复,夏季和秋季发生多次干旱突变,1980s突变较为明显;秋季的干旱情况最为严重、夏季的干旱次之、冬季和春季的干旱程度较轻;年、春、夏、秋、冬干旱发生频次分别为5.72、1.3、1.59、1.56、1.41个月;干旱覆盖范围分别为82.6%、38.0%、48.2%、47.9%和37.0%。

基于PDSI和SPI的黑河上游干旱特征对比分析

利用黑河上游祁连站、托勒站、肃南站和野牛沟站1960—2009年月平均气温和降水资料,分别计算不同时间尺度下各站50年的帕默尔干旱指数(PDSI)和标准化降水指数(SPI)。对比分析表明:在年尺度上,黑河上游4个站点的PDSI指数和SPI指数存在显著的正相关,都能较好的描述黑河上游干旱情况;在月尺度上,各站PDSI指数和SPI指数的相关系数存在显著差异,该差异随着月份的不同而不一样。夏季和秋季是黑河上游全年发生严重干旱和极端干旱的高峰期,如果不及时做好防旱工作,会对该地区畜牧业产生很大的影响。

基于scPDSI的东北地区气象干旱时空特征分析

干旱已成为全球陆地生态系统面临的普遍问题,其发展具有明显的地域特征,了解区域干旱的时空分布特征是防灾减灾、应对气候变化的基础。基于scPDSI数据集,采用经验正交函数和统计分析方法,分析2002-2017年东北地区气候干湿状况的时空分布和演变特征,探讨了干湿状况的季节变化对年际变化的贡献率,结果表明:东北地区4个季节的干旱面积为52.27%-62.03%,虽然季节和年际尺度的干旱均有减弱趋势,其中冬季干旱程度显著减弱,但干旱仍然是东北地区的主要气候背景;春季和夏季scPDSI的协同作用对年际scPDSI变化的贡献率达88.64%,夏季的贡献率达86.13%;东北地区的西部干旱程度高于东部的,其中呼伦贝尔草原中部和浑善达克沙地东部以严重干旱和中等干旱为主;EOF分析表明,东北地区4个季节和年度的干湿状况呈现一致的正变化趋势,高值中心主要出现在南部地区。

PDSI与马尔科夫耦合的干旱预测

利用渭河流域1960—2008年21个气象站的气象资料,运用修正的Palmer干旱指数对干旱特征进行分析,然后根据逐月的干旱特征采用马尔科夫链模型对干旱进行转移概率预测分析。研究结果表明,渭河流域干旱频率总体呈现出由南向北,由东向西逐渐增加的趋势。泾河流域是最容易发生干旱的地区且干旱的程度最为严重,北洛河流域干旱程度最轻。无旱状态易转移为无旱状态,轻微干旱易转移为无旱,中等干旱易持续为中等干旱,严重干旱易转移为严重干旱或极端干旱,极端干旱易持续为极端干旱状态。研究成果可为渭河流域建立干旱预警系统等提供参考依据。

Analysis of spatio-temporal evolution of droughts in Luanhe River Basin using different drought indices

Based on the monthly precipitation and air temperature from 1960 to 1989 in the Luanhe River Basin, the standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index （SPEI） and standardized precipitation index （SPI） at three- and six-month time scales and the self-calibrating Palmer drought severity index （sc-PDSI） were calculated to evaluate droughts in the study area. Temporal variations of the drought severity from 1960 to 1989 were analyzed and compared based on the results of different drought indices, and some typical drought events were identified. Spatial distributions of the drought severity according to the indices were also plotted and investigated. The results reveal the following： the performances of different drought indices are closely associated with the drought duration and the dominant factors of droughts; the SPEI is more accurate than the SPI when both evaporation and precipitation play important roles in drought events; the drought severity shown by the sc-PDSI is generally milder than the actual drought severity from 1960 to 1989; and the evolution of the droughts is usually delayed according to the scPDSI. This study provides valuable references for building drought early warning and mitigation systems in the Luanhe River Basin.

Performance of different drought indices for agriculture drought in the North China Plain

The Palmer drought severity index （PDSI）, standardized precipitation index （SPI）, and standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index （SPEI） are used worldwide for drought assessment and monitoring. However, substantial differences exist in the performance for agricultural drought among these indices and among regions. Here, we performed statistical assessments to compare the strengths of different drought indices for agricultural drought in the North China Plain. Small differences were detected in the comparative performances of SPI and SPEI that were smaller at the long-term scale than those at the short-term scale. The correlation between SPI/SPEI and PDSI considerably increased from 1- to 12-month lags, and a slight decreasing trend was exhibited during 12- and 24-month lags, indicating a 12-month scale in the PDSI, whereas the SPI was strongly correlated with the SPEI at 1- to 24-month lags. Interestingly, the correlation between the trend of temperature and the mean absolute error and its correlation coefficient both suggested stronger relationships between SPI and the SPEI in areas of rapid climate warming. In addition, the yield-drought correlations tended to be higher for the SPI and SPEI than that for the PDSI at the station scale, whereas small differences were detected between the SPI and SPEI in the performance on agricultural systems. However, large differences in the influence of drought conditions on the yields of winter wheat and summer maize were evident among various indices during the crop-growing season. Our findings suggested that multi-indices in drought monitoring are needed in order to acquire robust conclusions.

