Treatment and Resource Utilization of Deinking Sludge from Regenerated Paper Mill

To fully utilize secondary resources,it will inevitably generate a large amount of deinking sludge using waste paper as raw material for paper making.The sludge contains small fibers and dissolved substances of various chemicals.After adding flocculant and settling treatment,deinked sludge is formed.However,its organic matter content can reach a high level of 40%to 50%,and it can also be reused,effectively avoiding the harmful impact of papermaking sludge on the environment.

Effects of Paper Mill Sludge on Potassium, Sodium, Calcium, and Magnesium Concentrations in Different Soybean Cultivars

A field experiment was conducted on a sandy loam soil at an Experimental Farm in Taejon, South Korea, to determine the effects of paper mill sludge compost application rates on K, Na, Ca and Mg concentrations of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) aboveground tissues and the genotypic effects on the concentrations of these elements. Sludge compost treatments of 0, 75, and 150 t ha-1 were applied to 30 diverse soybean cultivars. Concentrations of K, Na, Ca, and Mg in aboveground tissues harvested 69 days after …

A field experimental study of lignin sand stabilizing material(LSSM) extracted from spent-liquor of straw pulping paper mills

A new technique was introduced for sand stabilization and re-vegetation by use of lignin sand stabilizing material(LSSM). LSSM is a reconstructed organic compound with lignin as the most dominant component from the extracts of black-liquor issued by straw pulp paper mills. Unlike the polyvinyl acetate or foamed asphalt commonly used for dune stabilization, the new material is plant-friendly and can be used with virescence actions simultaneously. The field experimental study was conducted since 2001 in China's Northwest Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region and has been proved that LSSM is effective in stabilizing the fugitive dunes, making the arenaceous plants survive and the bare dune vegetative. The advisable solution concentration is 2% and the optimal field spraying quantity is 2 5 L/m^2 The soil nutrients of the stabilized and greened dune, such as organic matter, available phosphorous and total nitrogen are all increased compared with the control treatment, which is certainly helpful to the growth of arenaceous plants. The technique is worthwhile to be popularized because it is provided not only a new method for desertification control but also an outlet for cleaning contaminants issued from the straw paper mills.

Properties of paper mill sludge–wood fiber–HDPE composites after exposure to xenon-arc weathering

We used paper mill sludge（PMS） to substitute for part of the wood fibers（WF） used to reinforce high density polyethylene（HDPE）.The resulting composites were subjected to xenon-arc weathering.The composite filled with limited PMS（under 10 %） had mechanical properties and aging resistance similar to those without PMS.The composites containing more PMS faded and cracked more readily than those without PMS.Based on the carbonyl index,crystallinity,and wood index,PMS appeared to accelerate the degradation of composites during weathering.Adding PMS to WF–HDPE composites reduced the weathering resistance,and this reduction was not significant if the PMS content did not exceed 20 % of the wood fibers.Therefore,PMS could be used as a reinforcement in wood-plastic composites at levels less than20 % of the wood fiber content.

Removal of TOC and Color in Bleaching Effluents from Straw Pulp and Paper Mill by Fe^0-H_2O_2 Process

TOC and color in the bleaching effluent from straw pulp paper process could not reach draining standard after its treatment by a biochemical process. In this study, advanced treatment by integrated micro-electrolysis （Fe^0） method and Fenton-like process was investigated under various conditions, i.e. pH, Fe/C ratio, initial I-I2O2 concentration and carrier gas. Results showed that Fe/C ratio（V/V = 1.5）, larger H2O2 dosage around 50 rag/L, lower pH（pH= 3） turned out to be particularly efficient. Temperature was a key parameter, remarkably increasing reaction rates. Carrier air not only improved reaction efficiency, but also saved H2O2 dosage. Chlorinated organic compounds could be reductive dechlorinated by Fe^0 reaction and oxidated by OH produced from Fenton process. The combination of Fe^0 and H2O2 reactions had been proved to be highly effective for the advanced treatment of such a type of wastewaters, and important advantages concerning the application in the study.

