Apolipoprotein E4 interferes with lipid metabolism to exacerbate depression-like behaviors in 5xFAD mice

Background:Apolipoprotein E4(ApoE4)allele is the strongest genetic risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer's disease,and it can aggravate depressive symptoms in non-AD patients.However,the impact of ApoE4 on AD-associated depression-l ike behaviors and its underlying pathogenic mechanisms remain unclear.Methods:This study developed a 5xFAD mouse model overexpressing human ApoE4(E4FAD).Behavioral assessments and synaptic function tests were conducted to explore the effects of ApoE4 on cognition and depression in 5xFAD mice.Changes in peripheral and central lipid metabolism,as well as the levels of serotonin(5-HT)andγ-aminobutyric acid(GABA)neurotransmitters in the prefrontal cortex,were examined.In addition,the protein levels of 24-dehydrocholesterol reductase/glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta/mammalian target of rapamycin(DHCR24/GSK3β/m TOR)and postsynaptic density protein 95/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II/brain-derived neurotrophic factor(PSD95/CaMK-II/BDNF)were measured to investigate the molecular mechanism underlying the effects of ApoE4 on AD mice.Results:Compared with 5xFAD mice,E4FAD mice exhibited more severe depressionlike behaviors and cognitive impairments.These mice also exhibited increased amyloid-beta deposition in the hippocampus,increased astrocyte numbers,and decreased expression of depression-related neurotransmitters 5-HT and GABA in the prefrontal cortex.Furthermore,lipid metabolism disorders were observed in E4FAD,manifesting as elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in peripheral blood,decreased cholesterol level in the prefrontal cortex,and reduced expression of key enzymes and proteins related to cholesterol synthesis and homeostasis.Abnormal expression of proteins related to the DHCR24/GSK3β/m TOR and PSD95/CaMK-II/BDNF pathways was also observed.Conclusion:This study found that ApoE4 overexpression exacerbates depressionlike behaviors in 5xFAD mice and confirmed that ApoE4 reduces cognitive function in these mice.The mechanism may involve the induction of central and peripheral lipid metabolism disorders.Therefore,modulating ApoE expression or function to restore cellular lipid homeostasis may be a promising therapeutic target for AD comorbid with depression.This study also provided a better animal model for studying AD comorbid with depression.

Quercetin regulates depression-like behavior in CUMS rat models via TLR4/NF-κB signaling

Background:Depression is becoming increasingly prevalent around the world,imposing a substantial burden on individuals,families,as well as society.Quercetin is known to be highly effective in treating depression.However,additional research is needed to dissect the mechanisms of its anti-depressive effects.Methods:For this study,Sprague-Dawley(SD)rats were randomized into the control,model,quercetin,or fluoxetine group.The latter three groups were exposed to chronic unpredictable mild stress(CUMS)for 42 d.The first two groups received saline solution daily via oral gavage.Meanwhile,the quercetin group was orally administered a quercetin suspension(52.08 mg/kg)every day,while the fluoxetine group was orally administered a fluoxetine solution(2.08 mg/kg).Here,fluoxetine served as the positive control drug to compare the therapeutic effects of quercetin.The experimental period was 6 weeks.Depressive behaviors in rats were assessed through various physiological and behavioral measures.Additionally,pathological changes in hippocampal tissues were examined using Nissl staining.Serum cytokines were detected using an enzymelinked immunosorbent assay(ELISA),and immunohistochemistry was employed to quantify the levels and integral optical density(IOD)values of ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule-1(Iba-1)expression in the brain.Real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR(RT-qPCR)was utilized to evaluate the mRNA levels of inflammatory indicators as well as toll-like receptor 4(TLR4),and nuclear factor-κappa B P65(NF-κB P65)in hippocampus.Western blot(WB)technique was employed to observe the protein levels of TLR4,NF-κB P65,and phospho-NF-κB P65(p-NF-κB P65).Results:After 42 d of exposure to CUMS,rats exhibited a slow increase in body weight,a reduction in food intake,an abnormal preference for sugar water,and aberrant open-field behaviors.Pathological analysis revealed the disintegration,rupture,interruption,and disorganization of hippocampal neuronal cells after CUMS exposure,along with a decrease in Nissl bodies in the CA1 region.This was accompanied by the elevated expression of interleukin-1β(IL-1β),tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α),and interleukin-6(IL-6)in the serum and the upregulation of IL-1β,IL-6,and TNF-αmRNA expression in the hippocampus.Increases in Iba-1-positive cells and the IOD values of Iba-1 were detected in hippocampal microglia.Furthermore,TLR4 and NF-κB P65 mRNA and protein levels were upregulated in hippocampal tissues.Quercetin,an antidepressant,could alleviate depression-like symptoms in rats and downregulate inflammatory factors associated with the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway in hippocampal microglia,and its therapeutic effect was comparable to fluoxetine.Conclusion:In rat models of CUMS,quercetin may act as an antidepressant by inhibiting inflammation in hippocampal microglia via TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway.These results offer experimental and theoretical support for applying quercetin in the clinical management of depression.