Meteorological drought in semi-arid regions:A case study of Iran

Drought occurs in almost all climate zones and is characterized by prolonged water deficiency due to unbalanced demand and supply of water,persistent insufficient precipitation,lack of moisture,and high evapotranspiration.Drought caused by insufficient precipitation is a temporary and recurring meteorological event.Precipitation in semi-arid regions is different from that in other regions,ranging from 50 to 750 mm.In general,the semi-arid regions in the west and north of Iran received more precipitation than those in the east and south.The Terrestrial Climate(TerraClimate)data,including monthly precipitation,minimum temperature,maximum temperature,potential evapotranspiration,and the Palmer Drought Severity Index(PDSI)developed by the University of Idaho,were used in this study.The PDSI data was directly obtained from the Google Earth Engine platform.The Standardized Precipitation Index(SPI)and the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index(SPEI)on two different scales were calculated in time series and also both SPI and SPEI were shown in spatial distribution maps.The result showed that normal conditions were a common occurrence in the semi-arid regions of Iran over the majority of years from 2000 to 2020,according to a spatiotemporal study of the SPI at 3-month and 12-month time scales as well as the SPEI at 3-month and 12-month time scales.Moreover,the PDSI detected extreme dry years during 2000-2003 and in 2007,2014,and 2018.In many semi-arid regions of Iran,the SPI at 3-month time scale is higher than the SPEI at 3-month time scale in 2000,2008,2014,2015,and 2018.In general,this study concluded that the semi-arid regions underwent normal weather conditions from 2000 to 2020.In a way,moderate,severe,and extreme dry occurred with a lesser percentage,gradually decreasing.According to the PDSI,during 2000-2003 and 2007-2014,extreme dry struck practically all hot semi-arid regions of Iran.Several parts of the cold semi-arid regions,on the other hand,only experienced moderate to severe dry from 2000 to 2003,except for the eastern areas and wetter regions.The significance of this study is the determination of the spatiotemporal distribution of meteorological drought in semi-arid regions of Iran using strongly validated data from TerraClimate.

Temporal and spatial variations in the Palmer Drought Severity Index over the past four centuries in arid, semiarid,and semihumid East Asia

Based on a database of 106 annually resolved tree-ring chronologies and 244 Palmer Drought Severity Index(PDSI)grid data,we attempted to reconstruct gridded spatial drought patterns in each year over the past four centuries in the arid,semiarid,and semihumid East Asia.The results showed that these regions mainly experienced drought events during the periods from AD 1601 to AD 1652,AD 1680 to AD 1718,AD 1779 to AD 1791,AD 1807 to AD 1824,AD 1846 to AD 1885,and AD 1961 to AD 1999.In the middle of the 16th century,severe droughts occurred mainly in North China;during the period from AD 1876 to AD 1878,droughts occurred in most parts of northern China;and from the 1920s to 1940s,catastrophic drought events spread across almost all of northern China and Mongolia.These historical drought events caused severe ecological and environmental problems and substantially affected the development of human society.In these regions,temperature and summer monsoon precipitation are the main factors influencing drought events.In western areas,PDSI and temperature exhibit a close relationship,whereas in eastern areas,summer monsoon rainfall is the dominant factor influencing variations in PDSI.

Drought fluctuations based on dendrochronology since 1786 for the Lenglongling Mountains at the northwestern fringe of the East Asian summer monsoon region

The Lenglongling Mountains （LLM） located in northeastern part of the Tibet Plateau, belong to a marginal area of the East Asian summer monsoon （EASM） and are sensitive to monsoon dynamics. Two tree-ring width chronologies developed from six sites of Picea crassifolia in the LLM were employed to study the regional drought variability. Correlation and temporal correlation analyses showed that relationships between the two chronologies and self-calibrated Palmer Drought Severity Index （sc_PDSI） were significant and stable across time, demonstrating the strength of sc_PDSI in modeling drought conditions in this region. Based on the relationships, the mean sc_PDSI was reconstructed for the period from 1786 to 2013. Dry conditions prevailed during 1817-1819, 1829-1831, 1928-1931 and 1999-2001. Relatively wet periods were identified for 1792-1795 and 1954-1956. Spatial correlations with other fourteen precipitation/drought reconstructed series in previous studies revealed that in arid regions of Northwest China, long-term variability of moisture conditions was synchronous before the 1950s at a decadal scale （1791-1954）. In northwestern margin of the EASM, most of all selected reconstructions had better consistency in low-frequency variation, especially during dry periods, indicating similar regional moisture variations and analogous modes of climate forcing on tree growth in the region.