Hydrodynamic Simulation of the Pagasitikos Gulf, Greece

Semi-enclosed sea basins have difficulty in recharging their waters due to limited communication with larger water bodies, with understandable consequences for their environmental status. This paper aims at the computational simulation of the hydrodynamic characteristics of the waters of the Pagasitikos Gulf (Greece), which has limited communication and water exchange with the Aegean Sea and is subject to intense environmental pressures The Estuary, Lake & Coastal Ocean 3d hydrodynamic Model (ELCOM 2.2) combined with its later version Aquatic Ecosystem Model-3d (AEM3D) were used for the simulation. The simulation included the topography of the area, the bay’s bottom geometry, atmospheric loadings, tides, the influence of the Coriolis force and boundary conditions. The hydrodynamic behaviour of the bay, water circulation, velocities at the surface and in depth, water recharge and residence time throughout the bay, density variation and other factors were examined to determine the impact of all these on the aquatic ecosystem.

Effects of Neo-Tethyan evolution on the petroleum system of Persian Gulf Superbasin

Considering the Neo-Tethyan tectonic process and the resulting environmental changes,a geodynamic model of“one-way train loading”is proposed to analyze the formation and evolution mechanism of the Persian Gulf Superbasin with the most abundant hydrocarbons in the world.The Persian Gulf Superbasin has long been in a passive continental margin setting since the Late Paleozoic in the process of unidirectional subduction,forming a superior regional space of hydrocarbon accu-mulation.During the Jurassic-Cretaceous,the Persian Gulf Superbasin drifted slowly at low latitudes,and developed multiple superimposed source-reservoir-caprock assemblages as a combined result of several global geological events such as the Hadley Cell,the Equatorial Upwelling Current,and the Jurassic True Polar Wander.The collision during the evolution of the foreland basin since the Cenozoic led to weak destruction,which was conducive to the preservation of oil and gas.Accordingly,it is be-lieved that the slow drifting and long retention in favorable climate zone of the continent are the critical factors for hydrocarbon enrichment.Moreover,the prospects of hydrocarbon potential in other continents in the Neo-Tethyan were proposed.

Multi-scenario Simulation for 2060 and Driving Factors of the Eco-spatial Carbon Sink in the Beibu Gulf Urban Agglomeration, China

Since China announced its goal of becoming carbon-neutral by 2060, carbon neutrality has become a major target in the development of China's urban agglomerations. This study applied the Future Land Use Simulation(FLUS) model to predict the land use pattern of the ecological space of the Beibu Gulf urban agglomeration, in 2060 under ecological priority, agricultural priority and urbanized priority scenarios. The Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Trade-offs(In VEST) model was employed to analyse the spatial changes in ecological space carbon storage in each scenario from 2020 to 2060. Then, this study used a Geographically Weighted Regression(GWR) model to determine the main driving factors that influence the changes in land carbon sinking capacity. The results of the study can be summarised as follows: firstly, the agricultural and ecological priority scenarios will achieve balanced urban expansion and environmental protection of resources in an ecological space. The urbanized priority scenario will reduce the carbon sinking capacity. Among the simulation scenarios for 2060, carbon storage in the urbanized priority scenario will decrease by 112.26 × 10^(6) t compared with that for 2020 and the average carbon density will decrease by 0.96 kg/m^(2) compared with that for 2020. Carbon storage in the agricultural priority scenario will increase by 84.11 × 10^(6) t, and the average carbon density will decrease by 0.72 kg/m^(2). Carbon storage in the ecological priority scenario will increase by 3.03 × 10^(6) t, and the average carbon density will increase by 0.03 kg/m^(2). Under the premise that the population of the town will increases continuously, the ecological priority development approach may be a wise choice.Secondly, slope, distance to river and elevation are the most important factors that influence the carbon sink pattern of the ecological space in the Beibu Gulf urban agglomeration, followed by GDP, population density, slope direction and distance to traffic infrastructure.At the same time, urban space expansion is the main cause of the changes of this natural factors. Thirdly, the decreasing trend of ecological space is difficult to reverse, so reasonable land use policy to curb the spatial expansion of cities need to be made.

