The Main Diseases and Control Measures of Panax notoginseng(Burk) F. H. Chen in Wuzhou City

The main symptoms of root rot,anthracnose,blight and damping-off of Panax notoginseng( Burk) F. H. Chen are introduced in the paper,and the corresponding control measures are elaborated from the aspects of agricultural management measures,seed disinfection,seedbed treatment and chemical control.

Loss of Genetic Diversity of Domesticated Panax notoginseng F H Chen as Evidenced by ITS Sequence and AFLP Polymorphism： A Comparative Study with P. stipuleanatus H T Tsai et K M Feng

In the present study, we evaluated the genetic diversity of Panax notoginseng F H Chen, a domesticated species, and P. stipuleanatus H T Tsai et K M Feng, an endangered wild species in southeastern Yunnan and adjacent areas in Vietnam, using sequences of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of nuclear ribosomal DNA and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers. Twenty-four accessions from three plantations of P. notoginseng and 51 samples from eight populations of P. stipuleanatus were assayed. A total of 694 bp of partial sequences of 18S, ITS 1, 5.8S, ITS2, and partial sequences of 26S were obtained. No sequence variation was detected within P. notoginseng and nine sites (1.30%) were variable in P. stipuleanatus. Two-thirds of the variable sites were found between Langqiao and other populations. In P. notoginseng, four pairs of AFLP primer combinations generated 312 bands, of which 240 (76.9%) were polymorphic and 60.15% of the polymorphisms were harbored within plantations. Approximately 41.0% and 66.9% of bands were polymorphic in population D7 and 5589, respectively. In P.stipuleanatus, the same four primer combinations produced 346 bands, of which 334 (96.5%) were polymorphic and approximately 62.14% of polymorphisms were maintained within populations. Considerable variations were observed. The percentage of polymorphic bands ranged from 50.2% to 84.9% and the average over populations was 70.9%. Cluster analysis did not show correlation of genetic differentiation with the distinctive leaf morphology of P. stipuleanatus (i.e. one form with bipinnatifid leaflets and the other with undivided leaflets). Because over 40% of genetic variations were maintained among populations and because of the very restricted distribution of P. stipuleanatus, all natural populations of this species should be conserved in situ. Considering that there are variations in P. notoginseng within and among plantations, we suggest establishing a genetic resource conservation garden or reintroducing P. notoginseng into its native habitats in southwestern China. Such reintroduction should be carefully executed after large-scale screening of genetic variation within the species.

HPLC法测定人参、西洋参和三七不同部位中人参皂苷的含量

目的:为了探讨人参、西洋参和三七中人参皂苷的资源含量,以确保人参、西洋参和三七中人参皂苷资源充分被利用,为开发以人参皂苷为主的创新药物提供科学数据。方法:采用高效液相色谱法对人参、西洋参和三七不同部位中人参皂苷的含量进行测定。色谱条件为:Agilent 1100 Series 高效液相色谱仪;色谱柱为德国 Nucleosil-C_(18)(4.6 mm×150 mm,5μm);流动相为水-乙腈梯度洗脱,流速1.5 mL·min^(-1);A为水,B为乙腈;梯度洗脱程序为:0～16 min,56%B;16～20 min,56%→100%B;20～38 min,100%B;38～45 min,100%→56%B;45～60 min,56%B;60～70 min,56%B。所有组分均70 min 内出完。检测波长203 nm,柱温35℃,灵敏度为0.02AUFS。线性关系考察r=0.9994;精密度试验 RSD=0.26%,平均回收率为99.88%,重现性试验 RSD=2.0%,分离度为R=3.042。结果:人参须根含有较高的人参皂苷 Rb_1(1.082%),人参茎叶则含有较高的人参皂苷 Rc(1.002%)、Re(3.430%)和 Rg_1(1.303%);西洋参根含有较高的人参皂苷 Rb_1(2.213%)和 Re(0.9188%),西洋参芦头中含有较高的人参皂苷 Rb_1(2.840%)和Re(1.224%);三七根含有较高的人参皂苷 Rb_1(2.163%)和 Rg_1(2.633%),三七芦头中含有较高的人参皂苷 Rb_1(4.376%)和 Rg_1(4.145%)。结论:高效液相色谱法分离、分析人参皂苷效果好、准确、迅速、简便,也可作为评价人参属植物质量的有效分析方法。建议对人参、西洋参和三七中含量较高的人参皂苷进行提取分离,直接用于创新药物的开发。