Aerobic composting of paper mill sludge and the reuse of compost in agriculture

Paper mill sludge （PMS） is a kind of bio-solid waste. The technology of aerobic composting of PMS was investigated. The ratio of the material components was as follows, sludge：chicken dung：spill=6kg：2kg：4kg, which could attain 55% moisture content （MC） and 25 the ration of carbon to nitrogen （C/N）. The aeration rule of fan was controlled by single chip microcomputer （SCM）. During composting, the system temperature more than 55℃ lasted for 3 days, pH changed in the range of 6.5-8.5 and MC changed between 53% to 60%. PMS became mature on the 20th day. The germination index （GI） of compost attained 95% or so and coliform was 23/100 ml volatile solid （VS） and organic carbon （OC） were stable at the content of 60% and 30%, respectively. The result showed that this technology could make the sludge stable and innocuous. A pot experiment with latosolic red soil mixed with paper mill sludge compost （PMSC） was carried on. The result showed that PMSC could increase the crop biomass, the soil nutrients and the physical characteristics of the soil, such as OC, total nitrogen （TN）, total phosphorus （TP）. The total amount of heavy metals in the soil was measured to be lower than the Environmental standard for soil in China （GB15618-1995）. So PMSC was a good and safe soil amendment.

Soil remediation of degraded coastal saline wetlands by irrigation with paper mill effluent and plowing

Combined with anti-waterlogging ditches, irrigation with treated paper mill effluent （TPME） and plowing were applied in this study to investigate the effects of remediation of degraded coastal sa- line-alkaline wetlands. Three treatments were employed, viz., control （CK）, irrigated with 10 cm depth of TPME （I）, and plowing to 20 cm deep before irrigating 10 cm depth ofTPME （IP）. Results show that both I-treatment and IP-treatment could improve soil structure by decreasing bulk density by 5% and 8%. Irrigation with TPME containing low salinity stimulated salts leaching instead of accumulating. With anti-waterlogging ditches, salts were drained out of soil. Irrigation with 10 cm depth of TPME lowered total soluble salts in soil and sodium adsorption ration by 33% and 8%, respective!y, but there was no significant difference compared with CK, indicating that this irrigation rate was not heavy enough to remarkably reduce so!l salinity and sodicity, Thus, in-i： gation rate should be enhanced in order to reach better effects of desalinization and desodication. Irrigation with TPME significantly increased soil organic matter, alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen and available phosphorus due to the abundant organic matter in TPME. Plowing increased soil air circulation, so as to enhance mineralization of organic matter and lead to the loss of organic matter; however, plowing significantly improvedsoil alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen and available phosphorus. Improvements of physicochemical properties in I-treatment and IP-treatment both boosted soil microbial population and activity. Microbial biomass carbon increased significantly by 327% （I-treatment） and 451% （IP-treatment）, while soil respiration increased significantly by 316% （I-treatment） and 386% （IP-treatment）. Urease and dehydrogenase activities in both I-treatment and IP-treatment were significantly higher than that in CK. Phosphatase in IP-treatment was significantly higher than that in CK. Compared to I-treatment, IP-treatment improved all of the soil properties except for soil organic matter. The key to remediation of degraded sa- line-alkaline wetlands is to decrease soil salinity and sodicity; thus, irri- gation plus plowing could be an ideal method of soil remediation.

Effects of amendments of paper mill sludge and nutrients on soil surface CO2 flux in northern hardwood forests

Safe and economical disposal of paper mill sludge is a key consideration for forest products industry. A study was conducted to examine the effects of amendments of sludge and nutrients on soil surface CO2 flux （Rs） in northern hardwood forests and to quantify the relationship among Rs, soil temperature, and moisture in these stands. The experiment was a randomized complete block design that included sludge-amended, fertilized, and control treatments in sugar maple （Acer saccharum Marsh） dominated hardwood forests in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, USA. Results showed that Rs was positively correlated to soil temperature （R^2 = 0.80, p 〈 0.001）, but was poorly correlated to soil moisture. Soil moisture positively affected the Rs only in the sludge-amended treatment. The Rs was significantly greater in the sludge-amended treatment than in the fertilized （p = 0.033） and the control （p = 0.048） treatments. The maximum Rs in the sludge-amended treatment was 8.8 μmol CO2 · m^ 2. s^-1, 91% and 126% greater than those in the fertilized （4.6 μmol CO2 · m^-2· s^-1） and control （3.9 μmol CO2· m^- 2· s^-1） treatments, respectively. The Rs did not differ significantly between the fertilized and control treatments. The difference in Rs between sludge-amended and the other treatments decreased with time following treatment.