Study on Wave Characteristics from the South Atlantic Ocean to the Gulf of Guinea Based on Short-Term Numerical Simulation in Winter Season

Waves play a major role in the ocean phenomena in the Gulf of Guinea(GoG). In order to reveal the spatial-temporal distribution characteristics and the propagation mechanism of waves from the South Atlantic Ocean to the GoG, 4typical points located in mid-latitude of South Atlantic(14°30′W, 30°0′S), south of the GoG(10°30′W, 15°0′S), offshore of the GoG(0°0′, 0°0′) and near shore of the GoG(6°4′58.8″W, 4°3′36″S) are selected, and waves from Atlantic Ocean to GoG are simulated by using a two-layer-nesting wave numerical model SWAN(Simulating Waves Nearshore). The results show that the hybrid waves(waves hereafter) and the swells have strong relationship with local wind in Roaring Forties and at mid-latitude of South Atlantic Ocean, while there is no obvious correlation between waves and local winds in the GoG. Swells are generated in the South Atlantic Ocean and propagate into the GoG. 2D wave spectra at the four selected typical points are simulated. The spectral pattern and wave component structure indicate that the wave system in GoG is dominated by the S-SW swells generated from Roaring Forties and mid-latitude of South Atlantic, whether it is at maximum(2.2-2.8 m), medium(1.8-2.2 m) or minimum(1.2 m) significant wave height in the GoG during simulation period.

Seasonal Variability of Biofouling Community Structure in the Gulf of Mannar,Southeast Coast of India:A Multivariate Approach

In this research,an Underwater Biofouling Panel(UWBFP)system was erected for the qualitative and quantitative estimation of macro fouling organisms in the Gulf of Mannar.Forty-four biofoulers were identified from four types of selected test panels.Among these biofoulers,Amphibalanus amphitrite(Darwin,1854)was the dominant one.The concrete panel encouraged the highest barnacle density compared to the other panels.Three series of test panels were used to assess the seasonal density of biofouling communities.The overall variation in barnacle count in the seaward and shoreward sides of all these three series were tested.They were found to be significantly different from each other.The greater variations in the barnacle density observed in this study in A-series of test panels could be due to the lack of or absence of other foulers to compete within the fortnight.The Shannon-Wiener species diversity index showed the highest diversity in wood substratum among the three series with greater accumulation of different types of fouling organisms.Multivariate analyses were also performed to understand the seasonal variation as well as the settlement pattern on the different directions of test panels based on validated data.PCA showed a strong variability(PC1 between 70.8%and 98.6%variance)between the directions of the panels in connection with barnacle density.The shade plot and CAP analysis segregated the short-term A-series test panels from the long-term(B-and C-series)test panels.Hence,the output was helpful in understanding the recruitment status of various faunal resources involved in the biofouling processes.

Chemical exposures and suspected impacton Gulf War Veterans

Gulf War Illness(GWI) encompass a spectrum of maladies specific to troops deployed during the Persian Gulf War(1990–1991). There are several hypothesized factors believed to contribute to GWI, including(but not limited to)exposures to chemical agents and a foreign environment(e.g., dust, pollens, insects, and microbes). Moreover, the inherent stress associated with deployment and combat has been associated with GWI. While the etiology of GWI remains uncertain, several studies have provided strong evidence that chemical exposures, especially neurotoxicants,may be underlying factors for the development of GWI. This mini style perspective article will focus on some of the major evidence linking chemical exposures to GWI development and persistence decades after exposure.