The Correlation between Free Triiodothyronine, Free Thyroxine and Hypertension in Depression Patients with Hypothyroidism and Its Clinical Guiding Value

Background: Cardiovascular diseases, such as hypertension and coronary heart disease, are often accompanied by thyroid and mental diseases, the harm of which poses great threats to patients’ health. Objective: To explore the correlation between free triiodothyronine (FT3), free thyroxine (FT4) and hypertension in depression patients with hypothyroidism and its clinical guiding value. Methods: A total of 548 patients diagnosed with hypothyroidism in Wuxue First People’s Hospital of Hubei Province from January 2018 to September 2022 were enrolled. According to whether complicated with depression, they were divided into hypothyroidism without depression group (group A) and hypothyroidism with depression group (group B). The gender, age, comorbidities (such as depression, hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, acute myocardial infarction), FT3, FT4, and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels were recorded. Spearman rank correlation was used to analyze hypertensive patients with hypothyroidism. Multivariate binary Logistic regression was used to analyze the influencing factors of hypertension in patients with hypothyroidism. Results: The TSH level, the number of hypertension, coronary heart disease and hyperlipidemia in group B were statistically significantly higher than those in group A (P 3 level in group B was statistically significantly lower than that in group A (P s = 0.092), coronary heart disease (rs = 0.000), hyperlipidemia (rs = 0.000), diabetes (rs = 0.000), and age (rs = 0.000), and negatively correlated with FT3 (rs = 0.000) (P 3 and FT4 were the influencing factors of hypertension. The risk of hypertension in patients with coronary heart disease and hyperlipidemia significantly increased by 3.425 and 1.761 times (P 3, the risk of hypertension increased (P 4, the risk of hypertension significantly increased (P 3 and FT4 are the influencing factors of hypertension. The lower the FT3 level, the higher the FT4 level, the higher the risk of hypertension. FT3 and FT4 may be potential biomarkers of depression in hypertensive patients. Thyroid function assessment is recommended in patients with hypertension.

新发HIV/AIDS患者抑郁心理干预效果及其与CD_(4)^(+)T细胞计数的关系研究

背景HIV/AIDS与抑郁症相关,抑郁症加大HIV相关认知紊乱(HAND)风险,并降低患者抗逆转录病毒治疗(ART)依从性,加剧HIV传播风险。国内研究较少报道新发HIV/AIDS患者(PLWHA)抑郁心理干预效果及与CD_(4)^(+)T细胞计数相关性。目的探究新发PLWHA抑郁心理干预效果及与CD_(4)^(+)T细胞计数相关性,为AIDS临床诊疗提供参考。方法2020年4月—2022年6月采用方便取样方法在江西省ART定点医院抽取新发PLWHA抑郁患者,患者确诊后立即启动ART及心理干预,干预总周期为12周。在干预前后采用汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)、汉密尔顿焦虑量表(HAMA)进行评估,并检测CD_(4)^(+)T细胞计数进行分析。结果共纳入新发PLWHA抑郁患者200例,有效随访178例,有效率为89.0%。178例PLWHA抑郁患者轻中度88例(49.4%)、重度90例(50.6%),伴焦虑者173例(97.2%)。患者CD_(4)^(+)T细胞计数均值在干预前为(346.39±156.87)个/μL,干预后为(421.93±149.61)个/μL。干预后,新发PLWHA抑郁患者CD_(4)^(+)T细胞计数高于干预前(t_(配对)=10.971,P<0.05),HAMD、HAMA总分及各因子评分均低于干预前(P<0.05)。干预前,HAMD总分与CD_(4)^(+)T细胞计数分级(以500个/μL为分界值)呈负相关(r_(s)=-0.157,P=0.036)、与HAMA总分呈正相关(r_(s)=0.764,P<0.001)。干预后,HAMD总分与干预后CD_(4)^(+)T细胞计数呈负相关(r_(s)=-0.150,P=0.046)、与HAMA总分呈强正相关(r_(s)=0.939,P<0.001)。干预前,新发PLWHA抑郁患者CD_(4)^(+)T细胞计数<500个/μL者HAMD、HAMA总分高于CD_(4)^(+)T细胞计数≥500个/μL者(P<0.05)。结论新发PLWHA抑郁严重程度与CD_(4)^(+)T细胞计数相关,经专业心理干预能显著改善。

