Kuhnian Understanding of Incommensurability and Implications of Paradigmatic Conception of Knowledge in International Relations

In international relations theory （maybe more than in any other discipline of social sciences）, the paradigmatic construction of Thomas Kuhn and his model of incommensurability might be applied to the theoretical interpretation of phenomena; and it is one of the cornerstones of the methodological toolkit for the interpretation in this field. The paper explores the reason why Kuhn＇s understanding of incommensurability seems to be necessary for the conception of knowledge in international relations： the concept of incommensurability can be considered typical as it is meant to indicate a conflict, of one form or another, between theories. And the discipline of international relations is more than a perfect ground for considering this concept when one is having in mind the high degree of polarized debate among rivalry theoretical schools （for interpreting and describing the identical phenomena） that is present from the very beginning of the discipline. Recalling the Kuhnian conception of science in paradigmatic view with an aim for understanding--international relations theory, the paper analyzes furthermore his rejection of the traditional dichotomy between “objectivisn”and ＂subjectivism.＂

On Syntagmatic and Paradigmatic Relations： a Case Study of ＂Red＂ and ＂Black＂

Through analyzing the paradigmatic and syntagmatic relations and exploring the case study of"red"and"black"in thedifferent culture backgrounds, the problems in the comprehension are put forward for the purpose of enhancing the learners' abilityof words comprehension based on a complex meaning system.

From the lab to the world： The paradigmatic assumption and the functional cognition of avian foraging

Mechanisms of animal learning and memory were traditionally studied without reference to niche-specific functional considerations. More recently, ecological demands have informed such investigations, most notably with respect to foraging in birds. In parallel, behavioural ecologists, primarily concerned with functional optimization, have begun to consider the role of mechanistic factors, including cognition, to explain apparent deviations from optimal predictions. In the present paper we discuss the application of laboratory-based constructs and paradigms of cognition to the real-world challenges faced by avian foragers. We argue that such applications have been handicapped by what we term the ＇paradigmatic assumption＇ - the assumption that a given laboratory paradigm maps well enough onto a congruent cognitive mechanism （or cognitive ability） to justify confiation of the two. We present evidence against the paradigmatic assumption and suggest that to achieve a profitable integration between function and mechanism, with respect to animal cognition, a new conceptualization of cognitive mechanisms - functional cogni- tion - is required. This new conceptualization should define cognitive mechanisms based on the informational properties of the animal＇s environment and the adaptive challenges faced. Cognitive mechanisms must be examined in settings that mimic the im- portant aspects of the natural environment, using customized tasks designed to probe defined aspects of the mechanisms＇ opera- tion. We suggest that this approach will facilitate investigations of the functional and evolutionary relevance of cognitive mecha- nisms, as well as the patterns of divergence, convergence and specialization of cognitive mechanisms within and between species .

构式的语法化关联——以英语双及物构式与转移类致使—移动构式为例

语法化相关理论可以为跨构式关系的研究提供新的视角。表征同一情景且形式和语义功能具有关联性的构式之间可能存在语法化关联。转移类致使-移动构式和双及物构式之间从形态句法、功能语义及语料统计等三个角度都明显存在语法化关联。在语法化过程中,转移类致使-移动构式的词序僵化、结构缩合、成分聚合性降低、强制性增高,而双及物构式的语义不可预测性增强、语法单位语法功能增多。在使用频率上,后者要远高于前者。

The Application of the Semantic Field Theory in College English Vocabulary Instruction

词汇是语言的一个重要因素。本文研究语义场理论在大学英语词汇教学中的运用。作者首先探讨了如何建立各种语义关系,包括同义、反义、上下义等纵向语义关系及搭配、多义、隐喻等横向语义关系。然后,文章呈现了运用语义场理论进行词汇教学的综合教学过程。本研究的教学意义在于建立新词项的纵向语义关系可以帮助扩大学习者的词汇量;而建立新词项的横向语义关系可以加深学习者对词汇,尤其是其内涵及搭配的掌握。