Ginsenoside-Rg_6, a Novel Triterpenoid Saponin from the Stem-Leaves of Panax ginseng C. A. Mey.

A novel dammarane-type triterpene oligoglycoside, named ginsenoside-Rg6 3, was isolated from the stem-leaves of Panax ginseng C. A. Mey., together with two known ones, 20(S)-ginsenoside-Rg2 1 and 20(R)-ginsenoside-Rg2 2. On the basis of chemical and physicochemical evidence , the structure of ginsenoside-Rg6 have been elucidated as 6-O-(-L-rhamnosyl-(1?2)-(-D-glucopyranosyl-dammarane-(E)-20(22), 24-diene-3(, 6(, 12(-triol.

Structure Analysis of Pectin SB_(1-1) from the Root of Panax ginseng

A water-soluble pectin SB_~1-1 was isolated and purified from the root of Panax ginseng C. A. Mey. The HPLC analysis indicates that SB_~1-1 is homogenous. Its molecular weight was estimated via gel filtration to be 10000. The GC analysis indicated that it contains the monosaccharides of GalA, Gal, Ara and Rha. Their molar ratio is 2.10∶1.00∶0.12∶0.13. Partial hydrolysis with acid, pectinase treatment, periodate oxidation, Smith degradation, methylation analyses, GC/MS analyses and NMR analyses were used for the structure analyses of SB_~1-1 . The results reveal that SB_~1-1 has a lower branched structure. The main chain is composed of GalA and Gal; the inner part is α-1,4-linked-GalA; the border is 1,4-linked-Gal. Some of the 1,4-linked-GalA and 1,4-linked-Gal residues are substituted at O6. On an average, there is one branch for every ten hexose residues. The side chain is composed of 1,6-linked-Gal and 1,3,6-linked-Gal. The nonreduced end is composed of Rha, Ara and Gal. The main glycosidic link of SB_~1-1 has an α configuration.

Determination of Saponins in Leaf of Panax Ginseng C. A. Mey. by High Performance Liquid Chromatography

A high performance liquid chromatography（HPLC） with UV detection was established for simultaneous determination of saponins in the leaf of Panax ginseng C. A. Mey. Nine ginsenosides（Rbl, Rb2, Rb3, Rc, Rd, F1, F2, F3, F5） and notoginsenoside Fe（NFe） were studied. Among the saponins, the ginsenosides F1, F2, F3, F5 and NFe were determined by HPLC-UV method for the first time. The determination of the ginsenosides via the HPLC-UV method was performed on a reversed-phase C18 column with gradient elution in 40 min. The linearity, precision, accuracy, and detection limit for determining the saponins were studied and the samples from different areas in China were analyzed. The HPLC-ESI-MS was used to identify the saponins. The results indicate that the HPLC-UV provided a good accuracy, reproducibility and sensitivity for the determination of the ten saponins.

Identification of microRNA and analysis of target genes in Panax ginseng

Objective: Ginsenosides, polysaccharides and phenols, the main active ingredients in Panax ginseng, are not different significantly in content between 3 and 5 years old of ginsengs called Yuan ginseng and more than ten years old ones called Shizhu ginseng. The responsible chemical compounds cannot fully explain difference in efficacy between them. According to reports in Lonicerae Japonicae Flos(Jinyinhua in Chinese) and Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma(Gancao in Chinese), microRNA may play a role in efficacy,so we identified microRNAs in P. ginseng at the different growth years and analyzed their target genes.Methods: Using high-throughput sequencing, the RNA-Seq, small RNA-Seq and degradome databases of P. ginseng were constructed. The differentially expressed microRNAs was identified by qRT-PCR.Results: A total of 63,875 unigenes and 24,154,579 small RNA clean reads were obtained from the roots of P. ginseng. From these small RNAs, 71 miRNA families were identified by bioinformatics target prediction software, including 34 conserved miRNAs, 37 non-conserved miRNA families, as well as 179 target genes of 17 known miRNAs. Through degradome sequencing and computation, we finally verified 13 targets of eight miRNAs involved in transcription, energy metabolism, biological stress and disease resistance, suggesting the significance of miRNAs in the development of P. ginseng. Consistently, major miRNA targets exhibited tissue specificity and complexity in expression patterns.Conclusion: Differential expression microRNAs were found in different growth years of ginsengs(Shizhu ginseng and Yuan ginseng), and the regulatory roles and functional annotations of miRNA targets in P. ginseng need further investigation.

