Global Change is affecting both the marine Arctic and Antarctic as well as the Himalayas and the broader Tibetan area–also known as 'The Pan-Third Pole' due to its altitude and extreme environment–explains P...Global Change is affecting both the marine Arctic and Antarctic as well as the Himalayas and the broader Tibetan area–also known as 'The Pan-Third Pole' due to its altitude and extreme environment–explains Prof. Nils Chr. Stenseth, former President of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters (DNVA) and a current Faculty Professor and Research Professor of Ecology and Evolution of the University of Oslo.展开更多
The Pan-Third Pole region comprises multiple nations affected by climate vulnerability and energy inequality,wherein promoting energy transitions in rural households would provide a path to combat climate change.Ident...The Pan-Third Pole region comprises multiple nations affected by climate vulnerability and energy inequality,wherein promoting energy transitions in rural households would provide a path to combat climate change.Identifying the factors that drive rural household energy consumption and the transition is important.This study performed a micro-survey of 1060 rural households in five countries in the Pan-Third Pole region and empirically analyzed the relationships between off-farm income,energy consumption,and energy transitions.The off-farm income of rural households was found to have a significantly positive effect(p<0.01)on energy expenditure,indicating that energy expenditure increased with increasing off-farm income.Off-farm income has a significantly positive effect(p<0.01)on the proportion of commercial energy but a significantly negative effect on the proportion of noncommercial energy.These results indicate that increasing off-farm income can adjust the energy consumption structure of rural households.Furthermore,a robustness check by substituting independent variables,instrumental variable method(IV),and propensity score matching method(PSM)provided strong evidence to prove the robustness of the results.The heterogeneity analysis showed that the effects of off-farm income on energy expenditure and transitions differed among countries,off-farm income had no significant impact on energy expenditure in Cambodia and Myanmar,but it worked for China,Nepal,and Thailand.Finally,policy implications are proposed to promote energy transition in the Pan-Third pole region:providing more full-time or part-time off-farm employment opportunities,employment assistance or skill training by local governments;increasing the pace of infrastructure construction to solve energy inaccessibility;multiple measures to promote the education and environmental knowledge.展开更多
Soil erosion is one of the most severe global environmental problems,and soil erosion surveys are the scientific basis for planning soil conservation and ecological development.To improve soil erosion sampling survey ...Soil erosion is one of the most severe global environmental problems,and soil erosion surveys are the scientific basis for planning soil conservation and ecological development.To improve soil erosion sampling survey methods and accurately and rapidly estimate the actual rates of soil erosion,a Pan-Third Pole region was taken as an example to study a methodology of soil erosion sampling survey based on high-spatial-resolution remote sensing images.The sampling units were designed using a stratified variable probability systematic sampling method.The spatiotemporal characteristics of soil erosion and conservation were taken into account,and finer-resolution freely available and accessible images in Google Earth were used.Through the visual interpretation of the free high-resolution remote sensing images,detailed information on land use and soil conservation measures was obtained.Then,combined with the regional soil erosion factor data products,such as rainfall-runoff erosivity factor(R),soil erodibility factor(K),and slope length and steepness factor(LS),the soil loss rates of some sampling units were calculated.The results show that,based on these high-resolution remote sensing images,the land use and soil conservation measures of the sampling units can be quickly and accurately extracted.The interpretation accuracy in 4 typical cross sections was more than 80%,and sampling accuracy,described by histogram similarity in 11 large sampling sites,show that the landuse of sampling uints can represent the structural characteristics of regional land use.Based on the interpretation of data from the sample survey and the regional soil erosion factor data products,the calculation of the soil erosion rate can be completed quickly.The calculation results can reflect the actual conditions of soil erosion better than the potential soil erosion rates calculated by using the coarse-resolution remote sensing method.展开更多
文摘Global Change is affecting both the marine Arctic and Antarctic as well as the Himalayas and the broader Tibetan area–also known as 'The Pan-Third Pole' due to its altitude and extreme environment–explains Prof. Nils Chr. Stenseth, former President of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters (DNVA) and a current Faculty Professor and Research Professor of Ecology and Evolution of the University of Oslo.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(72104112,41901255,31861143015)the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDA20010303).
文摘The Pan-Third Pole region comprises multiple nations affected by climate vulnerability and energy inequality,wherein promoting energy transitions in rural households would provide a path to combat climate change.Identifying the factors that drive rural household energy consumption and the transition is important.This study performed a micro-survey of 1060 rural households in five countries in the Pan-Third Pole region and empirically analyzed the relationships between off-farm income,energy consumption,and energy transitions.The off-farm income of rural households was found to have a significantly positive effect(p<0.01)on energy expenditure,indicating that energy expenditure increased with increasing off-farm income.Off-farm income has a significantly positive effect(p<0.01)on the proportion of commercial energy but a significantly negative effect on the proportion of noncommercial energy.These results indicate that increasing off-farm income can adjust the energy consumption structure of rural households.Furthermore,a robustness check by substituting independent variables,instrumental variable method(IV),and propensity score matching method(PSM)provided strong evidence to prove the robustness of the results.The heterogeneity analysis showed that the effects of off-farm income on energy expenditure and transitions differed among countries,off-farm income had no significant impact on energy expenditure in Cambodia and Myanmar,but it worked for China,Nepal,and Thailand.Finally,policy implications are proposed to promote energy transition in the Pan-Third pole region:providing more full-time or part-time off-farm employment opportunities,employment assistance or skill training by local governments;increasing the pace of infrastructure construction to solve energy inaccessibility;multiple measures to promote the education and environmental knowledge.
基金the Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences,Grant No.XDA20040202.
文摘Soil erosion is one of the most severe global environmental problems,and soil erosion surveys are the scientific basis for planning soil conservation and ecological development.To improve soil erosion sampling survey methods and accurately and rapidly estimate the actual rates of soil erosion,a Pan-Third Pole region was taken as an example to study a methodology of soil erosion sampling survey based on high-spatial-resolution remote sensing images.The sampling units were designed using a stratified variable probability systematic sampling method.The spatiotemporal characteristics of soil erosion and conservation were taken into account,and finer-resolution freely available and accessible images in Google Earth were used.Through the visual interpretation of the free high-resolution remote sensing images,detailed information on land use and soil conservation measures was obtained.Then,combined with the regional soil erosion factor data products,such as rainfall-runoff erosivity factor(R),soil erodibility factor(K),and slope length and steepness factor(LS),the soil loss rates of some sampling units were calculated.The results show that,based on these high-resolution remote sensing images,the land use and soil conservation measures of the sampling units can be quickly and accurately extracted.The interpretation accuracy in 4 typical cross sections was more than 80%,and sampling accuracy,described by histogram similarity in 11 large sampling sites,show that the landuse of sampling uints can represent the structural characteristics of regional land use.Based on the interpretation of data from the sample survey and the regional soil erosion factor data products,the calculation of the soil erosion rate can be completed quickly.The calculation results can reflect the actual conditions of soil erosion better than the potential soil erosion rates calculated by using the coarse-resolution remote sensing method.