Forty-year investigation of wave power in energetic region of Persian Gulf in Iranian territorial waters by using short-term and new long-term stability assessment parameters

The wave power in high potential area of the northern Persian Gulf(near to Iranian coastal areas)is assessed by taking into account the temporal and spatial distributions of wave power for a period of forty years.For this purpose,assimilated wind data of European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasting Interim Reanalysis(ERA-Interim),and hydrography data of General Bathymetric Chat of the oceans(GEBCO)are used as SWAN model.Seven locations are investigated in the study area by considering the amount of coefficient of variation,the amount of average annual power,and the short-term and a new long-term(decadal variability index)power stability assessment parameters.The results showed more stability in the eastern parts of the study area and concluded that a narrow line between the point which is in the middle and another point which is in the eastern middle part of the study area may be the best locations for more investigation and the feasibility study for energy converter farms.Also,it is found that the middle part of the study region with about 2.5 kW/m power is the most energetic area.It is concluded that the dominant direction of wave power distribution in all points is the northeast,and this dominant direction has not changed during the forty-year period.It is observed that the mean annual energy increases with a slight slope in the total 40 a,and this increasing trend is more obvious in the fourth decade.Although it is observed that the wave power of the second decade has the most stability and the least variation,the wave power in the fourth decade has the most variation.Moreover,the results showed that the study region’s wave power increase by approximately a mean change rate of 0.027 kW/(m·a);and the maximum change rate of wave power was in the northwest part and the minimum change rate of wave power was in the southeast part which were about 0.036 kW/(m·a)and 0.014 kW/(m·a),respectively.

Regional Intrusive Signature from the Cameroon Coastal Basins to Bioko Island in Equatorial Guinea (Gulf of Guinea) Using Gravity Studies

The Gulf of Guinea constitutes an area of great petroleum potential yet with very limited geophysical research information. Consequently in this study, a Bouguer anomaly map has been computed from gravity data covering regions stretching from the Cameroon coastal basins to Bioko island (formerly Fernando Po) which is part of Equatorial Guinea. The data were further processed for Source Edge Detection (SED), Euler 3D deconvolution, 3D surface oriented models and 3D voxel solutions. The results confirmed the presence of previously identified intrusive bodies around the Douala and Kribi/Campo sedimentary sub-basins and went ahead to suggest a probable continuity between these two. A possible extension of this body offshore the Gulf of Guinea right up to Bioko island with very striking similarities was also highlighted and it shows characteristic variations in the depth to the surface of the body at different locations.

Gravity anomalies determined from mean sea surface model data over the Gulf of Mexico

With the improvements in the density and quality of satellite altimetry data,a high-precision and high-resolution mean sea surface model containing abundant information regarding a marine gravity field can be calculated from long-time series multi-satellite altimeter data.Therefore,in this study,a method was proposed for determining marine gravity anomalies from a mean sea surface model.Taking the Gulf of Mexico(15°–32°N,80°–100°W)as the study area and using a removal-recovery method,the residual gridded deflections of the vertical(DOVs)are calculated by combining the mean sea surface,mean dynamic topography,and XGM2019e_2159 geoid,and then using the inverse Vening-Meinesz method to determine the residual marine gravity anomalies from the residual gridded DOVs.Finally,residual gravity anomalies are added to the XGM2019e_2159 gravity anomalies to derive marine gravity anomaly models.In this study,the marine gravity anomalies were estimated with mean sea surface models CNES_CLS15MSS,DTU21MSS,and SDUST2020MSS and the mean dynamic topography models CNES_CLS18MDT and DTU22MDT.The accuracy of the marine gravity anomalies derived by the mean sea surface model was assessed based on ship-borne gravity data.The results show that the difference between the gravity anomalies derived by DTU21MSS and CNES_CLS18MDT and those of the ship-borne gravity data is optimal.With an increase in the distance from the coast,the difference between the gravity anomalies derived by mean sea surface models and ship-borne gravity data gradually decreases.The accuracy of the difference between the gravity anomalies derived by mean sea surface models and those from ship-borne gravity data are optimal at a depth of 3–4 km.The accuracy of the gravity anomalies derived by the mean sea surface model is high.

The Impact of Climate Change on the Stratification of Coastal Areas of the Euboean Gulf and the Diffusion of Urban Wastewater in Them

Hydrodynamic circulation in a marine environment, characterized by the influence of strong tides, atmospheric loading and bathymetry, is a complex phenomenon. The physical and hydrodynamic characteristics of this flow are absolutely crucial for the vertical mixing of the sea masses and consequently for the mixing of their physico-chemical parameters, such as nutrients and oxygen, as well as for the diffusion and dispersion of passive pollutants, the recharge of the waters and the general environmental situation. This paper examines the effect of a future increase in mean air temperature on the water column stratification of coastal areas of interest, which are subject to the above loadings and receive treated urban wastewater, and how this increase could affect their diffusion and mixing of conservative pollutants contained therein.