Poor CD4 count is a predictor of untreated depression in human immunodeficiency virus-positive African-Americans

AIM: To determine if efforts to improve antiretroviral therapy(ART) adherence minimizes the negative impact of depression on human immunodeficiency virus(HIV) outcomes. METHODS: A cross-sectional study of a clinic-based cohort of 158 HIV seropositive(HIV+) African Americans screened for major depressive disorder(MDD) in 2012. CD4 T lymphocyte(CD4+) counts were obtained from these individuals. Self-report on adherence to ART was determined from questionnaire administered during clinic visits. The primary outcome measure was conditional odds of having a poorer CD4+ count(< 350 cells/mm3). Association between CD4+ count and antidepressant-treated or untreated MDD subjects was examined controlling for self-reported adherence and other potential confounders. RESULTS: Out of 147 individuals with available CD4+ T lymphocyte data, 31% had CD4+ count < 350 cells/mm^3 and 28% reported poor ART adherence. As expected the group with > 350 cells/mm^3 CD4+ T lymphocyte endorsed significantly greater ART adherence compared to the group with < 350 cells/mm3 CD4+ T lymphocyte count(P < 0.004). Prevalence of MDD was 39.5% and 66% of individuals with MDD took antidepressants. Poor CD4+ T lymphocyte count was associated with poor ART adherence and MDD. Adjusting for ART adherence, age, sex and education, which were potential confounders, the association between MDD and poor CD4+ T lymphocyte remained significant only in the untreated MDD group.CONCLUSION: Therefore, CD4+ count could be a clinical marker of untreated depression in HIV+. Also, mental health care may be relevant to primary care of HIV+ patients.

Discovery of Potassium-Bearing Cuttings from the Well Yangta 4 in the Kuqa Depression and Seam Division

The world petroleum exploration suggests that,about70%of the world’s potash resources were discovered during oil and gas exploration(Zheng et al.,2007).The Kuqa depression in the Tarim basin is abundant with petroleum exploration data,and

PLASMA NE CONCENTRATION AND 24 HOURS URINARY MHPG·SO_4 EXCRETION CHANGES AFTER ELECTRO-ACUPUNCTURE TREATMENT IN ENDOGENOUS DEPRESSION

We examined the changes of the plasma NE concentration and 24 hours urinaryMHPG. SO4 excretion in patients with endogenous depression after six weeks of electroacupuncture（EA） treatment. The base-line plasma NE concentration of our endogenous depressed patients wassignificantly higher than that of their age- and sex-matched healthy controls （P【0. 05）. The plasmaNE concentration and 24 hours urinary MHPG. SO4 excretion of our endogenous depressed patientswere not changed after six weeks of EA treatment. The variation of the base-line plasma NE concen-tration in depression was higher than that of in healthy controls （P【0.01） . Variation of plasma NEconcentration of depressed patients was significantly reduced after six weeks of EA treatment. Bothhase-line plasma NE concentration and 24 hours urinary MHPG. SO4 excretion was lower in EA re-sponsive patients than that in EA non-responsive patients. After six weeks of EA treatment, plasmaNE concentration was significantly raised in EA responsive patients

岭南传统天灸4号方治疗轻度抑郁障碍的临床疗效观察

【目的】观察岭南传统天灸4号方(由黄芥子、吴茱萸、郁金等中药组成)治疗轻度抑郁障碍的临床疗效,为轻度抑郁障碍人群的治疗提供新的临床思路。【方法】将61例轻度抑郁障碍患者随机分为试验组31例和对照组30例。试验组给予岭南传统天灸4号方天灸治疗,对照组给予岭南传统天灸4号方安慰剂天灸治疗。每周治疗2次,每次治疗间隔3~4 d,疗程为6周。观察2组患者治疗前后汉密尔顿抑郁量表17项(HAMD-17)评分和患者健康问卷抑郁症筛查量表(PHQ-9)评分的变化情况,并评价2组患者的临床疗效和安全性。【结果】(1)疗效方面,治疗6周后,试验组的总有效率为77.42%(24/31),对照组为26.67%(8/30),组间比较(秩和检验),试验组的疗效明显优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。(2)量表评分方面,治疗后,2组患者的HAMD-17评分和PHQ-9评分均较治疗前降低(P<0.01),且试验组对HAMD-17评分和PHQ-9评分的降低幅度均明显优于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01)。(3)安全性方面,研究过程中,有5例不良事件的发生与本次天灸治疗相关,且5例不良事件均发生在试验组中,均为穴位贴敷处发生轻微水泡,经相关处理后均可继续参与本次试验。【结论】岭南传统天灸4号方可以有效改善轻度抑郁障碍患者临床症状,且具有较高的安全性。