HPLC法同时测定三七总皂苷中人参皂苷Rg_1与Rb_1的含量

目的 建立 HPL C同时测定三七总皂苷中人参皂苷 Rg1 与 Rb1 的方法。方法 采用 HPL C法 ,以茶碱为内标 ,氨基键合相为固定相 ,流动相为乙腈 -水 (80∶ 2 0 ) ,检测波长 2 0 3nm。结果 三七总皂苷中人参皂苷 Rg1 和 Rb1与其他成分分离良好 ,保留时间分别约为 5 .7和 2 1.5 min。人参皂苷 Rg1 在 80～ 2 80μg/ m L (r=0 .9995 ) ,Rb1 在80～ 2 4 0 μg/ m L(r=0 .9993)线性关系良好 ,Rg1 和 Rb1 加样回收率分别为 97.1%和 98.4 %,RSD分别为 2 .4 4 %和 2 .35 %(n=9)。结论 本法操作简便 ,准确 ,重现性好 ,可用于人参及三七的质量控制。

人参炔醇对HL-60细胞体外诱导分化作用的研究

目的 通过细胞形态学和增殖动力学研究人参炔醇对 HL-60细胞诱导分化作用。方法 采用台盼蓝染色及细胞计数器测定细胞存活量 ,流式细胞仪检测人参炔醇对细胞周期和分子标志表达的影响 ,观察信号通路阻断剂对人参炔醇诱导细胞分化的影响。结果 人参炔醇使 HL-60细胞倍增时间延长 ,诱导 HL-60向单核细胞分化 ,细胞集中于 G1 期 ,显著上调细胞表面 CD14分子表达 ,并中度上调 CD11b分子表达 ,Rpc AMPS及 H7均可使人参炔醇诱导的 HL-60细胞 NBT阳性率降低。结论 人参炔醇诱导 HL-60向单核细胞分化 ,与细胞内腺苷酸环化酶(c AMP) ,蛋白激酶 C(PKC)信号通路活化有关。

HPLC法同时测定生三七和蒸制三七中10种皂苷类成分的含量

目的：建立生三七和蒸制三七中三七皂苷R1和人参皂苷Rg1、Re、Rh1、Rb1、Rd、Rk3、Rh4、20（S）-Rg3、20（R）-Rg310种皂苷类成分的HPLC测定方法。方法：采用Vision HT C18（250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm）色谱柱;乙腈-水梯度洗脱,检测波长203 nm,流速1.2 m L/min,柱温20℃。结果：三七皂苷R1和人参皂苷Rg1、Re、Rh1、Rb1、Rd、Rk3、Rh4、20（S）-Rg3、20（R）-Rg3的线性关系良好（r〉0.9995）;10种皂苷类成分的平均加样回收率为95.93%～102.54%。结论：该方法准确,重现性好,可用于生三七和蒸制三七中皂苷类成分的含量测定和质量控制,为三七“生打熟补”与物质变化之间的相关性研究提供了依据。

pH对三七块根花色苷颜色呈现和降解的效应(英文)