The Hydrodynamic Behaviour of Euboean Gulf Coastal Areas and the Mixing of the Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Urban Sewage Discharged into Them under the Influence of Climate Change

The hydrodynamic circulation within the marine environment is a complex phenomenon, characterized by the interplay of strong tidal forces, atmospheric influences, and bathymetric features. The physical and hydrodynamic attributes of this flow play a pivotal role in promoting vertical mixing of seawater masses, thereby facilitating the integration of their physical and chemical parameters, including nutrients and oxygen. Additionally, they are instrumental in governing the dispersion and diffusion of pollutants originating from urban sewage, contributing to the overall water renewal process and environmental quality. This study investigates the potential impact of anticipated increases in average air temperatures on water column stratification in coastal regions susceptible to these dynamic influences. These areas receive treated urban sewage, and the study aims to assess how these temperature changes might influence the dispersion and mixing of pollutant loads present in these coastal waters.

A three-dimensional Moho depth model beneath the Yemeni highlands and rifted volcanic margins of the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden, Southwest Arabia

Knowing Moho discontinuity undulation is fundamental to understanding mechanisms of lithosphereasthenosphere interaction, extensional tectonism and crustal deformation in volcanic passive margins such as the study area, which is located in the southwestern corner of the Arabian Peninsula bounded by the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden. In this work, a 3D Moho depth model of the study area is constructed for the first time by inverting gravity data from the Earth Gravitational Model(EGM2008) using the ParkerOldenburg algorithm. This model indicates the shallow zone is situated at depths of 20 km to 24 km beneath coastal plains, whereas the deep zone is located below the plateau at depths of 30 km to 35 km and its deepest part coincides mainly with the Dhamar-Rada ’a Quaternary volcanic field. The results also indicate two channels of hot magmatic materials joining both the Sana’a-Amran Quaternary volcanic field and the Late Miocene Jabal An Nar volcanic area with the Dhamar-Rada’a volcanic field. This conclusion is supported by the widespread geothermal activity(of mantle origin) distributed along these channels,isotopic data, and the upper mantle low velocity zones indicated by earlier studies.

海湾局势变化与英国的撤离(1961-1968)

英国曾长期在海湾地区处于主导地位,其海湾政策的转变与其在海湾地区的主要利益密切相关。二战后,英国在海湾地区的主要利益转变为以石油为中心的经济利益。保护经济利益成为英国在海湾地区政治、军事存在的首要目标。60年代初期海湾地区的不稳定状态要求英国增强其政治、军事存在,但1963年后的海湾局势变化在很大程度上消除了海湾地区的不稳定因素,英国的海湾利益不再依赖其政治、军事力量提供保护。英军继续留在海湾不仅不能增进本国在该地区的经济利益,反而成为其政府的政治和财政负担。此外,国防支出紧缩、从亚丁撤军、阿拉伯民族主义等因素也不利于英国政治、军事力量继续留在海湾。经过多次成本—收益分析,英国政府最终决定撤出海湾。此举对海湾地区现代国家体系的建立和现代国际格局的形成具有重要影响。

基于绿色创新系统的北部湾城市群联动效应测度及驱动力研究

在区域协调发展的背景下,建立健全城市群联动发展机制是构建城市协调发展格局的必然要求。基于Vague集理论测度2006—2020年北部湾城市群联动效应,并利用Dagum基尼系数、地理探测器对其进行差异分析和驱动力分析。结果表明:①研究期内,北部湾城市群联动效应水平稳步增长,空间上呈现“广东>广西>海南”的分布格局;其中,绿色生态水平最高,经济发展增速最快,资源禀赋、基础设施、绿色创新3个维度与联动效应水平递增趋势相近;②从联动效应的区域差异来看,广东、广西、海南三地与北部湾城市群整体联动效应差异呈同向增长,且广东发展差异低于广西、海南;软环境对联动效应的驱动作用整体高于硬环境,科技带动力的驱动作用最高,资源驱动作用显著低于其他因素;北部湾城市群联动效应由多种驱动因素交互作用形成,双因子交互影响强度大于单因子驱动。