Identification of anti-inflammatory components in Panax ginseng of Sijunzi Decoction based on spectrum-effect relationship

Objective: This study aimed to identify the main medicinal active components of Panax ginseng(P. ginseng) in the compatibility environment of clinical application. For this purpose, the anti-inflammatory ingredients of P. ginseng were investigated based on its therapeutic effect in Sijunzi Decoction(SJD) which is a widely used traditional Chinese formula.Methods: The fingerprints of 10 batches of SJD consisting of different sources of P. ginseng were established by UPLC technique to investigate the chemical components. At the same time, the antiinflammatory effects of these components were evaluated by dextran sulfate sodium-induced ulcerative colitis mouse model. Grey relational analysis was applied to explore the correlation degree between fingerprints and anti-inflammatory effects in SJD. Lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW264.7 murine macrophages were established to evaluate the anti-inflammatory action of the screened effective substances of P. ginseng.Results: According to grey relational analysis, notoginsenoside R1, ginsenoside Rg2 and ginsenoside Rb3of P. ginseng were the major anti-inflammatory contributions in SJD. They had been proven to be closely associated with the anti-inflammatory process of SJD and displayed a close effect compared with SJD by LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 murine macrophages.Conclusion: Our work provides a general strategy for exploring the pharmacological ingredients of P. ginseng in traditional Chinese formulas which is beneficial for establishing the quality standards of traditional herbs in traditional Chinese medicine prescription based on their clinical therapeutic effect.

人参总皂甙对不完全性脑缺血后海马CA_1区NOS阳性神经元表达的影响

目的 :探讨人参总皂甙 ( GS)对不完全性脑缺血及再灌注不同时间后海马 CA1 区一氧化氮合酶 ( NOS)的影响及对神经元的保护作用。方法 :用双侧颈总动脉夹闭加放血的方法制成大鼠不完性脑缺血及再灌注模型 ,以还原烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸脱氢酶 ( NADPH- d)组织化学方法观察缺血及再灌注后海马 CA1 区 NOS阳性神经元变化及 GS对其的影响。结果 :单纯缺血组海马 CA1 区在缺血 30 m in时 NOS阳性细胞数最高 ( 4 4.5± 7.4 2 ) ,为假手术组 2倍 ,再灌注 2 h、12 h、2 4 h、3d后逐渐下降 ,5 d时恢复正常水平 ( 2 1.12± 3.5 0 ) ,缺血再灌注 3d、5 d时出现神经细胞损伤。GS能抑制缺血 30 min及再灌注各时程中 NOS阳性神经元数量变化 ,并能预防缺血再灌注后迟发的神经元损害。结论 :GS对大鼠不完全性脑缺血及再灌注不同时程后海马 CA1 区 NOS的异常表达有抑制作用 。

红参中新化合物──精氨酸衍生物的分离与结构鉴定

红参水提液经聚丙烯酰胺（Ｂｉｏ－ｇｅｌＰ－２）柱层析，分离得到五个茚三酮反应阳性物质。其中一个为已知化合物──精氨酸（Ⅰ）。另一个为新化合物──精氨酸双糖甙（Ⅱ），根据红外、紫外、质谱、氢谱及碳谱等光谱解析，推定为１－（精氨酸－Ｎａ基）－１－去氧－４－Ｏ－（α－Ｄ－吡喃葡萄糖基）－Ｄ－果糖。并用半合成法进一步确证其结构。化合物Ⅲ，Ⅳ和Ｖ的结构正在研究中。

土壤改良对平地栽参人参茎叶总皂苷含量的影响

以人参(Panax ginseng C.A.Mey)茎叶总皂苷为评价指标,研究平地栽参不同土壤改良的最优方案。试验以二次回归正交旋转设计为基本数学模型,研究玉米秸秆、猪粪、鹿粪、拮抗菌、菌糠5种基质的不同组合对人参茎叶总皂苷含量的影响。模型解析发现,在相同的栽培条件下,5种基质对人参茎叶总皂苷含量的贡献从大到小为猪粪、鹿粪、玉米秸秆、菌糠、拮抗菌。计算机模拟寻优表明,玉米秸秆施用量6.64kg/m2,猪粪施用量3.24 kg/m2,鹿粪施用量3.48 kg/m2,拮抗菌施用量6.87 g/m2,菌糠施用量7.02 kg/m2条件下,人参茎叶总皂苷含量预测值为17.81%。综上这些栽培因素的组合可以作为平地栽培人参的推荐方案。

人参茎叶中一个新天然产物的结构研究(英文)

采用多种色谱方法从人参茎叶中分离得到一个新天然产物-达玛烷型三萜皂苷元dammar-20(22),24-diene-3β,6α,12β-triol,并利用质谱、核磁共振谱和化学方法对此化合物进行了结构解析.通过2DNMR(HMQC、HMBC)进行了1H和13CNMR信号全归属,并纠正了文献中的个别化学位移的信号指认错误.