音乐疗法联合降酐合剂中药结肠透析在慢性肾脏病3-4期患者中的疗效

目的:探讨音乐疗法联合中药结肠透析在慢性肾脏病3-4期患者中的疗效。方法:选取上海中医药大学附属第七人民医院2020年1月~2022年12月收治的符合CKD 3-4期的患者98例为研究对象,随机分为对照组(n=50)与研究组(n=48)。对照组予以中药结肠透析治疗,研究组在对照组的基础上联合音乐疗法,经过2个疗程(14 d)后对比两组患者临床疗效、肾功能分期、中医症候积分及焦虑抑郁评分。结果:治疗后,研究组临床疗效优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);研究组CKD 5期患者数量低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);研究组中医症候积分均低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),SAS评分低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);SDS评分与对照组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:在中药结肠透析基础上联合音乐疗法,能够通过改善CKD患者的心理状况,提高其疗效。

钩藤降压解郁方对高血压并发抑郁症大鼠海马突触超微结构及TLR4、NF-κB p65和NLRP3蛋白表达的影响

目的:研究钩藤降压解郁方对高血压并发抑郁症(HD)大鼠学习记忆功能、海马突触超微结构、海马炎症反应及海马Toll样受体4(TLR4)、核因子κB p65(NF-κB p65)和NOD样受体蛋白3(NLRP3)蛋白表达的影响。方法:将35只自发性高血压大鼠随机分为模型组、阳性对照组[苯磺酸左旋氨氯地平(0.45 mg/kg)+盐酸氟西汀(1.80 mg/kg)]和钩藤降压解郁方低、中、高(6.35、12.69、25.38 g/kg)剂量组,另取7只SD大鼠作空白对照组。采用慢性不可预知应激联合孤养的方法干预自发性高血压大鼠复制HD模型。造模同时灌胃给药,1次/d,连续6周。用无创血压计测量尾动脉收缩压和舒张压;Morris水迷宫检测学习记忆能力;透射电镜观察海马突触超微结构;酶联免疫吸附法检测海马炎症因子白介素-1β(IL-1β)、IL-18的水平;免疫组化法检测海马CA1区中TLR4、NF-κB p65和NLRP3蛋白的表达。结果:给药干预结束后,与空白对照组比较,模型组大鼠尾动脉收缩压和舒张压较高(P<0.01);模型组大鼠逃避潜伏期和第一次跨越平台时间延长,目标象限总时间和目标象限总路程减少(P<0.01);模型组大鼠海马突触超微结构模糊,部分突触结构出现融合,突触内线粒体嵴肿胀断裂,突触小泡明显减少,突触后致密物质厚度较小(P<0.01);模型组大鼠海马组织IL-1β、IL-18含量及TLR4、NF-κB p65、NLRP3蛋白表达均升高(P<0.05或P<0.01)。与模型组比较,阳性对照组和钩藤降压解郁方低、中剂量组大鼠收缩压和舒张压较低(P<0.05或P<0.01);阳性对照组和钩藤降压解郁方低、中、高剂量组大鼠逃避潜伏期和第一次跨越平台时间较短,目标象限总时间和目标象限总路程增加;钩藤降压解郁方高剂量组大鼠突触结构清晰,突触前膜、后膜存在,突触前膜内突触小泡增多,突触后致密物质厚度增大(P<0.01);阳性对照组和钩藤降压解郁方中、高剂量组大鼠海马炎症因子IL-1β和IL-18含量降低(P<0.05);阳性对照组和钩藤降压解郁方低、中、高剂量组大鼠海马TLR4、NF-κB p65和NLRP3蛋白表达减少(P<0.05)。结论:钩藤降压解郁方能降低HD大鼠尾动脉压,改善其学习记忆功能,缓解认知障碍,其机制可能与抑制TLR4、NF-κB p65和NLRP3蛋白表达,减少炎症因子释放,改善海马突触可塑性有关。

Lentivirus-mediated knockdown of phosphodiesterase 4D improved depression-like behaviors in mice