用分光光度法在体外研究了pH对三七块根花色苷呈色和降解的效应，结果表明：该花色苷在可见光区的吸收光谱和降解速率均具独特的pH依赖性。在pH2．0，该花色苷呈现最强烈的红色。随着pH从0增加到13．0，该花色苷在可见光区的最大吸收波长（λvis max）依次出现红移、蓝移，然后消失，在可见光区最大吸收波长处的吸光值（Aλvis max）呈现为一条单峰曲线，唯一的峰在pH2．0处。当原始pH值被恢复到2．0后，如果原始pH值≤6．0，花色苷的红色均被恢复得更浓烈，λvis max不同程度地趋向532nm，A州…。增加；如果原始pH值I〉7．0，花色苷的红色根本不能被恢复，λvis max几乎不变，Aλvis max仍然维持低水平。在15℃，黑暗中，该花色苷在pH0～6．0条件下均随时间而降解，在pH2．0时的降解速度最慢，当pH≤3．0时，该花色苷在总体上降解缓慢；此外，该花色苷的降解过程几乎符合一级反应动力学。本文可为三七块根颜色呈现的机理探索及其色素的开发、利用提供参考。

不同浓度的磷酸盐缓冲液(pH7.4)对血塞通注射液稳定性的影响

目的:探讨不同浓度的磷酸盐缓冲液(pH7.4)对血塞通注射液稳定性的影响。方法:配制不同浓度磷酸盐缓冲液(pH7.4)的血塞通注射液,80℃加热12天,测定加热第0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11和12天注射液中R1、Rg1和Rb1的含量。结果:5%的磷酸盐缓冲液(pH7.4)是维持血塞通注射液稳定的最低浓度。结论:加入浓度大于5%的磷酸盐缓冲液(pH7.4)能有效提高血塞通注射液的稳定性。

Identification and quality analysis of Panax notoginseng and Panax vietnamensis var.fuscidicus through integrated DNA barcoding and HPLC

Objective：Root or rhizome of Panax notoginseng（Sanqi）is known for its eutherapeutic effects.Panax vietnamensis var.fuscidicus,called Yesanqi or Yuenan sanqi by local residents,is also commercially available.They are similar in morphology,leading to serious safety problems in clinical medication.It is necessary to find the rapid and efficient methods to identify them.Methods：P.notoginseng and P.vietnamensis var.fuscidicus were identified by DNA barcoding based on the ITS2 sequence.Notoginsenoside R1 and ginsenosides（Rb1,Rg1,Re,Rd,Rc,and Rb2）were analyzed in the roots,fibrils,stems,leaves,and flowers of P.notoginseng and P.vietnamensis var.fuscidicus using high-performance liquid chromatography（HPLC）.Results：P.notoginseng and P.vietnamensis var.fuscidicus were separated into branches of divergent clusters,and P.vietnamensis var.fuscidicus and Panax vietnamensis were clustered into a clade with 98%similarity according to DNA barcoding analysis.The chemical compositions of P.notoginseng and P.vietnamensis var.fuscidicus were similar in roots;while their compositions and contents of notoginsenoside R1 and ginsenosides in flowers,leaves,stems,and fibrils were different.Conclusion：ITS2 is a rapid and efficient method to identify P.notoginseng and P.vietnamensis var.fuscidicus.HPLC analysis indicated that pharmacological action might be different between P.notoginseng and P.vietnamensis var.fuscidicus.

Process performance and quality attributes of temperature and step-down relative humidity controlled hot air drying of Panax notoginseng roots