枸杞、黄芪、人参活力液延缓衰老实验研究

目的 探讨以枸杞、黄芪、人参等为主要原料的某活力液对动物的延缓衰老作用。 方法 将小鼠随机分为1个对照组和 3个处理组 ,并分别每天经口给予 0 .0、2 .5、5 .0、15 .0ml kg·bw剂量的受试物 3 0d ,在末次处理后 2 4h取血 ,测定血清MDA含量和SOD活力 ;在含 0 .0 0 %、0 .3 3 %、1.0 0 %、3 .0 0 %、9.0 0 %浓度受试物的玉米粉培养基上进行果蝇试验 ,观察指标为平均寿命、平均最高寿命、半数死亡时间。 结果 与对照组比较 ,该活力液能增高血清中超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD)活力 ,降低血清中过氧化脂质降解产物丙二醛 (MDA)含量 ,能明显延长果蝇的平均寿命、平均最高寿命和半数死亡时间。 结论 以枸杞、黄芪、人参等为主要原料的某活力液可以延缓机体衰老过程 ,具有延缓衰老作用。

高丽参口服液的急性及长期毒性研究

高丽参口服液急性毒性实验，小鼠经灌胃给药最大耐受量为３０ｇ／ｋｇ体重，腹腔注射给药的ＬＤ５０为（１２９±１．５）ｇ／ｋｇ体重，大鼠长期毒性实验分别灌胃给药４．０ｇ／ｋｇ、２．０ｇ／ｋｇ和１．０ｇ／ｋｇ体重，对照组给予等容积蒸馏水，连续４周，各组无动物死亡，各项指标检查正常，病理报告高剂量组有３只动物部分肝细胞胞浆疏松化和气球样变性，中、低剂量组无明显改变，高剂量组存活动物于停药１０ｄ后，病理检查正常．

人参出苗期4种氧化还原酶的活力变化

[目的]研究5年生人参中4种氧化还原酶在出苗期的活力变化。[方法]采用中性磷酸缓冲溶液提取粗酶液,并应用紫外分光光度法分别测定过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)的活力。[结果]人参幼苗活性氧清除代谢水平高于根部。幼苗POD与PPO酶活力先下降后上升;根部POD酶活力变化呈缓慢上升趋势,PPO酶活力变化不明显;幼苗CAT酶活力在整个出苗期始终保持上升趋势;幼苗与根部APX活力以上下波动形式变化。[结论]人参出苗期的4种氧化还原酶活力变化不同,可作为人参出苗期幼苗形态建成不同阶段的生理指标。

人参根际土壤微生物PCR-DGGE反应体系优化

[目的]优选人参根际土壤微生物的PCR-DGGE反应体系。[方法]以种植1年的人参土壤为材料,利用PCR-DGGE技术,对反应体系中的几种重要参数不同梯度进行了优化研究,包括模板、dNTPs、引物及Mg2+的用量。[结果]最适宜的反应体系为:模板DNA浓度为0.8μg/μl,dNTPs浓度为0.2 mmol/L,引物浓度为0.4μmol/L,Mg2+浓度为1.5 mmol/L。[结论]该方法简便快捷,为进一步研究人参根际土壤微生物多样性奠定了基础。