OBJECTIVE To examine whether long-form phosphodiesterase-4(PDE4)knockdown by lentiviral RNA construct containing a speci fi c micro RNA/mi RNAmir hairpin structure reversed depression-like symptoms caused by chronic unpredictable mild stress(CUMS)in mice.METHODS In this research,the study was performed on adult male C57 mice,weighing(25±5)g,kept in a controlled environment.CUMS animal model was used recapitulate a multiple of behavioral characteristics and biochemical states of depression in human.The forced swimming test(FST)and the tail suspension test(TST)were used to detectthe state of depression.Western blotting analysis was used to assess protein levels of c AMP response element binding protein(CREB,unphosphorylated and phosphorylated[p CREB])to explore the neurochemical mechanisms.RESULTS CUMS decreased c AMP levels(P<0.01)and produced depression-like symptoms in FST(P<0.01)and TST(P<0.01).Microinfusions of lentiviruses reversed CUMS-induced c AMP decline(P<0.05)and depression-like symptoms.Moreover,CUMS caused a significant reduction in protein kinase A and CREB phosphorylation,and brain-derived neurotrophic factor transcription,both of which were partially attenuated by lentivirus-mediated knockdown of PDE4D.Also,the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 was reduced in CUMS-exposed mice,which was reversed by 4Dmi RNA treatment.Taken together,this study demonstrated that PDE4Dmi RNA improved the CUMS-induced depressionlike symptoms that might be related to the increase in hippocampal c AMP and p CREB expression.CONCLUSION Hence,PDE4D inhibitors can serve as potential antidepressants,and their antidepressant activity is partially mediated by the activation of c AMP signaling pathway in the hippocampus.In other words,long-form PDE4D knockdown may offer a promising treatment for major depression disorder.

NP-12 The Phosphodiesterase-4 Inhibitor Roflumilast Reverses Cognition Deficits and Depression-Like Effects via cAMP Signaling-Mediated Neuroprotection in APP/PS1 Transgenic Mice

Phosphodiesterase-4(PDE4)has been demonstrated to be a promising target for treatment of Alzheimer’s disease(AD).Roflumilast(Rof),a potent PDE4 inhibitor,has been approved for treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD)in humans.Recent studies have shown that Rof improves cognition at doses that do not cause an emetic response,the major side-effect of PDE4 inhibitors.However,the effect of Rof on cognition associated with AD remains largely unknown.Here we examined the effects of Rof on behavioral dysfunction and the related mechanisms in APP/PS1 double transgenic mice,a widely used model for AD.Mice at 10 months of age were first tested in novel object recognition for memory.The recognition index in APP/PS1 mice was decreased compared to WT mice,which was reversed by Rof at 5 and 10 mg·kg-1.This was then verified in the Morris water-maze test.The escape latency during acquisition training was significantly longer and the entries into the target quadrant during the probe trial were much less compared to WT controls,these were also reversed by Rof.In the tail-suspension and forced-swimming tests,which measure depression-like behavior,APP/PS1 mice showed prolonged immobility time,which was reversed by Rof.In addition,the staining of HE and Nissl showed that Rof reduced the loss of neurons and neurocyte apoptosis in APP/PS1 mice.It also reversed the decreased ratio of Bcl-2/BAX and inhibited the increased expression of PDE4D in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of APP/PS1 mice.Finally,Rof reversed the decreased levels of cAMP and expression of phosphorylated cAMP response element-binding protein(CREB)and brain derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF)in APP/PS1 mice.Overall,these results suggest that Rof not only improves learning and memory,but attenuates depression-like behavior in AD mice,likely via PDE4D/cAMP/CREB/BDNF signaling-mediated neuroprotection.Therefore,Rof can be a therapeutic agent for AD,in particular the comorbidity of memory deficits and depression.