The effects of temperature and step-down relative humidity controlled hot-air drying(THC-HAD)on the drying kinetics,energy efficiency and quality,i.e.,rehydration ratio(RR),color parameters(L*,a*,b*),total color difference(ΔE*),Panax notoginseng saponins(PNS)content,and ginsenosides content(R1,Rg1,Re,Rd,Rb1)of Panax notoginseng roots were evaluated.The drying time was significantly affected by the drying temperature followed by the relative humidity(RH)of the drying air.Special combination of drying conditions,i.e.,drying temperature of 50°C,relative humidity of 40%for 3 h and then continuous dehumidification from 40%to 8%allowed to shorten the drying time by 25%compared to drying at the same temperature and continuous dehumidification.The longer was the drying time under constant high RH of drying air,the lower was the RR of dried samples.The step-down RH strategy contributed to the formation of a porous structure,enhancement of drying efficiency and quality improvement.Generally,the ginsenosides content increased with the increase in temperature,while no obvious trend was recorded for ginsenoside R1.The contents of the ginsenoside R1,Rg1,Rb1 and PNS decreased with the increase in the drying time under constant high RH.Taking into account the drying time,energy consumption and quality attributes,drying at the temperature of 50°C,constant RH of 40%for 3 h and then step-down RH from 40%to 8%was proposed as the most favorable combination of drying conditions for dehydration of whole Panax notoginseng roots.

Effects of combined infrared and hot-air drying on ginsenosides and drying characteristics of Panax notoginseng(Araliaceae)roots

Exploring new drying technology can help to deal with the challenge of better preservation of rhizome medicinal materials in the traditional Chinese medicine industry.In current work,combined infrared and hot-air drying(IR-HAD)was employed to Panax notoginseng roots and its effect on drying kinetics,energy efficiency and quality,i.e.,rehydration ratio(RR),color parameters(L^(*),a^(*),b^(*)),total color difference(ΔE),Panax notoginseng saponins(PNS)content,and ginsenosides content(R_(1),R^(g1),R_(e),R_(d),R_(b1))were evaluated.Hot air drying(HAD)was used as the control.Results showed that the increase in drying temperature significantly shortened drying time and reduced energy consumption.The shortest drying time of 43.0 h and lowest specific energy consumption of 15.9 kW·h/(kg-water)were obtained by IR-HAD at 55°C.The decrease of radiation distance and the increase of radiation power led to the shortening of drying time.However,high drying temperature resulted in largeΔE values,large collapse structure,and RR of samples.The drying time of Panax notoginseng roots dried by IR-HAD at a drying temperature of 50°C was shorter(15.5%)than HAD dried at the same drying temperature.The contents of R_(1),R_(g1),R_(e),R_(b1),and PNS were higher when the samples were dried by IR-HAD than those dried by HAD at the same temperature of 50°C.Moreover,the IR-HAD dried samples shortened 15.5%drying time and saved 22.1%energy consumption compared with HAD.Therefore,the optimal process condition was Panax notoginseng roots under IR-HAD at drying temperature of 50°C,radiation distance of 12 cm and radiation power of 1350 W,which can shorten drying time,maintain high ginsenosides contents and satisfactory apparent qualities.

Transformation of Compound K from Saponins in Leaves of Panax notoginseng by Immobilized β-Glucanase

Objective To prepare an active anti-tumor component,compound K(C-K),from saponins in leaves of Panax notoginseng(SLPN) using immobilized β-glucanase.Methods Two entrapments,alginate gel-1(Alg 1) and alginate gel-2(Alg 2),were evaluated for their ability to immobilize β-glucanase.The amount and purity of C-K obtained from the transformation process were analyzed by HPLC,and the immobilizing parameters were optimized.Results β-Glucanase can be immobilized and reused with either of the entrapment.However,using Alg 1 resulted in higher enzyme activity than Alg 2.The optimal concentration of the immobilized enzyme was 10%;The optimal crosslinking time was 4–6 h;and the optimal concentration of the crosslinking agent was 6%– 7%.Conclusion Immobilized β-glucanase shows sustained enzyme activity,good ethanol tolerance,and was reusable for the preparation of C-K from SLPN.