Evaluating the effectiveness of using ClO_2 bleaching as substitution of traditional Cl_2 on PCDD/F reduction in a non-wood pulp and paper mill using reeds as raw materials

The effectiveness of ClO_2 bleaching as a replacement for conventional Cl_2 bleaching,which is intensively practiced in developing countries,to reduce polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans(PCDD/Fs)in non-wood pulp and paper mills has not been field tested.The first field study was performed to investigate PCDD/F variations when ClO_2 bleaching was used as a substitute for conventional Cl_2 bleaching in a non-wood pulp and paper mill.It was found that the PCDD/F toxic equivalents(TEQs)in solid and effluent samples were approximately 1.3–14.9 times lower when ClO_2 bleaching was used instead of the conventional Cl_2 bleaching.2,3,7,8-Substituted tetrachlorinated dibenzofurans(2,3,7,8-TCDF)were the dominant contributors to total PCDD/F TEQs in samples from the investigated mill when using conventional Cl_2 bleaching.The formation amounts of 2,3,7,8-TCDF were reduced from 1.56–2.76 pg TEQ/g to 0.02–0.32 pg TEQ/g in solid samples when ClO_2 bleaching was used instead of the conventional Cl_2 bleaching.The replacement of Cl_2 with ClO_2 might decrease the chlorination reactions of dibenzofuran as potential precursors,and thus reduce the formation amounts of 2,3,7,8-TCDF.The results could provide important knowledge for suggesting the best available technique for PCDD/F reduction for non-wood pulp and paper mills in developing countries.

Removal of Organic Matter from Paper Mill Effluent by Electrochemical Oxidation

The electrochemical oxidation of paper mill wastewater was studied using a dimensionally stable anode of composition Ti/RuPb(40%)Ox. The oxidation process was analyzed as a function of electrolysis time and with respect to the cell potential difference, electrolyte (NaCl) concentration, and pH of the sample. The purification of the effluent was evaluated through measurements of the removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD), color, and total polyphenols, and using UV-Vis spectroscopy. The results showed that the presence of NaCl is a determining factor in the purification process. Electrolysis of wastewater containing 5 g/L NaCl at a cell potential difference of 6 V for 120 min, removed 99% of COD and the percent removal values of color and polyphenols were 95% after 15 min of electrolysis. The UV-Vis spectrum showed evidence of the formation of hypochlorite ions (ClO-) during the electrolysis process, indicating that the electrochemical oxidation proceeds via an indirect mechanism with the participation of hypochlorite ions.

Distribution, Enrichment and Accumulation of Heavy Metals in Soil and <i>Trigonella foenum-graecum</i>L. (Fenugreek) after Fertigation with Paper Mill Effluent

The aim of the study was to investigate distribution, enrichment and accumulation of heavy metals in soil and Trigonella foenum-graecum (var. Pusa Early Bunching) after fertigation with paper mill effluent. Doses of paper mill effluent viz. 5%, 10%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% were used for fertigation of T. foenum-graecum along with bore well water (control). The results revealed that paper mill effluent had significant (P +, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Fe2+, TKN, PO3-4, SO2-4, Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn and Zn of the soil in both seasons. Insignificant (P > 0.05) changes in WHC and bulk density of the soil were observed after irrigation with paper mill effluent. The agronomical performance of T. foenum-graecum was increased from 5% to 25% concentration and decreased from 50% to 100% concentration of paper mill effluent as compared to control in both seasons. The heavy metals concentration was increased in T. foenum-graecum from 5% to 100% concentrations of paper mill effluent in both seasons. Biochemical components like crude proteins, crude fiber and crude carbohydrates were found maximum with 25% paper mill effluent in both seasons. The enrichment factor (Ef) of various heavy metals was in order of Cd > Mn > Cr > Cu > Zn > Fe for soil and Mn > Cu > Cr > Cd > Zn > Fe for T. foenum-graecum plants after fertigation with paper mill effluent. Therefore, paper mill effluent can be used as a biofertigant after appropriate dilution to improve yield of T. foenum-graecum.