遗产综合体构建研究--以盐城世界自然遗产为例

世界遗产管理已经进入可持续、高质量发展的新阶段,亟须探索保护与发展联动的管理模式。借鉴“旅游综合体”这一功能复合、高效互动、以点带面的旅游开发模式,在遗产地构建“遗产综合体”,即以遗产保护为核心,由与遗产相关的监测、研究、展示、服务、产业等多种设施或机构以及管理体制、利益相关者协调机制等制度环境共同构成的功能复合体。它遵循多元综合、保护与发展联动、区域促进等原则,旨在实现遗产保护与地区可持续发展的双重目标。以中国黄(渤)海候鸟栖息地(I期)为例,探讨盐城遗产综合体的现状、问题和优化对策。

基于无人机航测的红树林潮滩地貌高程反演

红树林潮滩地貌高程的变化直接影响红树林生长发育。精确快速获取潮滩地貌高程动态变化过程,对实施红树林培育与造林意义重大。然而,受限于潮水涨落、潮滩易陷及红树林区难以深入等因素,红树林潮滩地貌的高程获取成为当前备受关注的难点。基于此,本文以广西北部湾北部北仑河口为例,利用DJI Phantom 4 RTK无人机对区域进行多高度、多架次航测,以Structure from Motion(SFM)算法为核心反演该区域的红树林潮滩地貌高程,探讨影响高程反演精度的因素,进而拟合出一套误差修正关系式,并以钦江与南流江河口红树林潮滩为应用对象验证该关系式的适用性。结果表明:(1)无人机飞行高度直接影响高程提取精度,其中飞行高度越高,提取的地貌高程误差越大,飞行高度约在110 m时更能兼顾航测用时和高程提取精度;(2)无人机航测提取的潮滩地貌高程值与RTK测量值存在较为显著的垂向平移偏差关系,提取值普遍高于RTK测量值,基于此提出了修正关系式,实现了对不同飞行高度的高程提取值的修正,显著提高了其精度,且关系式有较好的适用性和普适性;(3)植被覆盖度是无人机提取潮滩地貌高程的重要影响因子,植被覆盖度越高,提取精度越低,本研究的修正关系式在光滩区域的修正效果优于植被区域。研究结果可为无人机反演红树林潮滩地貌高程变化过程提供部分理论和技术支撑,对提高无人机反演红树林潮滩地貌高程的效率和精度有一定借鉴意义。

泛巽他盆山体系北部湾古泥沼旋回与古生态效应

南海西北部北部湾在地质环境方面与狭义巽他陆架相似而成为一体构成泛巽他,同属青藏高原及其挤出阶梯地貌盆山体系。然而,关于其指示环境变化和碳循环的古泥沼分布及其气候-构造驱动机制、作用与联系等缺乏关注,其研究滞后于上述热点巽他陆架相关进展。为加强对这些内容的认识,本文的研究在北部湾北部华南陆缘沉降带进行了80.05 m进尺第四系全岩心钻取,立足于沉积物微体古生物、粒度、碎屑矿物组分、微量元素含量等基础沉积环境指标的实验测试、鉴定以及测年数据,并结合前人相关资料和结果进行综合分析。结果表明,岩心底部年龄为中更新世后期171.0 ka,孢粉化石呈热带和亚热带植被面貌,主要有栲属、栎属等以及鳞盖蕨属、水龙骨科等,其含量变化显示出3个主要气候变化阶段,与倒数第二冰盛期、末次间冰期、末次冰期以及冰消期等相联系,从56.0 ka始见有半咸水种硅藻化石条纹小环藻、柱状小环藻等,有孔虫化石出现于中全新世6.0 ka接受海进。总体上以砂为主,但局部粉砂和黏土(泥)含量较高,最高依次可达65.78%、59.71%,元素含量为2.6×10^(-6)~347×10^(-6),碎屑矿物稳定出现石英、长石、风化矿物,以前者占优,平均含量88.57%,余下矿物相间出现,具有陆源性,各要素随气候阶段而变化。存在5个泥沼旋回,沉积环境有所差异,在冰期和间冰期均有分布,出现炭化腐木以及邻区炭化层。青藏高原隆起导致的区域强烈地形落差在中—晚更新世业已构建,盆山体系成为海洋暖湿气流与地形作用的水热有效利用地带,北部湾冰期出露地表古水系广布,森林和草地植被共存,有助于泥沼的维护发展。气候波动性是泥沼的本质驱动因素,除了间冰期之外,冰期的强烈暖阶振荡亦为其成因;泛巽他北部湾在冰期同样具有碳库意义,具有转移与弥补中高纬度生产力衰减之作用。