电针对甲基苯丙胺戒断后抑郁小鼠海马水通道蛋白4及BDNF/TrkB/CREB信号通路的影响

目的观察电针对甲基苯丙胺(MTHE)戒断后抑郁小鼠海马水通道蛋白4(AQP4)及脑源性神经营养因子(BDNF)/酪氨酸蛋白激酶B(TrkB)/环磷腺苷效应元件结合蛋白(CREB)信号通路的影响,探讨电针改善MTHE戒断后抑郁潜在的作用机制。方法健康雄性C57BL/6J小鼠随机分为空白组、模型组和电针组,每组10只。模型组、电针组采用条件性位置偏爱实验(CPP)复制小鼠MTHE成瘾模式,自然戒断后制备戒断后小鼠抑郁模型。空白组、模型组、电针组不给予任何干预,电针组取“百会”、“大椎”穴给予电针干预,选用连续波,频率2 Hz,1次/d,15 min/次,连续治疗28 d。分别于戒断后和干预后对各组小鼠进行强迫游泳试验和开放旷场试验,Western blot法检测小鼠海马AQP4、BDNF、TrkB、CREB和p-CREB等蛋白表达情况,免疫荧光染色法检测小鼠海马AQP4表达情况,实时荧光定量PCR法检测小鼠海马AQP4 mRNA表达。结果造模后,与空白组比较,模型组、电针组CPP值均升高(均P<0.01),模型组、电针组CPP值差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。戒断后,与空白组比较,模型组、电针组水中自主不动状态持续时间均增加(均P<0.01)、中央区活动持续时间均减少(均P<0.01),模型组与电针组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);干预后,与空白组比较,模型组、电针组水中自主不动状态持续时间增加(P<0.01)、中央区活动持续时间减少(P<0.01),与模型组比较,电针组水中自主不动状态持续时间减少(P<0.01),中央区活动持续时间增加(P<0.01);干预后,与空白组比较,模型组、电针组AQP4、BDNF、TrkB、CREB、p-CREB蛋白表达均减少(均P<0.01),与模型组比较,电针组AQP4、BDNF、TrkB、CREB、p-CREB蛋白表达均增加(均P<0.01)。干预后,与空白组比较,模型组、电针组AQP4阳性减少(P<0.01),与模型组比较,电针组AQP4阳性表达增加(P<0.01)。干预后,与空白组比较,模型组、电针组AQP4 mRNA表达减少(P<0.01)。干预后,与模型组比较,电针组AQP4 mRNA表达增加(P<0.01)。结论电针可改善METH戒断后小鼠抑郁样行为,其作用机制可能与调控AQP4表达,以及BDNF/TrkB/CREB信号通路活性相关。

TLR4信号对睡眠剥夺诱导小鼠抑郁症中的作用

目的探究TLR4蛋白对长期异相睡眠剥夺(PSD)诱导抑郁样行为小鼠脑组织中炎症反应的影响。方法45只小鼠随机分为对照(Control)组、模型(Model)组与NLRP3抑制剂(TAK242)组。取Model与TAK242组小鼠,将小鼠放置在水上平台剥夺异相睡眠期,连续5d,期间TAK242组小鼠连续腹腔注射10 mg·kg-1TAK242溶液。取各组小鼠开展糖水偏好测试、悬尾测试、强迫游泳测试与社交互动测试,取小鼠脑脊液检测炎性细胞因子释放,取全脑组织进行免疫荧光染色,取海马体开展PCR定量分析与Western blotting。结果与Control组相比,Model组小鼠糖水摄取率明显减少,强迫游泳、悬尾不动时间增加,社交互动时间减少(P<0.05)。此外,Model组小鼠TLR4 mRNA水平,Iba1荧光表达,炎性细胞因子含量,p-NF-κB与NLRP3表达明显增加(P<0.05)。与Model组相比,TAK242组小鼠糖水摄取率明显增加,强迫游泳、悬尾不动时间减少,且社交互动时间增加(P<0.05)。此外,TAK242组小鼠TLR4 mRNA水平,Iba1荧光表达,炎性细胞因子含量,且p-NF-κB与NLRP3表达明显减少(P<0.05)。线性分析显示,TLR4mRNA表达与小鼠糖水摄取率高度相关,与强迫游泳、悬尾不动时间,社交互动时间中度相关,与炎性细胞因子含量高度相关。结论TLR4表达与长期PSD诱导小鼠抑郁样行为明显相关,通过抑制TLR4蛋白表达能够明显减少炎性细胞因子释放,改善小鼠抑郁症状。

Altered serous levels of monoamine neurotransmitter metabolites in patients with refractory and non-refractory depression

The study examined plasma metabolite changes of monoamine neurotransmitters in patients with treatment-resistant depression （TRD） and non-TRD before and after therapy. All 30 TRD and 30 non-TRD patients met the diagnostic criteria for a depressive episode in accordance with the International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision. Before treatment, and at 4, 6, and 8 weeks after treatment, the plasma metabolite products of monoamine neurotransmitters in TRD group, including 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl ethylene glycol and homovanillic acid, were significantly lower than those in the non-TRD group. After two types of anti-depressive therapy with 5-serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, combined with psychotherapy, the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale scores were significantly reduced in both groups of patients, and the serous levels of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl ethylene glycol were significantly increased. In contrast, the homovanillic acid level exhibited no significant change. The levels of plasma metabolite products of peripheral monoamine neurotransmitters in depressive patients may predict the degree of depression and the therapeutic effects of treatment.