Drying Kinetics of Paper Mill Sludge

Drying experiments of two paper mill sludge were carried using hot air with a temperature range of 50?C - 80?C and an air velocity of 0.96 m/son a laboratory convective dryer. The drying characteristics were discussed and the drying kinetic equation was solved. The dependence of the reaction rate constant on the drying temperature was given by Arrhenius equation, and the activation energies for moisture diffusion in paper mill sludge sample A and B were found to be 21.53 kJ/mol and 15.38 kJ/mol, respectively.

Call for Papers

Geodesy and Geodynamics mainly publishes the newest research in the Geodesy and Geodynamics.The journal has been indexed by Ei Compendex,Scopus,ESCl,CSCD,NASA ADS,Geobase,GeoRef Preview database,Ulrich's Periodical Directory,VINITI databse,Publons,NASA ADS,SciEngine,SciOpen,Mendeley.All the papers accepted by the journal are open access on the ScienceDirect(https:/www.sciencedirect.com/journal/geodesy-and-geodynamics).

Call for Papers from Journal of Future Foods

Journal of Future Foods(ISSN 2772-5669.Owner:Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Production and Hosting:Elsevier B.V.on behalf of KeAi Communications Co.,Ltd.)is an international,peer-reviewed open access journal belonging to the discipline of food science and technology.The aim of the journal is to report latest research results of high-tech in food science.We welcome submissions that drive the field of food science towards whole food nutrition,intelligence and high technology.

Call for Papers

Geodesy and Geodynamics mainly publishes the newest research in the Geodesy and Geodynamics.The journal has been indexed by Ei Compendex,Scopus,ESCI,CSCD,NASA ADS,Geobase,GeoRef Preview database,Ulrich's Periodical Directory,VINITI databse.All the papers accepted by the journal are open access on the ScienceDirect with free charge(ttp://ww.sciencedirect.com/science/journa/6749847.)

Call for Papers from Journal of Future Foods

Journal of Future Foods(ISSN 2772-5669.Owner:Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Production and Hosting:Elsevier B.V.on behalf of KeAi Communications Co.,Ltd.)is an international,peer-reviewed open access journal belonging to the discipline of food science and technology.The aim of the journal is to report latest research results of high-tech in food science.We welcome submissions that drive the field of food science towards whole food nutrition,intelligence and high technology.

Call for Papers

Geodesy and Geodynamics mainly publishes the newest research in the Geodesy and Geodynamics.The journal has been indexed by Ei Compendex,Scopus,ESCl,CSCD,NASA ADS,Geobase,GeoRef Preview database,Ulrich's Periodical Directory,VINITI databse.All the papers accepted by the journal are open access on the ScienceDirect with free charge(http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/16749847).

Call for Papers

Geodesy and Geodynamics mainly publishes the newest research in the Geodesy and Geodynamics.The journal has been indexed by Ei Compendex,Scopus,ESCl,CSCD,NASA ADS,Geobase,GeoRef Preview database,Ulrich's Periodical Directory,VINITI databse.All the papers accepted by the journal are open access on the ScienceDirect with free charge(http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/16749847).

Call for Papers from Journal of Future Foods

Journal of Future Foods(ISSN 2772-5669.Owner:Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Production and Hosting:Elsevier B.V.on behalf of KeAi Communications Co.,Ltd.)is an international,peer-reviewed open access journal belonging to the discipline of food science and technology.The aim of the journal is to report latest research results of high-tech in food science.We welcome submissions that drive the field of food science towards whole food nutrition,intelligence and high technology.

Call for Papers from Journal of Future Foods

Journal of Future Foods(ISSN 2772-5669.Owner:Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Production and Hosting:Elsevier B.V.on behalf of KeAi Communications Co.,Ltd.)is an international,peer-reviewed open access journal belonging to the discipline of food science and technology.The aim of the journal is to report latest research results of high-tech in food science.We welcome submissions that drive the field of food science towards whole food nutrition,intelligence and high technology.