人参、西洋参不同部位提取物中14种皂苷含量比较

目的分别对人参不同部位提取物和西洋参不同部位提取物中14种单体皂苷含量进行比较。方法采用高效液相色谱法进行检测,色谱柱:BDS柱(HYPERSIL C18250mm*4.6mm,5μm),紫外检测器;流动相:乙腈-水梯度洗脱。流速:1m L/min,柱温:40℃,检测波长:203m。结果通过比较人参和西洋参不同部位提取物中14种单体皂苷含量可知,Rb1、Rc、Rb2在人参根提取物中含量最高,Rf为人参根提取物中特有单体皂苷;Rg1、F1、Rb3在人参茎叶提取物中含量最高;Re、Rh1(S)、Rg2(S)、Rd、F2、Rg3(S)在人参果提取物中含量最高。Rb1、Rc在西洋参根提取物中含量最高;Rg1、Re、Rh1(S)、Rg2(S)、F1、Rd、F2在西洋参茎叶提取物中含量最高;Rb2、Rb3、Rg3(S)在西洋参果提取物中含量最高。结论通过对人参和西洋参不同部位提取物中14种单体皂苷含量比较可知,Rf为人参特有单体皂苷,在人参根中含有,西洋参中没有。Rb1、Rc均是在根中含量高,Rg1、F1均是在茎叶中含量高。高效液相色谱法分离、分析人参皂苷效果好、准确、迅速、简便,也可作为评价人参属植物质量的有效分析方法。建议对人参、西洋参中含量较高的人参皂苷进行提取分离,直接用于创新药物的开发。

Panax japonicus and chikusetsusaponins: A review of diverse biological activities and pharmacology mechanism

Panax japonicus, which in the Tujia dialect is known as "Baisan Qi" and "Zhujieshen", is a classic "qi" drug of Tujia ethnomedicine and it has unique effects on disease caused by "qi" stagnation and blood stasis.This paper serves as the basis of further scientific research and development of Panax japonicus. The pharmacology effects of molecular pharmacology were discussed and summarized. P. japonicus plays an important role on several diseases, such as rheumatic arthritis, cancer, cardiovascular agents, and this review provides new insights into P. japonicus as promising agents to substitute ginseng and notoginseng.

Effects of Raphani Semen on anti-fatigue and pharmacokinetics of Panax ginseng

Objective: To explain the phenomenon that Panax ginseng is not compatible with Raphani Semen based on pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics.Methods: The forced swimming time and biochemical parameters such as blood lactate(BLA), serum urea nitrogen(SUN), and hepatic glycogen(GLU) were determined for anti-fatigue experiment. The UPLCMS/MS was used to analyze the pharmacokinetics of Rg1, Re, Rb1, and Rd after orally administration of P. ginseng and P. ginseng combined with Raphani Semen to rats. Pharmacokinetic differences of four ginsenosides between single uses of P. ginseng and combined with Raphani Semen were investigated.Results: The results showed that Raphani Semen tended to significantly reduce the anti-fatigue activity of P. ginseng. Co-administration of P. ginseng and Raphani Semen had significant effects on the pharmacokinetics of the four ginsenosides in rats compared to that observed with P. ginseng extract alone. The AUC0–12 hvalues of the four ginsenosides in PG group were higher than the corresponding values in the PR group. It can be inferred that Raphani Semen decreased the blood exposure of the four ginsenosides in rats when it combined with P. ginseng.Conclusion: The anti-fatigue activity and pharmacokinetic results showed that Raphani Semen may reduce the pharmacological actions of P. ginseng.

Metabolomics analysis reveals the renal protective effect of Panax ginseng C. A. Mey in type 1 diabetic rats

The dry root and rhizome of Panax ginseng C. A. Mey has garnered much interest owing to its medicinal properties against diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. In this study, an ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS)-based metabolomics approach was used to illustrate the therapeutic mechanisms of ginseng extract on the serum and urinary metabolic profiles in streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) rats. Pharmacological and renal parameters in response to the administration of ginseng were also evaluated. In total, 16 serum endogenous metabolites and 14 urine endogenous metabolites, including pyruvic acid, indoleacetic acid, and phenylacetylglycine, were identified as potential biomarkers for diabetes. Pathway enrichment and network analysis revealed that the biomarkers modulated by ginseng were primarily involved in phenylalanine and pyruvate metabolism, as well as in arginine biosynthesis. Moreover, the levels of several renal injury-related biomarkers in T1DM rats were significantly restored following treatment with ginseng. The administration of the extract helped maintain tissue structure integrity and ameliorated renal injury. The findings suggest that the regulatory effect of ginseng extract on T1DM involves metabolic management of diabetic rats, which subsequently attenuates T1DM-induced early renal dysfunction.