Origin and diagenetic evolution of dolomites in Paleogene Shahejie Formation lacustrine organic shale of Jiyang Depression,Bohai Bay Basin,East China

The origin of dolomite in Shahejie Formation shale of Jiyang Depression in eastern China were studied by means of petrologic identification, compositional analysis by X-ray diffraction, stable carbon and oxygen isotopic composition, and trace element and rare earth element analyses. The results show that the development of dolomite is limited in the lacustrine organic rich shale of Shahejie Formation in the study area. Three kinds of dolomite minerals can be identified: primary dolomite(D1), penecontemporaneous dolomite(D2), and ankerite(Ak). D1 has the structure of primary spherical dolomite, high magnesium and high calcium, with order degree of 0.3-0.5, and is characterized by the intracrystalline corrosion and coexistence of secondary enlargement along the outer edge. D2 has the characteristics of secondary enlargement, order degree of 0.5-0.7, high magnesium, high calcium and containing a little iron and manganese elements. Ak is characterized by high order degree of 0.7-0.9, rhombic crystal, high magnesium, high calcium and high iron. The micritic calcite belongs to primary origin on the basis of the carbon and oxygen isotopic compositions and the fractionation characteristics of rare earth elements. According to the oxygen isotopic fractionation equation between paragenetic dolomite and calcite, it is calculated that the formation temperature of dolomite in the shale is between 36.76-45.83 ℃, belonging to lacustrine low-temperature dolomite. Based on the maturation and growth mechanism of primary and penecontemporaneous dolomite crystals, a dolomite diagenetic sequence and the dolomitization process are proposed, which is corresponding to the diagenetic environment of Shahejie Formation shale in the study area.

Genetic variables of the glutamatergic system associated with treatment-resistant depression:A review of the literature

Depression is a common,recurrent mental disorder and one of the leading causes of disability and global burden of disease worldwide.Up to 15%-40%of cases do not respond to diverse pharmacological treatments and,thus,can be defined as treatment-resistant depression(TRD).The development of biomarkers predictive of drug response could guide us towards personalized and earlier treatment.Growing evidence points to the involvement of the glutamatergic system in the pathogenesis of TRD.Specifically,the N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor(NMDAR)andα-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor(AMPAR),which are targeted by ketamine and esketamine,are proposed as promising pathways.A literature search was performed to identify studies on the genetics of the glutamatergic system in depression,focused on variables related to NMDARs and AMPARs.Our review highlights GRIN2B,which encodes the NR2B subunit of NMDAR,as a candidate gene in the pathogenesis of TRD.In addition,several studies have associated genes encoding AMPAR subunits with symptomatic severity and suicidal ideation.These genes encoding glutamatergic receptors could,therefore,be candidate genes for understanding the etiopathogenesis of TRD,as well as for understanding the pharmacodynamic mechanisms and response to ketamine and esketamine treatment.

珠江口盆地番禺4洼古近系文昌组三元地震构形解释技术

在源-汇系统格架下,以地震构形分析为基础,对珠江口盆地番禺4洼古近系文昌组沉积相、古地貌和地震构形属性切片进行了研究,划分了沉积单元,定性—半定量指出了各沉积单元边界,并优选了2个勘探潜力区带。研究结果表明:(1)珠江口盆地番禺4洼古近系文昌组源-汇系统分为3类,西北部发育缓坡发散型源-汇系统,纵向上呈扇三角洲—湖泊—辫状河三角洲动态演化特征,地震上由中—强反射过渡到中—弱振幅平行反射,再演变为高频中振幅前积反射;西南部发育长轴汇聚型源-汇系统,辫状河三角洲稳定发育,以楔状展布为主;陡坡平行型源-汇系统在控洼断层上盘发育多期叠置的扇三角洲沉积,整体上呈楔形,反映了物源充沛背景下的扇三角洲平原—前缘的沉积特征。(2)研究区文昌组沉积期的古地貌整体上具有“东断西超”的格局,文五段—文四段沉积期,研究区为强烈断陷期,局部构造运动使西北和东南抬升,中部形成了构造脊和2个次洼;文三段—文二段沉积期,进入断坳期,沉积中心整体向东迁移,湖盆萎缩,西部遭受剥蚀。(3)研究区缓坡发散型源-汇区发育7个沉积单元,主要为扇三角洲前缘叠置连片的水下分流河道和薄层席状砂;长轴汇聚型源-汇区发育4个沉积单元,以辫状河三角洲前缘水下分流河道和分布广泛的前缘席状砂为主;陡坡平行源-汇区发育水下扇、扇三角洲前缘和浊积扇等4个沉积单元。(4)西南部的长轴汇聚型源-汇系统和西北部缓坡发散型源-汇系统为研究区的勘探潜力区。