Critical pharmaceutical process identification considering chemical composition, biological activity, and batch-to-batch consistency: A case study of notoginseng total saponins

Objective: Critical pharmaceutical process identification(CPPI) is an important step in the implementation of quality by design concept to traditional Chinese medicines(TCMs). Risk assessment methods are usually used in CPPI. However, risk evaluation is usually subjective. The purpose of this work is to present a more objective CPPI method.Methods: A CPPI method considering chemical composition, biological activity, and batch-to-batch consistency was presented in this work. The manufacturing process of notoginseng total saponins(NTS) was investigated as an example. The changes of chemical composition, biological activity, and chemical composition consistency after main processes were measured and compared. A significant change of them indicated a critical process.Results: After extraction process and chromatography process, saponin purity and chemical composition similarity remarkably increased, and saponin content variations decreased. Thrombin inhibitory activity was remarkably decreased after chromatography process. Because of the large influences on NTS quality,extraction process and chromatography process were identified to be critical processes of NTS.Conclusion: Based on a comprehensive and objective examination of the role of each process, critical pharmaceutical processes can be identified. A similar method can also be applied to other TCM processes.

Panax japonicus and chikusetsusaponins: A review of diverse biological activities and pharmacology mechanism

Panax japonicus, which in the Tujia dialect is known as "Baisan Qi" and "Zhujieshen", is a classic "qi" drug of Tujia ethnomedicine and it has unique effects on disease caused by "qi" stagnation and blood stasis.This paper serves as the basis of further scientific research and development of Panax japonicus. The pharmacology effects of molecular pharmacology were discussed and summarized. P. japonicus plays an important role on several diseases, such as rheumatic arthritis, cancer, cardiovascular agents, and this review provides new insights into P. japonicus as promising agents to substitute ginseng and notoginseng.

高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定三七中胺苯磺隆残留量的不确定度分析

采用高效液相色谱-串联质谱(HPLC-MS/MS)法对三七[Panax notoginseng(Burk.)F.H.Chen]中胺苯磺隆残留量不确定度进行评价。依据《测量不确定度评定与表示》JJF 1059.1—2012和《化学分析测量不确定度评定》JJF 1135—2005,采用高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定三七中胺苯磺隆含量,建立不确定度测定数学模型,分析影响不确定度的来源,并对各不确定度进行合成和扩展。结果表明,三七样品中胺苯磺隆残留量为50.4242μg/kg时,扩展不确定度为3.4592μg/kg(k=2)。三七样品中胺苯磺隆残留量的不确定度主要来源于标准品溶液配制过程。

离心圆盘式三七施肥机施肥性能仿真研究

为探明叶片倾角、叶片数、行进速度在不同水平下对离心圆盘式三七施肥机在斜坡上的施肥均匀性的影响,给离心圆盘式三七施肥机的设计及优化提供理论依据。采用标准筛筛分法、斜坡法、细沙填充法等方法测定肥料颗粒的物理参数;选取叶片倾角、叶片数、行进速度为因素,肥料颗粒的分布变异系数为试验指标,利用EDEM软件对施肥过程进行正交仿真试验。结果表明,叶片倾角为-20°、叶片数为4片、施肥机行进速度为0.6m/s时,肥料颗粒分布变异系数最小,为16.73%。经过分析,对肥料颗粒分布变异系数的影响为叶片倾角>叶片数>行走速度、叶片倾角和叶片数为显著性因素,行进速度为不显著因素。

不同热处理方式对三七茎叶中皂苷含量的影响

为了研究不同热处理方式(高温高压蒸制、油炸、九蒸九晒、微波、超声)对三七[Panax notoginseng(Burk)F.H.Chen]茎叶中皂苷含量的影响,采用高效液相色谱(HPLC)法测定茎叶中的9种单体皂苷(Rb1、Rc、Rb2、Rb3、F2、Rg3、Rk1、CK、Rh2)含量。结果表明,经热处理后的三七茎叶中的原生皂苷(Rb1、Rc、Rb2、Rb3)含量有不同程度减少,稀有皂苷(F2、Rg3、Rk1、CK、Rh2)含量均有不同程度的增加,其转化效率从高到低依次为油炸、微波中火、高温高压120 min、60℃超声处理;热处理可以促进三七茎叶中的原生皂苷转化为稀有人参皂苷,其中油炸1、2、3 min时,稀有皂苷的总含量均超过总皂苷含量的50%;高温在增加稀有皂苷含量的同时,会降低总皂苷含量;不同的热处理方式中,蒸制法能同时提高三七茎叶的稀有皂苷和总皂苷含量。