广西北部湾海洋弧菌多样性研究进展

海洋弧菌在生物地球化学循环中发挥重要作用,但部分致病性海洋弧菌可危害人类健康和造成水产养殖业重大经济损失。近年来,广西北部湾海洋弧菌多样性研究取得了众多科研成果。然而,关于广西北部湾海洋弧菌多样性系统总结的报道仍较为缺乏。为了更好地了解广西北部湾海洋弧菌物种组成、群落分布特点及其驱动机制,该文从广西北部湾海洋弧菌群落结构特征、环境驱动因子、群落构建机制等方面对广西北部湾海洋弧菌多样性研究进行综述。结果表明,广西北部湾海洋弧菌多样性在不同海域和季节存在显著差异,其主要驱动因子为总溶解氮、溶解性无机氮、总溶解磷等营养盐。广西北部湾海洋弧菌群落构建过程由随机过程主导。此外,该研究对广西北部湾海洋弧菌多样性研究前景进行了展望,以期为致病性海洋弧菌防控提供新思路,并为海洋弧菌生态功能多样性研究及生物资源高值化利用提供理论参考。

台风“艾克”(2008)的海面风场模型研究

台风风场模拟的准确性对台风风场后报工作具有重要意义,目前通过参数模型构建台风边界层的海面风场是较快速且常用的方法之一。以2008年侵入墨西哥湾的大西洋第8号台风“艾克”为例,选取多种参数模型对比研究台风风场模拟的效果。实验结果表明,台风风场模型的选择对台风风场模拟效果具有显著影响。采用Jelesnianski-1风廓线模型即可较好地再现“艾克”台风风场的时空特征;此外,具有可变系数的Holland等气压模型风场和Miller等风廓线模型风场则具有较好的适用性,通过调整可变系数使得参数风场的风廓线贴合实际台风案例。整体而言,基于理想模型的参数风场能基本反映台风核心区域的海面风场特征,但对外围背景风场模拟效果不甚理想,而分析及再分析风场数据则能较好地反映台风外围的背景风场,因此采用参数风场与分析及再分析风场融合的方式构建台风风场,可显著提高台风“艾克”风场的数值模拟效果。

基于AHP-熵值法的港口物流竞争力综合评价研究——以北部湾三大港口为例

北部湾港合并以来,港口基础设施不断完善,是我国重要的出海通道,是连接“一带一路”的门户港。为了准确把握北部湾港物流综合竞争力水平,本文采用层次分析法、熵值法相结合的综合法,对北部湾港的三个港口进行港口物流竞争力的计算排序,从而更好地根据港口的情况提出相应的对策和建议,促进各港口发展的同时,也提高了北部湾港的综合竞争力。研究结果显示:竞争力排名第一的是钦州港,且综合竞争力评价值远远高于其他两港;防城港排名第二,北海港的竞争力评价值排名最后。基于此,本文提出相关建议:第一,继续推进基础设施的完善,实现智能数字化港口建设;第二,促进临港产业发展,提高港产融合程度;第三,加强北部湾各港口之间的协作,提高总体港口的物流竞争力。