Effects of Toll-like receptor 4 antagonist Eritrane on neurogenesis and gamma-aminobutyric acid glutamate balance in prefrontal lobe and hippocampus of depressive rats

Objective:To investigate the effects of Toll-like receptor 4 antagonist Eritrane on neurogenesis and gamma-aminobutyric acid glutamate balance in the prefrontal lobe and hippocampus of depressive rats.Methods:100 healthy SD rats were divided into healthy control group, blank control group and Eritram group (low dose group, medium dose group and high dose group), 20 rats in each group. The depression model of rats in blank control group and Salvia miltiorrhiza group was established. After the completion of the model, rats in the blank control group were injected with normal saline and rats in the Eritrean group were injected with high, medium and low doses of Eritrean injection respectively. After 21 days of continuous administration, the total distance of spontaneous activity, the immobility time of forced swimming, the levels of gamma-aminobutyric glutamate (GABA), glutamate (Glu) and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4) protein in prefrontal lobe and hippocampal neurons were measured and compared. Pearson correlation test was used to analyze the correlation between TLR4 and GABA, Glu levels in depressive rats.Results: Compared with the healthy control group, the total spontaneous activity distance of the blank control group and Eritrean group decreased significantly, and the immobility time of forced swimming increased significantly (P<0.05). There was a significant difference between the blank control group and Eritrean group (P<0.05). The rats in Eritrean group spontaneously survived with the increase of dose. The total distance increased, while the immobility time of forced swimming decreased (P<0.05). Compared with the healthy control group, the levels of GABA in the prefrontal lobe and hippocampus of rats in blank control group and Eritrean group decreased significantly, the levels of Glu and TLR4 increased significantly, and the levels of GABA in Eritrean group were higher than those in blank control group, and the levels of Glu and TLR4 were lower than those in blank control group. TLR4 and TLR4 decreased significantly (P<0.05). Pearson correlation test showed that TLR4 was negatively correlated with GABA and positively correlated with Glu (P<0.05). Conclusion: Eritrean can reduce the effects of depression on the neurogenesis of prefrontal lobe and hippocampal neurons and the balance of gamma-aminobutyric acid and glutamate in rats. The mechanism is that Eritrean can increase the level of GABA and decrease the level of Glu by antagonizing Toll-like receptor 4, thus exerting the neuroprotective effect of prefrontal lobe and hippocampal neurons.

氟西汀调节TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3炎症体信号通路改善CUMS大鼠抑郁样行为

目的基于Toll样受体4(TLR4)/核因子κB(NF-κB)/NOD样受体热蛋白结构域相关蛋白3(NLRP3)炎症体信号通路探究氟西汀对慢性不可预知性轻度应激(CUMS)模型大鼠抑郁样行为的作用。方法18只SD大鼠随机分为对照组、模型组和氟西汀组。模型组和氟西汀组大鼠随机给予不可预知性轻度刺激11周,制备抑郁症模型。氟西汀组于第7~11周灌胃氟西汀(10 mg·kg^(-1)·d^(-1)),其余组大鼠灌胃1 mL生理盐水。干预结束后进行行为学检测,酶联免疫吸附试验检测脑组织中白细胞介素(IL)-1β和IL-18的含量,免疫荧光染色观察海马CA3区和皮质区中NLRP3、凋亡相关斑点样蛋白(ASC)和胱天蛋白酶1(Caspase-1)的表达情况。Western blot测定脑组织TLR4、NF-κB、NLRP3、Caspase-1和活化的Caspase-1(cleaved Caspase-1)蛋白的表达水平。结果与模型组比较,氟西汀组大鼠在旷场的运动距离及站立次数显著增多,在高架十字迷宫的运动距离增加,且在闭臂的停留时间减少,大鼠脑组织中IL-1β和IL-18含量显著降低,TLR4、NF-κB、NLRP3、ASC、Caspase-1和cleaved Caspase-1蛋白的表达降低(P<0.05)。结论氟西汀可能通过抑制TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3炎症体信号通路,降低脑组织中炎性因子IL-1β和IL-18的水平,从而改善CUMS大鼠的抑郁样行为。