Suitable soil moisture contents for water use efficiency and saponins accumulation in Panax notoginseng

Objective:The moisture content in the soil directly affects the yield and quality of Panax notoginseng,especially at the age of three years old.However,the suitable moisture for the growth of P.notoginseng is unknown.In this study,the effects of different soil moisture on the growth of P.notoginseng were studied.Methods:Four different water treatments(0.45 field capacity(FC),0.60 FC, 0.70 FC, and 0.85 FC) were set up in Shilin County,Yunnan Province,China.The water consumption and daily dynamic of water consumption were determined daily(from April 21 to October 18,2012),and the daily dynamic of water consumption under different weather conditions(sunny and rainy) was determined.The transpiration coefficient and water use efficiency were calculated through dry matter accumulation and total water consumption.Accumulation of saponins of roots of P.notoginseng were analyzed by HPLC after treated,and the soil moisture content suitable for the growth of P.notoginseng was estimated by regression fitting of the active ingredient accumulation and the soil moisture content.Results:The water consumption of 0.85 FC,0.70 FC,0.60 FC and 0.45 FC were 2.89,3.68,3.37 and 2.73 kg/plant per day,respectively.The water consumption of P.notoginseng from June to August was greater than other months.The daily dynamic of water consumption on sunny days and sunny days after rain showed a "double peak" feature,and it showed a "single peak" feature on rainy days.The water uses efficiency(WUE) of 0.85 FC,0.70 FC,0.60 FC and 0.45 FC were 2.51,3.32,4.59,3.39 gDW/kg H_(2)O,respectively.The increase of soil moistu re content would reduce the WUE of P.notoginse ng.With the increase of soil water content,the content of notoginsenoside R_(1) and ginsenoside Rg_(1) did not change significantly,while the content of ginsenoside Rb_(1) and Rd showed a decreasing trend.Conclusion:Soil moisture content significantly affected the water consumption of P.notoginseng,and when it was 56.4% of the maximum water holding capacity in the field,the sum of the four saponins of 100 strains of P.notoginseng was the highest.

三七植物化学成分及药理作用研究进展

三七(Panax notoginseng(Burk.)F.H.Chen)含有皂苷类、多糖类、黄酮类、炔类、醇类等结构不同的多种化学成分,其有效成分以皂苷类和三七素为主,具有止血、活血、补血、抗血栓、保护心肌等多种药理作用,已被广泛用于临床疾病的治疗中。本文针对三七的应用现状,结合国内外相关文献,综述了三七皂苷及多糖类的主要活性成分类型,分别比较了三七皂苷及多糖的提取工艺,概述了三七活性成分在抗炎、抗肿瘤、提高免疫力、活血化瘀等方面的药理作用。为加强三七多糖的研究,优化三七活性物质提取工艺,完善三七总皂苷与其它药用成分配伍体系,进而加快三七植物的综合开发提供参考。

三七脂溶性化学成分的研究

目的 对三七的脂溶性部位进行化学成分研究。方法 以金黄色葡萄球菌的生长抑制实验为分离指导 ,采用硅胶柱层析、制备 TL C进行分离 ,通过波谱技术 (IR、MS、1 HNMR、1 3CNMR、DEPT、HMQC、HMBC)分析鉴定其化学结构。结果 从三七的石油醚提取物中分离得到 3个化合物 ,分别鉴定为 :人参炔醇 (panaxynol, )、人参环氧炔醇 (panaxydol, )和 β-谷甾醇 (β- sitosterol, )。结论 化合物 , 从三七中的分离得率分别为 0 .0 1%和0 .0 33%。