吉林省不同种类人参UPLC-PDA指纹图谱及化学模式识别研究

目的:建立吉林省园参、移山参、林下参及野山参等不同种类人参药材的UPLC指纹图谱分析方法,为其质量评价提供依据。方法:采用Phenomenex Luna Omega-C18(100 mm×2.1 mm,1.6μm)色谱柱;以乙腈-0.25%磷酸溶液为流动相,梯度洗脱;流速为0.4 mL/min;检测波长为203 nm;柱温为35℃;进样量为2μL。通过相似度评价、聚类分析、主成分分析及正交偏最小二乘判别分析评价37批人参样品的质量。结果:建立了人参UPLC指纹图谱,筛选出24个共有峰,指认出8个成分。37批人参样品相似度为0.750~0.967;聚类分析、主成分分析及正交偏最小二乘判别分析结果表明37批人参样品聚成6类,并筛选出人参皂苷Rb1、Rd等5个影响分组差异较大的成分。结论:人参UPLC指纹图谱的建立和化学模式识别研究可快速鉴别并评价人参种类和质量,为人参的内在质量控制提供参考。

Active compounds in RenShenJian decoction ameliorate insulin resistance in vitro

Background:RenShenJian decoction,a combination of Pueraria lobata(Willd.)Ohwi and Panax ginseng C.A.Mey,has been used in China since the Song Dynasty(960-1279 C.E.)to relieve symptoms of diabetes mellitus.However,the key compounds in RenShenJian that ameliorate insulin resistance remain unclear.This study identified the anti-diabetic compounds in RenShenJian by rescuing the decreased function of adenosine 5’-monophosphate-activated protein kinase(AMPK),sirtuin 3(SIRT3),or glucose transporter isoform 4(GLUT4).Methods:After streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice were treated with RenShenJian,fasting blood glucose levels and protein expression of SIRT3,p-AMPK,and AMPK were determined.Compounds from RenShenJian in plasma were monitored using multiple responses by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.Additionally,two insulin-resistant cell models were incubated with compounds identified in RenShenJian in the blood.Glucose uptake was determined using the fluorescent analog 2-(N-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-dia-xol-4-yl)amino)-2-deoxyglucose.Protein expression levels of p-AMPK,AMPK,SIRT3,and GLUT4 were detected by western blotting.Results:RenShenJian decreased FBG levels and upregulated SIRT3 expression and AMPK phosphorylation in diabetic mice.Thirteen RenShenJian extracts were identified in the blood,11 of which increased the ratios of 2-(N-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-dia-xol 4-yl)amino)-2-deoxyglucose uptake in two insulin-resistant cell models.Nine extracts increased AMPK phosphorylation,nine increased SIRT3 expression,and six elevated GLUT4 expression in palmitate-induced HepG2 cells.Five extracts-puerarin,puerarin 6″-O-xyloside,genistein,ginsenoside Rb1,and ginsenoside Rd-simultaneously activated AMPK,SIRT3 and GLUT4.Conclusion:A series of compounds in RenShenJian that target AMPK,SIRT3,and/or GLUT4 was confirmed and indicate the chemical material basis of amelioration of insulin resistance by RenShenJian.

施钾对人参氮、磷、钾、钙、镁含量的影响

以2年生人参为材料进行盆栽试验。试验设置K0(0 mg/kg),K1(40 mg/kg),K2(80 mg/kg),K3(160 mg/kg K),K4(320 mg/kg)5个钾肥施用量,于人参出苗后每20 d取样1次,共取样5次。研究施钾对人参根和茎、叶中氮、磷、钾、钙、镁含量的影响。结果表明:根和茎中钾含量在第3、4、5次取样时,叶中钾含量在第2、3、4、5次取样时,随施钾量的增加而增加。随着生育时期的推进,K0、K1、K2根中钾含量与各处理茎和叶中钾含量表现为降低趋势,降低程度随施钾量的增加而减小。K3、K4根中钾含量则略有增加。前3次取样时,各处理茎和叶中钾含量低于根,后2次取样时,K0、K1、K2根高于茎和叶。施钾能够提高叶与生长前期根的氮含量,且取样期间叶中氮含量始终高于根和茎。根和叶中磷含量随施钾量的增加呈先升高后降低的趋势。在取样期间,随着生育时期的推进,根、茎、叶中氮、磷含量总体表现为下降趋势。钙、镁含量随施钾量的增加而降低。随着生育时期的推进,各处理根中钙、镁含量表现为降低趋势,茎和叶中均表现为增加趋势。根、茎、叶中钙、镁含量在不同钾浓度下最终均表现为叶中最高,不同的是较高施钾量的此表现较早。